[Core] [81% incumbents] Manage investment funds to maximize return on client investments.
  DWAs: Direct financial operations.

[Core] [81% incumbents] Select specific investments or investment mixes for purchase by an investment fund.
  DWAs: Direct financial operations.

[Core] [81% incumbents] Monitor financial or operational performance of individual investments to ensure portfolios meet risk goals.
  DWAs: Monitor financial activities. | Monitor financial indicators.

[Core] [81% incumbents] Select or direct the execution of trades.
  DWAs: Approve expenditures. | Direct financial operations.

[Core] [81% incumbents] Develop or implement fund investment policies or strategies.
  DWAs: Implement organizational process or policy changes. | Develop organizational policies or programs.

[Core] [81% incumbents] Perform or evaluate research, such as detailed company or industry analyses, to inform financial forecasting, decision making, or valuation.
  DWAs: Analyze forecasting data to improve business decisions.

[Core] [81% incumbents] Present investment information, such as product risks, fees, or fund performance statistics.
  DWAs: Advise others on business or operational matters.

[Core] [81% incumbents] Meet with investors to determine investment goals or to discuss investment strategies.
  DWAs: Communicate organizational information to customers or other stakeholders.

[Core] [81% incumbents] Prepare for and respond to regulatory inquiries.
  DWAs: Coordinate with external parties to exchange information.

[Core] [81% incumbents] Evaluate the potential of new product developments or market opportunities, according to factors such as business plans, technologies, or market potential.
  DWAs: Evaluate potential of products, technologies, or resources.

[Core] [81% incumbents] Hire or evaluate staff.
  DWAs: Evaluate employee performance. | Hire personnel.

[Core] [81% incumbents] Monitor regulatory or tax law changes to ensure fund compliance or to capitalize on development opportunities.
  DWAs: Monitor external affairs or events affecting business operations.

[Core] [81% incumbents] Develop or direct development of offering documents or marketing materials.
  DWAs: Develop promotional materials. | Direct sales, marketing, or customer service activities.

[Supplemental] [81% incumbents] Identify group or individual target investors for a specific fund.
  DWAs: Identify potential customers.

[Supplemental] [81% incumbents] Direct activities of accounting or operations departments.
  DWAs: Direct financial operations. | Direct organizational operations, projects, or services.

[Core] [80% incumbents] Develop, implement, or monitor security valuation policies.
  DWAs: Monitor organizational procedures to ensure proper functioning. | Implement organizational process or policy changes. | Develop organizational policies or programs.

[Core] [80% incumbents] Attend investment briefings or consult financial media to stay abreast of relevant investment markets.
  DWAs: Maintain knowledge of current developments in area of expertise.

[Supplemental] [80% incumbents] Review offering documents or marketing materials to ensure regulatory compliance.
  DWAs: Examine marketing materials to ensure compliance with policies or regulations.

[Supplemental] [79% incumbents] Analyze acquisitions to ensure conformance with strategic goals or regulatory requirements.
  DWAs: Determine operational compliance with regulations or standards.

[Supplemental] [79% incumbents] Verify regulatory compliance of transaction reporting.
  DWAs: Examine financial records to ensure compliance with policies or regulations.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Active Listening (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Speaking (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Active Learning (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Writing (imp:3.62 lvl:3.88) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Monitoring (imp:3.50 lvl:4.00) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Mathematics (imp:3.38 lvl:3.62) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Learning Strategies (imp:2.88 lvl:3.12) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Science (imp:1.00) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Economics and Accounting (imp:4.67 lvl:5.48) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  English Language (imp:4.36 lvl:4.90) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Mathematics (imp:4.34 lvl:5.46) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:3.67 lvl:4.55) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Administration and Management (imp:3.19 lvl:4.67) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Law and Government (imp:3.14 lvl:3.64) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.10 lvl:3.50) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Sales and Marketing (imp:3.01 lvl:4.07) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Education and Training (imp:2.56 lvl:3.10) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Communications and Media (imp:2.54 lvl:2.92) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.38 lvl:3.08) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Psychology (imp:2.31 lvl:2.69) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  History and Archeology (imp:2.09 lvl:2.42) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Geography (imp:1.95 lvl:2.21) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.89 lvl:2.16) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Telecommunications (imp:1.89 lvl:1.67) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Administrative (imp:1.74 lvl:1.96) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Production and Processing (imp:1.63 lvl:1.39) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Transportation (imp:1.62 lvl:1.22) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.52 lvl:1.18) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Public Safety and Security (imp:1.41 lvl:0.64) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.35 lvl:0.82) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Physics (imp:1.27) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.27) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Foreign Language (imp:1.23) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.23 lvl:0.87) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Design (imp:1.18) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Biology (imp:1.18) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Fine Arts (imp:1.13) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  Chemistry (imp:1.10) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Mechanical (imp:1.09) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Food Production (imp:1.03) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Building and Construction (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r

