[Core] [22% incumbents] Consult with officials of local and area governments, schools, hospitals, and other institutions to determine their needs and capabilities in the event of a natural disaster or other emergency.
  DWAs: Communicate with government agencies. | Coordinate operational activities with external stakeholders.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Develop and maintain liaisons with municipalities, county departments, and similar entities to facilitate plan development, response effort coordination, and exchanges of personnel and equipment.
  DWAs: Establish interpersonal business relationships to facilitate work activities.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Coordinate disaster response or crisis management activities, such as ordering evacuations, opening public shelters, and implementing special needs plans and programs.
  DWAs: Coordinate special events or programs.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Prepare emergency situation status reports that describe response and recovery efforts, needs, and preliminary damage assessments.
  DWAs: Prepare reports related to compliance matters.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Maintain and update all resource materials associated with emergency preparedness plans.
  DWAs: Maintain operational records.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Prepare plans that outline operating procedures to be used in response to disasters or emergencies, such as hurricanes, nuclear accidents, and terrorist attacks, and in recovery from these events.
  DWAs: Develop emergency response plans or procedures.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Develop and perform tests and evaluations of emergency management plans in accordance with state and federal regulations.
  DWAs: Evaluate program effectiveness. | Develop emergency response plans or procedures.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Collaborate with other officials to prepare and analyze damage assessments following disasters or emergencies.
  DWAs: Confer with organizational members to accomplish work activities.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Design and administer emergency or disaster preparedness training courses that teach people how to effectively respond to major emergencies and disasters.
  DWAs: Develop emergency response plans or procedures. | Develop training materials.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Keep informed of activities or changes that could affect the likelihood of an emergency, response efforts, or plan implementation.
  DWAs: Maintain knowledge of current developments in area of expertise.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Inspect facilities and equipment, such as emergency management centers and communications equipment, to determine their operational and functional capabilities in emergency situations.
  DWAs: Inspect condition or functioning of facilities or equipment.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Review emergency plans of individual organizations, such as medical facilities, to ensure their adequacy.
  DWAs: Develop emergency response plans or procedures.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Keep informed of federal, state, and local regulations affecting emergency plans, and ensure that plans adhere to those regulations.
  DWAs: Determine operational compliance with regulations or standards. | Maintain knowledge of current developments in area of expertise.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Conduct surveys to determine the types of emergency-related needs to be addressed in disaster planning, or provide technical support to others conducting such surveys.
  DWAs: Conduct opinion surveys or needs assessments.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Attend meetings, conferences, and workshops related to emergency management to learn new information and to develop working relationships with other emergency management specialists.
  DWAs: Maintain knowledge of current developments in area of expertise.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Develop instructional materials for the public and make presentations to citizens' groups to provide information on emergency plans and their implementation processes.
  DWAs: Present information to the public.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Apply for federal funding for emergency-management-related needs, and administer and report on the progress of such grants.
  DWAs: Prepare proposals or grant applications to obtain project funding. | Prepare operational progress or status reports.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Train local groups in the preparation of long-term plans that are compatible with federal and state plans.
  DWAs: Teach safety standards or environmental compliance methods.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Provide communities with assistance in applying for federal funding for emergency management facilities, radiological instrumentation, and related items.
  DWAs: Advise others on legal or regulatory compliance matters.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Study emergency plans used elsewhere to gather information for plan development.
  DWAs: Develop emergency response plans or procedures.

[Supplemental] [22% incumbents] Develop and implement training procedures and strategies for radiological protection, detection, and decontamination.
  DWAs: Implement organizational process or policy changes. | Develop safety standards, policies, or procedures.

[Supplemental] [22% incumbents] Inventory and distribute nuclear, biological, and chemical detection and contamination equipment, providing instruction in its maintenance and use.
  DWAs: Communicate organizational policies and procedures. | Manage inventories of products or organizational resources.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Propose alteration of emergency response procedures, based on regulatory changes, technological changes, or knowledge gained from outcomes of previous emergency situations.
  DWAs: Recommend organizational process or policy changes.

