[Core] [21% incumbents] Negotiate collective bargaining agreements.
  DWAs: Arrange collective bargaining agreements.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Investigate and evaluate union complaints or arguments to determine viability.
  DWAs: Evaluate personnel practices to ensure adherence to regulations.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Propose resolutions for collective bargaining or other labor or contract negotiations.
  DWAs: Arrange collective bargaining agreements.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Draft contract proposals or counter-proposals for collective bargaining or other labor negotiations.
  DWAs: Arrange collective bargaining agreements.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Interpret contractual agreements for employers and employees engaged in collective bargaining or other labor relations processes.
  DWAs: Arrange collective bargaining agreements.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Prepare evidence for disciplinary hearings, including preparing witnesses to testify.
  DWAs: Collect evidence for legal proceedings.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Review employer practices or employee data to ensure compliance with contracts on matters such as wages, hours, or conditions of employment.
  DWAs: Evaluate personnel practices to ensure adherence to regulations.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Recommend collective bargaining strategies, goals, or objectives.
  DWAs: Arrange collective bargaining agreements.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Call or meet with union, company, government, or other interested parties to discuss labor relations matters, such as contract negotiations or grievances.
  DWAs: Negotiate agreements to resolve disputes.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Present the position of the company or of labor during arbitration or other labor negotiations.
  DWAs: Arrange collective bargaining agreements.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Identify alternatives to proposals of unions, employees, companies, or government agencies.
  DWAs: Arrange collective bargaining agreements.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Draft rules or regulations to govern collective bargaining activities in collaboration with company, government, or employee representatives.
  DWAs: Arrange collective bargaining agreements.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Research case law or outcomes of previous case hearings.
  DWAs: Update knowledge of legal or regulatory environments.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Write letters related to labor relations activities, such as letters to amend collective bargaining agreements, letters of dispute or conciliation, or letters to seek clarification of contract terms.
  DWAs: Arrange collective bargaining agreements.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Select mediators or arbitrators for labor disputes or contract negotiations.
  DWAs: Arrange collective bargaining agreements.

[Supplemental] [21% incumbents] Assess the impact of union proposals on company or government operations.
  DWAs: Measure effectiveness of business strategies or practices.

[Supplemental] [21% incumbents] Train managers or supervisors on topics related to labor relations, such as working conditions, safety, or equal opportunity practices.
  DWAs: Train personnel on managerial topics.

[Supplemental] [21% incumbents] Provide expert testimony in legal proceedings related to labor relations or labor contracts.
  DWAs: Testify at legal or legislative proceedings.

[Supplemental] [21% incumbents] Develop employee health and safety policies.
  DWAs: Establish organizational guidelines or policies.

[Supplemental] [21% incumbents] Develop methods to monitor employee satisfaction with policies or working conditions, including grievance or complaint procedures.
  DWAs: Establish business management methods.

[Supplemental] [21% incumbents] Prepare reports or presentations to communicate employee satisfaction or related data to management.
  DWAs: Present business-related information to audiences.

[Supplemental] [21% incumbents] Prepare and submit required governmental reports or forms related to labor relations matters, such as equal employment opportunity (EEO) forms, new hire forms, or minority compensation reports.
  DWAs: Prepare regulatory or compliance documentation.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Mediate discussions between employer and employee representatives in attempt to reconcile differences.
  DWAs: Negotiate agreements to resolve disputes.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Monitor company or workforce adherence to labor agreements.
  DWAs: Evaluate personnel practices to ensure adherence to regulations.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Assess risk levels associated with collective bargaining strategies.
  DWAs: Assess risks to business operations.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Schedule or coordinate the details of grievance hearings or other meetings.
  DWAs: Organize special events.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Review and approve employee disciplinary actions, such as written reprimands, suspensions, or terminations.
  DWAs: Evaluate personnel practices to ensure adherence to regulations.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Advise management on matters related to the administration of contracts or employee discipline or grievance procedures.
  DWAs: Advise others on human resources topics.