--- ABILITIES ---
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.12 lvl:4.38) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.38) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.38) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Information Ordering (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:3.88 lvl:4.25) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Written Expression (imp:3.75 lvl:4.38) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.75 lvl:4.25) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.75 lvl:3.75) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Number Facility (imp:3.62 lvl:4.25) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Near Vision (imp:3.62 lvl:3.88) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.50 lvl:3.75) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.38 lvl:3.62) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Originality (imp:3.38 lvl:3.50) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.38 lvl:3.75) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.38 lvl:3.50) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Selective Attention (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Perceptual Speed (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Memorization (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.88 lvl:3.12) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Far Vision (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Visualization (imp:2.75) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Time Sharing (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Finger Dexterity (imp:2.25 lvl:1.88) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.12 lvl:1.75) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.12 lvl:1.50) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:2.00 lvl:1.62) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Depth Perception (imp:1.62 lvl:0.88) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Control Precision (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.00) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Trunk Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Getting Information (imp:4.84 lvl:5.85) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.75 lvl:5.94) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.49 lvl:5.49) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Processing Information (imp:4.45 lvl:5.72) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Working with Computers (imp:4.43 lvl:4.11) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:4.38 lvl:5.17) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.21 lvl:4.94) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:4.04 lvl:5.19) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:4.01 lvl:4.59) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:3.96 lvl:5.20) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.77 lvl:4.58) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.73 lvl:4.83) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.73 lvl:4.61) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.73 lvl:4.89) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.68 lvl:4.85) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.60 lvl:4.17) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.48 lvl:4.16) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:3.27 lvl:4.10) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.13 lvl:3.35) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:3.11 lvl:4.06) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.10 lvl:4.07) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.08 lvl:3.96) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:2.97 lvl:3.46) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:2.92 lvl:4.04) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:2.77 lvl:3.08) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:2.76 lvl:3.21) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:2.65 lvl:3.15) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.61 lvl:3.26) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.21 lvl:2.52) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.07 lvl:2.14) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:2.02 lvl:1.73) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:1.99 lvl:1.94) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:1.82 lvl:1.40) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:1.76 lvl:0.99) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.25) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.20) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.16) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.14) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.06) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.06) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.00) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Attention to Detail (imp:10.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:9.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:8.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:7.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Self-Control (imp:6.00) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Stress Tolerance (imp:5.00) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Perseverance (imp:4.00) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation (imp:3.00) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Attention to Detail (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:2.89) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Dependability (imp:2.62) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.60) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.58) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Self-Confidence (imp:2.24) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:2.24) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Perseverance (imp:2.23) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation (imp:2.22) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:2.08) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Self-Control (imp:2.06) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Self-Confidence (imp:2.00) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Cautiousness (imp:1.96) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Initiative (imp:1.93) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability (imp:1.86) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Social Orientation (imp:1.31) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Innovation (imp:1.28) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Cooperation (imp:0.85) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism (imp:0.66) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Sincerity (imp:0.50) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy (imp:0.35) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Cautiousness () — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Dependability () — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Humility (imp:-0.70) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.88 lvl:4.25) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.38 lvl:3.75) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.25 lvl:3.75) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Time Management (imp:3.25 lvl:3.88) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Coordination (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Persuasion (imp:3.12 lvl:3.50) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.00 lvl:3.38) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Negotiation (imp:3.00 lvl:3.50) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Instructing (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Service Orientation (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.88 lvl:3.38) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:2.75) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Management of Material Resources (imp:2.25) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Operations Analysis (imp:2.00) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Technology Design (imp:1.88) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:1.88 lvl:1.50) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Programming (imp:1.75) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.50) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.00) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 841,710
  annual_median    : $166,570
  annual_pct10     : $94,310
  annual_pct25     : $125,490
  annual_pct75     : $219,980
  annual_pct90     : $323,270
  annual_mean      : $186,910
  hourly_median    : $80.08