--- SKILLS ---
  Speaking (imp:4.12 lvl:4.25) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Active Listening (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Writing (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.38) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Monitoring (imp:4.00 lvl:4.62) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Active Learning (imp:3.75 lvl:4.25) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Mathematics (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Science (imp:1.88 lvl:1.50) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Public Safety and Security (imp:4.71 lvl:5.09) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Administration and Management (imp:4.24 lvl:4.95) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Law and Government (imp:4.18 lvl:4.36) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Communications and Media (imp:4.05 lvl:4.05) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  English Language (imp:3.95 lvl:4.67) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:3.91 lvl:5.73) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Telecommunications (imp:3.91 lvl:4.09) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Education and Training (imp:3.86 lvl:5.68) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:3.50 lvl:4.59) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.50 lvl:4.68) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Transportation (imp:3.32 lvl:3.82) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Geography (imp:3.27 lvl:4.27) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Administrative (imp:3.14 lvl:4.32) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Economics and Accounting (imp:2.90 lvl:3.32) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Psychology (imp:2.90 lvl:3.59) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:2.82 lvl:3.36) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Mathematics (imp:2.68 lvl:3.50) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Building and Construction (imp:2.64 lvl:2.86) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Sales and Marketing (imp:2.59 lvl:3.50) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Engineering and Technology (imp:2.59 lvl:2.73) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:2.38 lvl:3.09) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Production and Processing (imp:2.29 lvl:2.73) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Mechanical (imp:2.27 lvl:2.41) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Chemistry (imp:2.27 lvl:2.82) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Foreign Language (imp:2.27 lvl:1.91) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Physics (imp:2.18 lvl:2.09) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Design (imp:2.10 lvl:2.43) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Biology (imp:2.05 lvl:2.41) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:2.05 lvl:2.18) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  History and Archeology (imp:2.05 lvl:2.32) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.90 lvl:2.23) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Food Production (imp:1.77 lvl:2.00) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Fine Arts (imp:1.24 lvl:0.48) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform

--- ABILITIES ---
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:4.62) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Oral Expression (imp:4.12 lvl:4.50) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.12 lvl:4.25) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Speech Clarity (imp:4.12 lvl:4.25) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Written Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.88 lvl:4.25) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Information Ordering (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Originality (imp:3.75 lvl:4.12) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.62 lvl:4.00) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Near Vision (imp:3.62 lvl:3.62) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Visualization (imp:3.12 lvl:3.50) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Speed of Closure (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Perceptual Speed (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Selective Attention (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Time Sharing (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Far Vision (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Number Facility (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Memorization (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Trunk Strength (imp:2.12 lvl:1.75) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.12 lvl:1.88) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Spatial Orientation (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:2.00 lvl:1.62) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Depth Perception (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.88 lvl:1.00) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:1.88 lvl:1.75) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.88 lvl:1.50) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.75 lvl:0.75) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.75 lvl:1.25) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.75 lvl:1.12) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Night Vision (imp:1.75 lvl:1.12) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.75 lvl:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Rate Control (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.62 lvl:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Stamina (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
  Control Precision (imp:1.50 lvl:0.75) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Static Strength (imp:1.50 lvl:0.62) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.50 lvl:5.50) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:4.50 lvl:6.32) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.48 lvl:5.64) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Getting Information (imp:4.45 lvl:4.91) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:4.43 lvl:5.18) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Working with Computers (imp:4.35 lvl:4.14) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:4.32 lvl:5.91) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:4.27 lvl:5.86) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:4.25 lvl:4.68) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:4.24 lvl:4.64) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:4.23 lvl:5.18) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:4.14 lvl:4.45) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:4.14 lvl:5.41) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:4.14 lvl:5.55) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:4.05 lvl:5.23) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:4.00 lvl:4.73) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:3.95 lvl:5.33) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:3.90 lvl:5.09) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:3.89 lvl:5.33) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.86 lvl:4.09) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Processing Information (imp:3.81 lvl:4.68) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.81 lvl:4.41) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:3.77 lvl:4.45) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.73 lvl:4.82) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.73 lvl:5.09) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.73 lvl:5.09) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:3.71 lvl:4.64) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.65 lvl:4.77) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:3.59 lvl:4.59) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.55 lvl:4.50) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.50 lvl:4.45) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:3.27 lvl:3.68) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.14 lvl:4.14) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:3.14 lvl:4.27) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:3.10 lvl:3.09) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:2.71 lvl:3.41) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:2.50 lvl:3.64) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:2.33 lvl:2.59) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:2.29 lvl:2.55) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:2.18 lvl:2.36) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:2.14 lvl:2.23) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Achievement Orientation (imp:10.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Social Orientation (imp:9.00) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Self-Control (imp:8.00) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Stress Tolerance (imp:7.00) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Perseverance (imp:6.00) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Adaptability (imp:5.00) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Leadership Orientation (imp:4.00) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Self-Confidence (imp:3.00) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:3.00) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Dependability (imp:2.93) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Integrity (imp:2.93) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Adaptability (imp:2.74) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Leadership Orientation (imp:2.68) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Self-Control (imp:2.63) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Attention to Detail (imp:2.50) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Cautiousness (imp:2.47) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Cooperation (imp:2.43) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Initiative (imp:2.34) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Perseverance (imp:2.34) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Self-Confidence (imp:2.32) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.17) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.16) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Social Orientation (imp:2.13) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:2.08) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative (imp:2.00) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Sincerity (imp:1.81) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Innovation (imp:1.72) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Empathy (imp:1.54) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Optimism (imp:1.01) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Humility (imp:0.55) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Intellectual Curiosity () — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Cautiousness () — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Attention to Detail () — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Dependability () — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Integrity () — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Service Orientation (imp:4.25 lvl:5.25) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:4.12 lvl:5.38) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Coordination (imp:4.00 lvl:5.00) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Instructing (imp:3.75 lvl:4.12) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Time Management (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Persuasion (imp:3.62 lvl:4.00) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.62 lvl:4.12) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.50 lvl:4.12) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:3.50 lvl:3.75) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Negotiation (imp:3.38 lvl:3.50) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Operations Analysis (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Management of Material Resources (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:2.62 lvl:2.75) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:2.25 lvl:2.25) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Operations Monitoring (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Operation and Control (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Technology Design (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Programming (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 13,500
  annual_median    : $93,330
  annual_pct10     : $54,210
  annual_pct25     : $67,910
  annual_pct75     : $126,490
  annual_pct90     : $166,430
  annual_mean      : $102,420
  hourly_median    : $44.87

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : District of Columbia ($184,350)
  lowest_state     : Mississippi ($48,650)
  dispersion_ratio : 3.789x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (47 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    9,740  median: $  84,270
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    1,320  median: $ 101,120
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      600  median: $ 136,930
  Educational Services                     emp:      580  median: $  97,760
  Utilities                                emp:      320  median: $ 155,830
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:      320  median: $ 125,550
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      200  median: $ 102,580
  Manufacturing                            emp:      160  median: $ 131,950
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:       80  median: $  64,960
  Transportation and Warehousing           emp:       50  median: $ 132,810

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (10 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    9,740  median: $  84,270
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    1,320  median: $ 101,120
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      600  median: $ 136,930
  Educational Services                     emp:      580  median: $  97,760
  Utilities                                emp:      320  median: $ 155,830
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:      320  median: $ 125,550
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      200  median: $ 102,580
  Manufacturing                            emp:      160  median: $ 131,950
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:       80  median: $  64,960
  Transportation and Warehousing           emp:       50  median: $ 132,810

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Federal Emergency Management Agency
match_score        : 0.7077
wikidata_qid       : Q503010
word_count         : 8,794
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:05:44.886823Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA,  FEE-mə) is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), initially created under President Jimmy Carter by Presidential Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978 and implemented by two Executive Orders on April 1, 1979. The agency's primary purpose is to coordinate the response to a disaster that has occurred in the United States and that overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities. The governor of the state in which the disaster occurs must declare a state of emergency and formally request from the president that FEMA and the federal government respond to the disaster. The only exception to the state's gubernatorial declaration requirement occurs when an emergency or disaster takes place on federal property or affects a federal asset—for example, the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, or the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia return-flight disaster.
While on-the-ground support of disaster recovery efforts is a major part of FEMA's charter, the agency also provides state and local governments with experts in specialized fields, funding for rebuilding efforts, and relief funds for infrastructure (re)development. It also helps individuals access low-interest disaster recovery loans, in conjunction with the Small Business Administration. In addition to this, FEMA provides funds for response personnel preparedness training throughout the United States and funds for non-federal entities to provide housing and services for migrants released from Department of Homeland Security custody.