--- SKILLS ---
  Active Listening (imp:4.38 lvl:4.50) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Speaking (imp:4.25 lvl:4.75) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Writing (imp:4.00 lvl:4.50) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Learning (imp:3.50 lvl:3.88) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Monitoring (imp:3.38 lvl:3.88) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Mathematics (imp:2.38 lvl:2.62) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Science (imp:1.00) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:4.05 lvl:4.90) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  English Language (imp:3.68 lvl:4.30) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Law and Government (imp:3.61 lvl:4.11) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Administration and Management (imp:3.14 lvl:3.81) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Education and Training (imp:2.85 lvl:3.95) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:2.70 lvl:3.70) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Computers and Electronics (imp:2.67 lvl:3.33) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Mathematics (imp:2.63 lvl:3.45) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.58 lvl:2.90) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Administrative (imp:2.52 lvl:3.50) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Economics and Accounting (imp:2.52 lvl:2.62) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:2.45 lvl:3.00) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Communications and Media (imp:2.40 lvl:2.45) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Psychology (imp:2.35 lvl:3.15) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.95 lvl:2.35) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Telecommunications (imp:1.90 lvl:1.60) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Production and Processing (imp:1.86 lvl:1.90) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.81 lvl:1.48) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  History and Archeology (imp:1.80 lvl:1.70) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Transportation (imp:1.80 lvl:1.50) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Foreign Language (imp:1.76 lvl:1.52) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Building and Construction (imp:1.57 lvl:0.90) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.52 lvl:1.29) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Geography (imp:1.50 lvl:1.10) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Mechanical (imp:1.45 lvl:0.75) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.38 lvl:0.76) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Design (imp:1.38 lvl:0.81) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.35 lvl:0.60) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Chemistry (imp:1.25 lvl:0.45) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Fine Arts (imp:1.24 lvl:0.43) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  Food Production (imp:1.19 lvl:0.43) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Physics (imp:1.15 lvl:0.30) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Biology (imp:1.11 lvl:0.21) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd

--- ABILITIES ---
  Oral Expression (imp:4.25 lvl:4.50) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:4.50) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.38) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Written Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.38) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:3.75 lvl:4.38) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:3.75 lvl:4.00) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.50 lvl:3.88) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Originality (imp:3.50 lvl:3.75) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Near Vision (imp:3.50 lvl:3.62) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Information Ordering (imp:3.38 lvl:3.38) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Selective Attention (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Number Facility (imp:2.75 lvl:2.75) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Memorization (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.75 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Time Sharing (imp:2.62 lvl:2.50) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Far Vision (imp:2.62 lvl:2.38) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:2.50 lvl:2.75) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.50 lvl:2.62) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Visualization (imp:2.38 lvl:2.12) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Trunk Strength (imp:1.88 lvl:1.50) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Auditory Attention (imp:1.88 lvl:1.12) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:1.75 lvl:1.50) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Depth Perception (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.00) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Control Precision (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:4.48 lvl:6.29) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Getting Information (imp:4.45 lvl:4.90) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.30 lvl:5.30) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:4.25 lvl:5.52) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.10 lvl:5.10) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:4.00 lvl:4.67) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Processing Information (imp:3.85 lvl:4.62) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.80 lvl:5.24) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:3.71 lvl:4.60) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.62 lvl:4.05) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:3.57 lvl:4.33) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Working with Computers (imp:3.52 lvl:3.19) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.48 lvl:4.67) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.47 lvl:4.14) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.38 lvl:4.62) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.35 lvl:4.10) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.29 lvl:3.95) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:3.25 lvl:3.79) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.21 lvl:3.71) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:3.20 lvl:3.57) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.20 lvl:4.43) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.19 lvl:4.24) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.15 lvl:3.81) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:3.15 lvl:4.10) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.05 lvl:3.95) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.00 lvl:4.00) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:2.71 lvl:2.71) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:2.70 lvl:3.33) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.62 lvl:3.19) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.60 lvl:3.24) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:2.57 lvl:2.81) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.50 lvl:2.86) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:2.11 lvl:2.15) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.67 lvl:0.86) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:1.62 lvl:0.95) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.48 lvl:0.81) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.38 lvl:0.70) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.38 lvl:0.62) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.15 lvl:0.30) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.10 lvl:0.19) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.10 lvl:0.24) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:8.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:7.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:6.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Social Orientation (imp:5.00) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Self-Control (imp:4.00) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Stress Tolerance (imp:3.00) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Integrity (imp:2.43) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Self-Control (imp:2.42) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Dependability (imp:2.41) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Social Orientation (imp:2.22) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Stress Tolerance (imp:2.21) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Attention to Detail (imp:2.14) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Perseverance (imp:2.08) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Self-Confidence (imp:2.05) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance (imp:2.00) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Cooperation (imp:1.84) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Empathy (imp:1.83) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Leadership Orientation (imp:1.72) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:1.66) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Adaptability (imp:1.61) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.53) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative (imp:1.50) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Cautiousness (imp:1.44) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:1.17) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Sincerity (imp:1.09) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.00) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Optimism (imp:0.71) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Innovation (imp:0.65) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Humility (imp:0.47) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Achievement Orientation () — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Intellectual Curiosity () — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Cautiousness () — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Negotiation (imp:4.12 lvl:4.38) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Persuasion (imp:3.88 lvl:4.38) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.75 lvl:4.00) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.62 lvl:4.00) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Coordination (imp:3.38 lvl:3.62) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Service Orientation (imp:3.38 lvl:3.62) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Time Management (imp:3.38 lvl:3.12) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Instructing (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:2.00 lvl:1.62) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Operations Analysis (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Management of Material Resources (imp:1.75 lvl:1.50) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Operations Monitoring (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Technology Design (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Programming (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.12 lvl:0.25) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 64,810
  annual_median    : $95,420
  annual_pct10     : $50,490
  annual_pct25     : $71,920
  annual_pct75     : $123,420
  annual_pct90     : $156,180
  annual_mean      : $98,720
  hourly_median    : $45.87