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : New York ($219,880)
  lowest_state     : Guam ($80,390)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.735x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (54 total) ---
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:  267,070  median: $ 169,980
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:  122,870  median: $ 174,170
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:   94,170  median: $ 172,340
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   51,230  median: $ 139,840
  Manufacturing                            emp:   46,980  median: $ 164,400
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:   34,870  median: $ 141,970
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:   34,070  median: $ 165,730
  Educational Services                     emp:   30,890  median: $ 134,410
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:   29,950  median: $ 166,290
  Information                              emp:   23,580  median: $ 205,070

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (20 total) ---
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:  267,070  median: $ 169,980
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:  122,870  median: $ 174,170
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:   94,170  median: $ 172,340
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   51,230  median: $ 139,840
  Manufacturing                            emp:   46,980  median: $ 164,400
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:   34,870  median: $ 141,970
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:   34,070  median: $ 165,730
  Educational Services                     emp:   30,890  median: $ 134,410
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:   29,950  median: $ 166,290
  Information                              emp:   23,580  median: $ 205,070

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Investment fund
match_score        : 0.7692
wikidata_qid       : Q4201895
word_count         : 4,577
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_fund
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T19:56:33.317751Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
An investment fund is a way of investing money alongside other investors in order to benefit from the inherent advantages of working as part of a group such as reducing the risks of the investment by a significant percentage. These advantages include an ability to:

hire professional investment managers, who may offer better returns and more adequate risk management;
benefit from economies of scale, i.e., lower transaction costs;
increase the asset diversification to reduce some unsystematic risk.
It remains unclear whether professional active investment managers can reliably enhance risk adjusted returns by an amount that exceeds fees and expenses of investment management. Terminology varies with country but investment funds are often referred to as investment pools, collective investment vehicles, collective investment schemes, managed funds, or simply funds.  The regulatory term is undertaking for collective investment in transferable securities, or short collective investment undertaking (cf. Law). 
An investment fund may be held by the public, such as a mutual fund, exchange-traded fund, special-purpose acquisition company or closed-end fund, or it may be sold only in a private placement, such as a hedge fund or private equity fund.  The term also includes specialized vehicles such as collective and common trust funds, which are unique bank-managed funds structured primarily to commingle assets from qualifying pension plans or trusts.
Investment funds are promoted with a wide range of investment aims either targeting specific geographic regions (e.g., emerging markets or developed markets) or specified industry sectors (e.g., technology). Depending on the country, there is normally a bias towards the domestic market due to familiarity, and the lack of currency risk. Funds are often selected on the basis of these specified investment aims, their past investment performance, and other factors such as investment fees.


== History ==

The first (recorded) professionally managed investment funds or collective investment schemes, such as mutual funds, were established in the Dutch Republic. Amsterdam-based businessman Abraham van Ketwich (also known as Adriaan van Ketwich) is often credited as the originator of the world's first mutual fund.