== History ==
Federal emergency management in the U.S. has existed in one form or another for over 200 years.


=== Prior to 1930s ===
A series of devastating fires struck the port city of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, early in the 19th century. The 7th U.S. Congress passed a measure in 1803 that provided relief for Portsmouth merchants by extending the time they had for remitting tariffs on imported goods. This is widely considered the first piece of legislation passed by the federal government that provided relief after a disaster.
Between 1803 and 1930, ad hoc legislation was passed more than 100 times for relief or compensation after a disaster. Examples include the waiving of duties and tariffs to the merchants of New York City after the great fire of New York in 1835. Similarly, after the collapse of the John T. Ford Theater in June 1893, the 54th Congress passed legislation compensating those who were injured.


=== Piecemeal approach (1930s–1960s) ===
After the start of the Great Depression in 1929, President Herbert Hoover had commissioned the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) in 1932. The purpose of the RFC was to lend money to banks and institutions to stimulate economic activity. The RFC was also responsible for dispensing federal dollars in the wake of a disaster. The RFC can be considered the first organized federal disaster response agency.
The Bureau of Public Roads was given authority in 1934 to finance the reconstruction of highways and roads after disasters. The Flood Control Act of 1944 also gave the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers authority over flood control and irrigation projects and it thenceforth played a major role in aiding recovery and reconstruction after flooding disasters.


=== Department of Housing and Urban Development (1973–1979) ===
Federal disaster relief and recovery was brought under the umbrella of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in 1973 by Presidential Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973. At this time, the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration was created as an organizational unit within HUD, and it was this agency that would oversee disasters until its incorporation into FEMA in 1978.
Prior to implementation of Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978 by E.O. 12127 and E.O. 12148, many government agencies were still involved in disaster relief; in some cases, more than 100 separate agencies might be jockeying for control and jurisdiction of a disaster.
Over the years, Congress increasingly extended the range of covered categories for assistance, and several presidential executive orders did the same. By enacting these various forms of legislative direction, Congress established a category for annual budgetary amounts of assistance to victims of various types of hazards or disasters, it specified the qualifications, and then it established or delegated the responsibilities to various federal and non-federal agencies.
In time, this expanded array of agencies themselves underwent reorganization. One of the first such federal agencies was the Federal Civil Defense Administration, which operated as part of the Executive Office of the President (EOP). Functions to administer disaster relief were then given to the President himself, who delegated these to the federal Housing and Home Finance Administration. Subsequently, a new Office of Defense Mobilization was created. Then, the new Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization, also managed by the EOP, and after that, the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization, which renamed the former agency. Then, an Office of Civil Defense, under the Department of Defense (DoD); the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW); the Department of Agriculture; the Office of Emergency Planning (OEmP); the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (replacing the OCD in the DoD); the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the General Services Administration (GSA) (upon termination of the OEmP).
These actions demonstrated that, during those years, responsibilities for the nation's disaster preparedness were complex and involved multifarious agencies; structures were determined by disparate legislative actions, motivated by policy and budgetary earmarking, and not by a single, unifying, comprehensive strategy to meet the nation's need for coherent disaster preparedness and response into the future. Then, in 1978 an effort was made to consolidate these functions, mandates, agencies and funding streams: FEMA was created to house civil defense and disaster preparedness under one roof. This was a very controversial decision.