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : New Jersey ($118,370)
  lowest_state     : Alabama ($48,120)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.460x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (52 total) ---
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:   50,570  median: $  95,690
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    2,320  median: $  86,250
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    2,190  median: $  99,260
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:    1,980  median: $  91,460
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    1,400  median: $  91,970
  Educational Services                     emp:    1,200  median: $  91,570
  Transportation and Warehousing           emp:    1,160  median: $  96,910
  Manufacturing                            emp:      900  median: $ 100,580
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      690  median: $  75,460
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      590  median: $ 109,410

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (18 total) ---
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:   50,570  median: $  95,690
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    2,320  median: $  86,250
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    2,190  median: $  99,260
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:    1,980  median: $  91,460
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    1,400  median: $  91,970
  Educational Services                     emp:    1,200  median: $  91,570
  Transportation and Warehousing           emp:    1,160  median: $  96,910
  Manufacturing                            emp:      900  median: $ 100,580
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      690  median: $  75,460
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      590  median: $ 109,410

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Foreign Service specialist
match_score        : 0.6038
wikidata_qid       : Q5468331
word_count         : 865
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Service_specialist
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:11:54.099698Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
A Foreign Service specialist (FSS) is direct-hire career employee of the United States Department of State or another foreign affairs agency. Legally established as "foreign service personnel," one of the seven member categories of the United States Foreign Service, they are informally known as "specialists" to distinguish them from "officers" who are a different category in the service. They are members of the United States Foreign Service who provide important technical, support, or administrative services in nineteen career categories, including diplomatic security special agents, doctors and physician assistants, diplomatic technology officers, office management specialists, and human resource specialists. They serve in over 290 embassies or consulates abroad, Washington, D.C. or other locations in the continental United States.