== Law ==
The term "collective investment scheme" is a legal concept deriving initially from a set of European Union Directives to regulate mutual fund investment and management. The Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities Directives 85/611/EEC, as amended by 2001/107/EC and 2001/108/EC (typically known as UCITS for short) created an EU-wide structure, so that funds fulfilling its basic regulations could be marketed in any member state. The basic aim of collective investment scheme regulation is that the financial "products" that are sold to the public are sufficiently transparent, with full disclosure about the nature of the terms.
In the United Kingdom, the primary statute is the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, where Part XVII, sections 235 to 284 deal with the requirements for a collective investment scheme to operate. It states in section 235 that a "collective investment scheme" means "any arrangements with respect to property of any description, including money, the purpose or effect of which is to enable persons taking part in the arrangements (whether by becoming owners of the property or any part of it or otherwise) to participate in or receive profits or income arising from the acquisition, holding, management or disposal of the property or sums paid out of such profits or income".


== Structure ==


=== Constitution and terminology ===
Collective investment vehicles may be formed under company law, by legal trust or by statute.
The nature of the vehicle and its limitations are often linked to its constitutional nature and the associated tax rules for the type of structure within a given jurisdiction.
Typically there is:

A fund manager or investment manager who manages the investment decisions.
A fund administrator who manages the trading, reconciliations, valuation and unit pricing.
A board of directors or trustees who safeguard the assets and ensure compliance with laws, regulations and rules.
The shareholders or unitholders who own (or have rights to) the assets and associated income.
A "marketing" or "distribution" company to promote and sell shares/units of the fund.
Please see below for general information on specific forms of vehicles in different jurisdictions.


=== Net asset value ===

The net asset value (NAV) is the value of a vehicle's assets minus the value of its liabilities.  The method for calculating this varies between vehicle types and jurisdiction and can be subject to complex regulation.


=== Open-end fund ===

An open-end fund is equitably divided into shares which vary in price in direct proportion to the variation in value of the fund's net asset value.  Each time money is invested, new shares or units are created to match the prevailing share price; each time shares are redeemed, the assets sold match the prevailing share price.  In this way there is no supply or demand created for shares and they remain a direct reflection of the underlying assets.


=== Closed-end fund ===
A closed-end fund issues a limited number of shares (or units) in an initial public offering (or IPO) or through private placement. If shares are issued through an IPO, they are then traded on a stock exchange. or directly through the fund manager to create a secondary market subject to market forces.
The price that investors receive for their shares may be significantly different from net asset value (NAV); it may be at a "premium" to NAV (i.e., higher than NAV) or, more commonly, at a "discount" to NAV (i.e., lower than NAV).
In the United States, at the end of 2018, there were 506 closed-end mutual funds with combined assets of $0.25 trillion, accounting for 1% of the U.S. industry.


=== Exchange-traded funds ===

Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) combine characteristics of both closed-end funds and open-end funds. They are structured as open-end investment companies or UITs. ETFs are traded throughout the day on a stock exchange. An arbitrage mechanism is used to keep the trading price close to net asset value of the ETF holdings.
At the end of 2018, there were 1,988 ETFs in the United States with combined assets of $3.3 trillion, accounting for 16% of the U.S. industry.


=== Unit investment trusts ===

Unit investment trusts (UITs) are issued to the public only once when they are created. UITs generally have a limited life span, established at creation. Investors can redeem shares directly with the fund at any time (similar to an open-end fund) or wait to redeem them upon the trust's termination. Less commonly, they can sell their shares in the open market.
Unlike other types of mutual funds, unit investment trusts do not have a professional investment manager. Their portfolio of securities is established at the creation of the UIT.
In the United States, at the end of 2018, there were 4,917 UITs with combined assets of less than $0.1 trillion.


=== Gearing and leverage ===
Some collective investment vehicles have the power to borrow money to make further investments; a process known as gearing or leverage.  If  markets are growing rapidly this can allow the vehicle to take advantage of the growth to a greater extent than if only the subscribed contributions were invested.  However this premise only works if the cost of the borrowing is less than the increased growth achieved.  If the borrowing costs are more than the growth achieved a net loss is achieved.
This can greatly increase the investment risk of the fund by increased volatility and exposure to increased capital risk.
Gearing was a major contributory factor in the collapse of the split capital investment trust debacle in the UK in 2002.