=== FEMA as an independent agency (1979–2003) ===

FEMA was established under the 1978 Reorganization Plan No. 3 and was activated by President Jimmy Carter in an Executive Order on April 1, 1979.
In July, Carter signed Executive Order 12148 shifting disaster relief efforts to the new federal-level agency. FEMA absorbed the Federal Insurance Administration, the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration, the National Weather Service Community Preparedness Program, the Federal Preparedness Agency of the General Services Administration and the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration activities from HUD. FEMA was also given the responsibility for overseeing the nation's Civil Defense, a function which had previously been performed by the Department of Defense's Defense Civil Preparedness Agency.
One of the disasters FEMA responded to was the dumping of toxic waste into Love Canal in Niagara Falls, New York, in the late 1970s. FEMA also responded to the Three Mile Island nuclear accident where the nuclear-generating station suffered a partial core meltdown. These disasters, while showing the agency could function properly, also uncovered some inefficiencies.
In 1993, President Bill Clinton appointed James Lee Witt as FEMA Director. In 1996, the agency was elevated to cabinet rank; this was not continued by President George W. Bush. Witt initiated reforms that would help to streamline the disaster recovery and mitigation process. The end of the Cold War also allowed the agency's resources to be turned away from civil defense to natural disaster preparedness.
After FEMA's creation through reorganization and executive orders, Congress continued to expand FEMA's authority by assigning responsibilities to it. Those responsibilities includ

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Texas Division of Emergency Management (similarity: 0.5882)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Division_of_Emergency_Management
  QID: Q123018489
  Extract: The Texas Division of Emergency Management (TDEM) is a state agency that coordinates Texas's emergency management program. TDEM implements programs to increase public awareness about threats and hazards, coordinates emergency planning, provides an extensive array of specialized training for emergenc

  Title: Next Generation 911 (similarity: 0.2041)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_911
  QID: Q7021004
  Extract: Next Generation 911 is an initiative aimed at updating the 911 service infrastructure in the United States and Canada to improve public emergency communications services. NG911 requires carriers to implement emergency text messaging services through which users can send messages, images, video, and 

  Title: Lumen Technologies (similarity: 0.3333)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_Technologies
  QID: Q5063092
  Extract: Lumen Technologies, Inc. is an American telecommunications company headquartered in Monroe, Louisiana. It offers network, security, cloud, voice, and other managed communications services through its fiber optic and copper networks, data centers and cloud computing services. The company has been inc

  Title: Porsche (similarity: 0.1622)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche
  QID: Q40993
  Extract: Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, commonly known as Porsche, is a German automobile manufacturer specializing in luxury, high-performance sports cars, SUVs and sedans, headquartered in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The company is owned by Volkswagen AG, a controlling stake of which is owned by P

  Title: Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International (similarity: 0.1443)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Public-Safety_Communications_Officials-International
  QID: Q4810009
  Extract: Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials (APCO) International was founded in 1935.

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Rich O*NET data with comprehensive task descriptions, clear skill and knowledge requirements, and strong occupational relationships. BLS wage data is current and detailed with good geographic distribution information.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T12:49:11.214609+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,678
tokens_output        : 4,214
cost_usd             : $0.046008
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Federal Emergency Management Agency
wikipedia_note       : While the Wikipedia match focuses on FEMA as the federal agency, it provides relevant context for understanding the broader emergency management field that these directors operate within. The match highlights the coordination role that emergency management professionals play at various governmental levels.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Emergency Management Directors plan and direct disaster response and crisis management activities, developing emergency preparedness plans for natural disasters, technological emergencies, and security threats. They coordinate multi-agency response efforts, provide disaster preparedness training, and maintain emergency protocols to protect communities and organizations. These professionals serve as the strategic leaders who ensure coordinated, effective responses to emergencies ranging from hurricanes and earthquakes to hazardous material spills and security incidents.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
Emergency Management Directors spend their days consulting with government officials, schools, hospitals, and other institutions to assess emergency preparedness needs and coordinate response planning. They develop and update comprehensive emergency plans, maintain resource materials, and conduct tests and evaluations of emergency procedures in accordance with federal and state regulations. During active emergencies, they coordinate disaster response activities such as ordering evacuations and opening public shelters, while preparing detailed status reports on response efforts and damage assessments. They also design and administer emergency preparedness training courses, maintain liaisons with multiple agencies, and stay informed of changing conditions that could affect emergency response capabilities.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel in this role demonstrate exceptional achievement orientation and stress tolerance, as indicated by the highest work style importance ratings. They possess strong social orientation and self-control, enabling them to effectively coordinate with diverse stakeholders under high-pressure conditions. The role attracts those with enterprising and conventional personality traits who can balance strategic planning with systematic execution. Successful Emergency Management Directors exhibit excellent oral and written communication abilities, combined with strong deductive reasoning and problem sensitivity skills that allow them to anticipate issues and communicate complex emergency procedures clearly across multiple organizational levels.