=== Availability and access ===
Collective investment vehicles vary

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Hedge fund (similarity: 0.4118)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_fund
  QID: Q105611
  Extract: A hedge fund is a pooled investment fund that holds liquid assets and that makes use of complex trading and risk management techniques to aim to improve investment performance and insulate returns from market risk. Among these portfolio techniques are short selling and the use of leverage and deriva

  Title: Fixed-income attribution (similarity: 0.2083)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-income_attribution
  QID: Q5456319
  Extract: Fixed-income attribution is the process of measuring returns generated by various sources of risk in a fixed income portfolio, particularly when multiple sources of return are active at the same time.

  Title: Ascot (finance) (similarity: 0.2564)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_(finance)
  QID: Q4804025
  Extract: An ASCOT, or Asset Swapped Convertible Option Transaction, is an option on a convertible bond used to separate the cash flows of the underlying bond from the equity option embedded in the convert. Buyers of ASCOTs include fixed income portfolio managers and other investors that want exposure to the 

  Title: Dedicated portfolio theory (similarity: 0.2400)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_portfolio_theory
  QID: Q5249794
  Extract: Dedicated portfolio theory, in finance, deals with the characteristics and features of a portfolio built to generate a predictable stream of future cash inflows. This is achieved by purchasing bonds and/or other fixed income securities that can and usually are held to maturity to generate this predi

  Title: PIMCO (similarity: 0.1379)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIMCO
  QID: Q1970040
  Extract: Pacific Investment Management Company LLC (PIMCO) is an American investment management firm. While it has a specific focus on active fixed income management worldwide, it manages investments in many asset classes, including fixed income, equities and other financial assets across public and private 

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong confidence based on comprehensive O*NET data including detailed tasks, skills, and work activities. Clear differentiation from related financial roles through management focus and institutional scope. Well-established career pathways and industry presence support reliable intelligence.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T12:19:17.954797+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,534
tokens_output        : 4,510
cost_usd             : $0.050093
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Investment fund
wikipedia_note       : Wikipedia's investment fund article provides relevant context about pooled investment vehicles and professional management, aligning with the occupation's focus on managing large pools of liquid assets. The article's emphasis on professional investment management and risk reduction through diversification directly supports the occupation's core responsibilities.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Investment Fund Managers plan, direct, and coordinate investment strategies for large pools of liquid assets from institutional and individual investors. They make high-stakes decisions about asset allocation, portfolio composition, and risk management to maximize returns while meeting client investment goals. These professionals combine deep financial expertise with strategic leadership to oversee complex investment operations in the institutional investment management industry.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
Investment Fund Managers begin their day analyzing market data and overnight developments that could impact their portfolios, using tools like Microsoft Excel and Power BI to process complex financial information. They spend significant time evaluating potential investments, conducting detailed company and industry analyses to inform decision-making about specific securities or investment mixes. Throughout the day, they monitor the financial performance of existing holdings to ensure portfolios meet established risk parameters and return targets. They regularly communicate with investment teams, presenting findings and coordinating trade execution decisions. Client meetings consume considerable time as they discuss investment strategies, present performance statistics, and adjust investment policies based on changing client goals. The day often concludes with preparing reports for regulatory compliance and documenting investment rationales for institutional oversight.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel as Investment Fund Managers possess exceptional analytical minds with strong deductive and mathematical reasoning abilities, allowing them to process vast amounts of financial data and identify investment patterns. They demonstrate unwavering attention to detail and intellectual curiosity, essential for conducting thorough research and making sound investment decisions with significant financial consequences. High achievers with strong self-control thrive in this role, as they must remain disciplined during market volatility and resist emotional decision-making. Effective communicators who can articulate complex investment concepts to diverse stakeholders - from institutional clients to regulatory bodies - find success in this client-facing environment. Those with entrepreneurial tendencies and comfort with high-pressure, results-oriented environments where performance is continuously measured against market benchmarks tend to flourish.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry into Investment Fund Management typically requires a Master's degree (63.3% of professionals) with strong emphasis on finance, economics, or business administration, though exceptional candidates with Bachelor's degrees (32.7%) in quantitative fields may qualify. Most professionals begin careers in related analytical roles such as Financial Analyst or Investment Analyst positions to build foundational experience in financial modeling, market research, and portfolio analysis. Professional certifications like CFA (Chartered Financial Analyst) or CAIA (Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst) significantly enhance career prospects. Prior experience in investment banking, corporate finance, or financial consulting provides valuable background for understanding capital markets and client relationship management.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Investment Fund Managers often advance to senior portfolio management roles overseeing larger asset pools or specialized investment strategies like hedge funds or private equity. Many progress to executive positions such as Chief Investment Officer (CIO) or Managing Director at investment management firms, where they oversee multiple portfolio managers and set firm-wide investment policy. Entrepreneurial professionals may establish their own investment management boutiques or hedge funds, leveraging their track record and client relationships. Some transition to corporate finance leadership roles as Treasurers or CFOs, applying their capital allocation expertise in corporate settings.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
Investment Fund Managers command strong compensation with median annual wages of $166,570 according to BLS OEWS May 2025, ranging from $94,310 at the 10th percentile to $323,270 at the 90th percentile for the broader management occupation category. Employment concentration is highest in major financial centers, with New York offering the highest average wages at $219,880 annually, demonstrating significant geographic wage premiums. The Finance and Insurance sector employs 267,070 professionals in management roles, followed by Professional Services (122,870) and Management of Companies (94,170), indicating strong demand across institutional investment management. Geographic wage dispersion shows a 2.73x ratio between highest and lowest paying regions, reflecting the concentration of high-value investment management activities in major financial hubs. Market demand remains robust driven by institutional investor asset growth and the increasing complexity of global capital markets.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Investment Fund Managers face moderate automation risk as algorithmic trading and robo-advisors handle routine portfolio rebalancing and basic asset allocation decisions. However, their core activities of complex problem solving, strategic decision-making, and client relationship management remain difficult to automate, providing protection against technological displacement. The integration of AI and machine learning tools may enhance rather than replace human judgment in investment analysis and risk assessment.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [career_pathway] Financial and Investment Analysts (13-2051.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Investment Fund Managers typically advance from Financial Analyst roles, sharing core skills in financial analysis and market research.
    data: Primary-Short relationship
    data: Shared financial analysis skills
    data: Progressive career path
  [skill_overlap] Financial Risk Specialists (13-2054.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles require extensive risk assessment capabilities and share critical thinking and analytical skills for portfolio management.
    data: Risk management focus
    data: Analytical reasoning abilities
    data: Financial modeling expertise
  [task_similarity] Personal Financial Advisors (13-2052.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles involve meeting with clients to determine investment goals and presenting investment information, though at different scales.
    data: Client consultation tasks
    data: Investment goal determination
    data: Financial presentation skills
  [riasec_cluster] Financial Managers (11-3031.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share Enterprising primary RIASEC code with high importance placed on leadership and business management activities.
    data: Enterprising RIASEC profile
    data: Management responsibilities
    data: Financial operations oversight
  [knowledge_overlap] Financial Quantitative Analysts (13-2099.01) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles require advanced mathematics and economics knowledge for quantitative analysis of financial markets and investment performance.
    data: Mathematics knowledge requirement
    data: Economics and Accounting expertise
    data: Quantitative analysis skills
  [transferable_skill] Treasurers and Controllers (11-3031.01) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles share financial operations management and require strong judgment and decision-making skills for capital allocation decisions.
    data: Financial operations management
    data: Capital allocation decisions
    data: Judgment and decision making skills
  [job_zone] Management Analysts (13-1111.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both occupy Job Zone 5 requiring extensive preparation and share complex problem-solving and systems analysis capabilities.
    data: Job Zone 5 classification
    data: Complex problem solving
    data: Systems analysis skills