CAREER ENTRY:
Most Emergency Management Directors enter the field with a bachelor's degree (59.1% of practitioners), with common backgrounds in public administration, emergency management, criminal justice, or related fields. Some positions require master's degrees (13.6%), particularly for senior roles in large jurisdictions or federal agencies. Relevant experience in public safety, military service, law enforcement, fire services, or related emergency response fields provides valuable preparation for understanding operational challenges and multi-agency coordination.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Emergency Management Directors can advance to senior executive positions in larger government agencies, move into federal emergency management roles with FEMA or other federal departments, or transition to private sector emergency management and business continuity positions. Many progress to become regional or state-level emergency management coordinators, while others may move into related fields such as security management, risk management, or organizational resilience consulting. The comprehensive skill set developed in this role, particularly in crisis management and multi-stakeholder coordination, provides pathways to executive leadership positions across various sectors.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
Emergency Management Directors earn a median annual salary of $93,330 according to BLS OEWS May 2025, with employment concentrated primarily in government sectors (9,740 of 13,500 positions). Geographic wage variation is significant, ranging from $184,350 in the District of Columbia to $48,650 in Mississippi, reflecting differences in cost of living and government funding levels. The field shows steady demand driven by increasing awareness of climate change impacts, cybersecurity threats, and infrastructure vulnerabilities. Healthcare and social assistance sectors employ 1,320 professionals, while professional services employ 600, indicating growing private sector recognition of emergency management importance. Career stability is generally high due to the essential nature of emergency preparedness functions.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Emergency Management Directors face low automation risk due to the critical human judgment, interpersonal coordination, and crisis leadership requirements of their role. While technological tools like GIS software and communication systems enhance their capabilities, the core functions of stakeholder consultation, strategic decision-making during emergencies, and multi-agency coordination require human expertise. The increasing sophistication of emergency management technology may enhance effectiveness but will not replace the essential human elements of crisis leadership and community relationship building.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [task_similarity] Business Continuity Planners (13-1199.04) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles develop comprehensive emergency and continuity plans, with overlapping responsibilities in risk assessment and response coordination.
    data: O*NET declared Primary-Short relationship
    data: Shared emergency planning and response preparation tasks
  [skill_overlap] Security Managers (11-3013.01) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both require high levels of public safety knowledge (Emergency Management: 5.1 level) and share crisis management responsibilities.
    data: O*NET declared Primary-Short relationship
    data: Public Safety and Security knowledge domain overlap
  [knowledge_overlap] Management Analysts (13-1111.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles require strong Administration and Management knowledge (Emergency Management: 5.0 level) and analytical problem-solving capabilities.
    data: O*NET declared Primary-Long relationship
    data: Administration and Management knowledge overlap
  [riasec_cluster] Occupational Health and Safety Specialists (19-5011.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both share enterprising and conventional RIASEC profiles focused on systematic safety planning and regulatory compliance.
    data: O*NET declared Primary-Long relationship
    data: Conventional RIASEC score of 4.69 indicating systematic approach
  [transferable_skill] Medical and Health Services Managers (11-9111.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both require high-level coordination abilities (5.0 level) and service orientation (5.2 level) for managing complex organizational responses.
    data: O*NET declared Primary-Short relationship
    data: Service Orientation transferable skill at 5.2 level