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['investment fund', 'portfolio manager', 'asset manager', 'fund manager', 'investment strategy', 'asset allocation', 'institutional investor', 'hedge fund']
  exclude_keywords : ['teller', 'clerk', 'assistant', 'coordinator', 'specialist']
  title_patterns   : ['*Fund Manager*', '*Portfolio Manager*', '*Asset Manager*', '*Investment Manager*', '*Fund Director*']
  common_variations: ['Asset Management Manager', 'Portfolio Manager', 'Fund Administrator', 'Investment Analysis VP', 'Institutional Asset Manager', 'Hedge Fund Manager', 'Fixed Income Portfolio Manager', 'Digital Asset Manager']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['investment', 'fund', 'funds', 'management', 'tendency', 'others', 'risk', 'financial', 'market', 'collective', 'investments', 'open', 'assets', 'capital', 'shares', 'performance', 'investors', 'equipment', 'vehicles', 'end']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
investment                176  0.03268  wikipedia            wikipedia:76%  inference:19%  onet_tasks:5%
fund                      110  0.02043  wikipedia            wikipedia:88%  inference:7%  onet_tasks:5%
funds                      59  0.01096  wikipedia            wikipedia:95%  inference:3%  onet_tasks:2%
management                 49  0.00910  wikipedia            wikipedia:55%  inference:31%  onet_dimensions:14%
tendency                   42  0.00780  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
others                     40  0.00743  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:95%  dwas:2%  wikipedia:2%
risk                       37  0.00687  wikipedia            wikipedia:78%  inference:14%  onet_dimensions:5%
financial                  34  0.00631  inference            inference:32%  wikipedia:29%  dwas:21%
market                     33  0.00613  wikipedia            wikipedia:79%  inference:15%  onet_tasks:6%
collective                 31  0.00576  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
investments                27  0.00501  wikipedia            wikipedia:85%  onet_tasks:11%  inference:4%
open                       27  0.00501  wikipedia            wikipedia:93%  onet_dimensions:7%
assets                     26  0.00483  wikipedia            wikipedia:92%  inference:8%
capital                    26  0.00483  wikipedia            wikipedia:88%  inference:12%
shares                     25  0.00464  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
performance                24  0.00446  wikipedia            wikipedia:46%  onet_dimensions:29%  inference:12%
investors                  23  0.00427  wikipedia            wikipedia:87%  onet_tasks:9%  inference:4%
equipment                  23  0.00427  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
vehicles                   23  0.00427  wikipedia            wikipedia:78%  onet_dimensions:17%  inference:4%
end                        22  0.00409  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
value                      20  0.00371  wikipedia            wikipedia:90%  onet_dimensions:5%  inference:5%
asset                      20  0.00371  wikipedia            wikipedia:80%  inference:20%
manager                    19  0.00353  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
managers                   18  0.00334  wikipedia            wikipedia:61%  inference:39%
ended                      18  0.00334  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
vehicle                    17  0.00316  wikipedia            wikipedia:94%  onet_dimensions:6%
portfolio                  17  0.00316  wikipedia            wikipedia:71%  inference:29%
direct                     16  0.00297  dwas                 dwas:38%  wikipedia:31%  onet_tasks:19%
principles                 16  0.00297  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
income                     16  0.00297  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
class                      16  0.00297  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
control                    15  0.00279  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  wikipedia:13%  inference:7%
costs                      15  0.00279  wikipedia            wikipedia:73%  onet_dimensions:27%
mutual                     15  0.00279  wikipedia            wikipedia:93%  onet_dimensions:7%
price                      15  0.00279  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
materials                  14  0.00260  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:71%  onet_tasks:14%  dwas:14%
activities                 14  0.00260  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:64%  dwas:14%  inference:14%
operations                 14  0.00260  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:43%  dwas:43%  onet_tasks:7%
includes                   14  0.00260  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:86%  wikipedia:14%
units                      14  0.00260  wikipedia            wikipedia:93%  onet_dimensions:7%