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['emergency management', 'disaster response', 'crisis management', 'emergency preparedness', 'emergency planning', 'disaster preparedness', 'emergency coordination', 'emergency director']
  exclude_keywords : ['firefighter', 'paramedic', 'police officer', 'first responder', 'dispatcher']
  title_patterns   : ['Emergency Management Director', 'Emergency Manager', 'Emergency Preparedness Manager', 'Disaster Response Director', 'Emergency Planning Manager']
  common_variations: ['EM Director', 'Emergency Management Coordinator', 'Emergency Planner', 'Disaster Response Manager', 'Civil Defense Director', 'Emergency Preparedness Coordinator', 'Crisis Management Director', 'Emergency Management Program Manager']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['fema', 'emergency', 'disaster', 'response', 'management', 'agency', 'tendency', 'others', 'security', 'states', 'preparedness', 'under', 'hurricane', 'program', 'government', 'equipment', 'administration', 'homeland', 'public', 'assistance']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
fema                      177  0.02352  wikipedia            wikipedia:99%  inference:1%
emergency                 121  0.01608  wikipedia            wikipedia:60%  inference:21%  onet_tasks:16%
disaster                   86  0.01143  wikipedia            wikipedia:92%  onet_tasks:5%  inference:3%
response                   81  0.01076  wikipedia            wikipedia:72%  inference:9%  onet_tasks:7%
management                 71  0.00943  wikipedia            wikipedia:54%  inference:27%  onet_tasks:10%
agency                     46  0.00611  wikipedia            wikipedia:89%  inference:9%  onet_dimensions:2%
tendency                   42  0.00558  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
others                     41  0.00545  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:93%  onet_tasks:2%  dwas:2%
security                   40  0.00532  wikipedia            wikipedia:88%  inference:8%  onet_dimensions:5%
states                     40  0.00532  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
preparedness               37  0.00492  wikipedia            wikipedia:81%  inference:14%  onet_tasks:5%
under                      33  0.00439  wikipedia            wikipedia:88%  onet_dimensions:9%  inference:3%
hurricane                  33  0.00439  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
program                    32  0.00425  wikipedia            wikipedia:94%  onet_dimensions:3%  dwas:3%
government                 30  0.00399  wikipedia            wikipedia:73%  inference:13%  onet_dimensions:10%
equipment                  29  0.00385  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:79%  onet_tasks:14%  dwas:3%
administration             29  0.00385  wikipedia            wikipedia:93%  onet_dimensions:3%  inference:3%
homeland                   29  0.00385  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
public                     28  0.00372  wikipedia            wikipedia:64%  onet_dimensions:14%  inference:11%
assistance                 27  0.00359  wikipedia            wikipedia:89%  onet_tasks:4%  onet_dimensions:4%
flood                      25  0.00332  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
services                   24  0.00319  wikipedia            wikipedia:67%  onet_dimensions:25%  inference:8%
recovery                   23  0.00306  wikipedia            wikipedia:91%  onet_tasks:9%
office                     23  0.00306  wikipedia            wikipedia:96%  onet_dimensions:4%
plans                      22  0.00292  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:50%  dwas:23%  onet_dimensions:9%
katrina                    22  0.00292  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
programs                   21  0.00279  wikipedia            wikipedia:71%  onet_dimensions:19%  onet_tasks:5%
procedures                 20  0.00266  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:40%  dwas:35%  onet_tasks:15%
control                    20  0.00266  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:60%  wikipedia:35%  inference:5%
activities                 19  0.00252  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:47%  dwas:16%  wikipedia:16%
resources                  19  0.00252  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:47%  wikipedia:47%  dwas:5%
act                        19  0.00252  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
region                     19  0.00252  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
disasters                  18  0.00239  wikipedia            wikipedia:78%  onet_tasks:17%  inference:6%
coordination               17  0.00226  wikipedia            wikipedia:41%  inference:29%  onet_dimensions:24%
funding                    17  0.00226  wikipedia            wikipedia:76%  onet_tasks:12%  dwas:6%
agencies                   17  0.00226  wikipedia            wikipedia:76%  inference:18%  dwas:6%
president                  17  0.00226  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
needs                      16  0.00213  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:50%  onet_tasks:31%  dwas:6%
efforts                    16  0.00213  wikipedia            wikipedia:75%  onet_tasks:12%  inference:12%