== Differences between officer and specialist ==
While both Foreign Service officers and Foreign Service specialists serve in diplomatic assignments, FSOs are commissioned under Article II of the Constitution after being nominated by the president and approved by Congress. As such, FSOs are charged with conducting diplomacy on behalf of the United States. FSSs, on the other hand, are appointed by the Secretary of State, are not confirmed by the Senate, do not hold commissions and are considered support staff that enable the conduct of diplomacy. The system is modeled after the U.S. Navy in which line officers (surface warfare, aviation, etc.) are supported by staff officers (JAG, medical, etc.). All serve in a series of overseas assignments at U.S. embassies and consulates around the world for much of their careers, with some domestic postings in Washington, D.C. or other locations in the continental United States. The selection processes for specialists and officers differ, although all include an oral assessment, medical and security clearances, and a suitability review. Most officers are actually appointed as foreign service personnel too while they are foreign service officer candidates but once confirmed in the service following a tenure review period, they are re-categorized from foreign service personnel to foreign service officer.  Additionally, specialists may be expected to serve within their functional area throughout their careers, while officers typically will have some assignments over the course of a career that are inter-functional or in a different career track. For example, whatever the career track, entry-level officers (foreign service officer candidates) usually serve in one consular or management assignment during the first two tours.


== Career tracks ==
Facilities maintenance specialist
Financial management officer
General services officer
Human resources officer
Construction engineer
Diplomatic technology officer
Language officer
Regional English language officer
Information resource officer
Printing specialist (limited noncareer appointment)
Health practitioner
Regional medical technologist
Regional medical officer
Regional medical officer/psychiatrist
Office management specialist
Diplomatic courier
Security engineering officer
Security protective specialist (limited noncareer appointment)
Security technical specialist
Diplomatic Security Service special agent
In extremely rare cases when no Foreign Service specialists are available, non-career appointees can be considered for entry as FS specialists, providing they meet rigorous standards expected of career members of the Service. Limited noncareer appointees are not officially part of the Foreign Service and must leave anytime a career person becomes available for their positions. This is a legal requirement negotiated with various labor organizations.


== Allowances and benefits ==
(1) Foreign Travel Per Diem Allowances: The foreign travel per diem allowances provide for lodging, meals, and incidental expenses when an employee is on temporary duty overseas. While the Office of Allowances is responsible for setting foreign per diem rates, per diem travel policy, both foreign and domestic, is governed by the Federal Travel Regulation (FTR) and not by the DSSR. Employees should check their individual agency’s implementing regulations also. The FTR can be found on the General Services Administration’s website at https://www.gsa.gov/travel/plan-book/per-diem-rates?gsaredirect=perdiemrates.
(2) Cost-of-Living Allowances: The cost-of-living allowances are those allowances that are designed to reimburse employees for certain excess costs that they incur as a result of their employment overseas. This group includes the Post Allowance (more commonly referred to as the COLA), Foreign Transfer Allowance, Home Service Transfer Allowance, Separate Maintenance Allowance, Education Allowance, and Educational Travel. Cost-of-living allowances are not considered a part of taxable income.
(3) Recruitment and Retention Incentives: These allowances are designed to recruit employees to posts where living conditions may be difficult or dangerous. Post Hardship Differential, Danger Pay, and Difficult-to-Staff Incentive Differential (also known as Service-Needs Differential) are all considered recruitment and retention allowances. They are included in taxable income. Eligibility for full retirement benefits with 20 years of service if age 50 or older. Foreign Service pension equal to 1.7% high three years average salary times the number of years served up to 20 years, 1% for each year above 20.
(4) Quarters Allowances: Quarters Allowances, which include the Living Quarters Allowance, Temporary Quarters Subsistence Allowance, and Extraordinary Quarters Allowance, are intended to reimburse employees for substantially all housing costs, either temporary or permanent, at overseas posts where government housing is not provided. These allowances are not included in taxable income.
(5) Other Allowances: Other allowances include ORE (Official Residence Expense), Representation Allowance, evacuation-related payments, and Advance of Pay.


== See also ==
Foreign Service Officer
United States Foreign Service
United States Department of State


== References ==


== External links ==
Foreign Service Specialist Careers site at the State Department

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Investor relations (similarity: 0.5333)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investor_relations
  QID: Q745129
  Extract: Investor relations (IR) is a "strategic management responsibility that is capable of integrating finance, communication, marketing and securities law compliance to enable the most effective two-way communication between a company, the financial community, and other constituencies, which ultimately c

  Title: List of labor unions in the United States (similarity: 0.4706)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_labor_unions_in_the_United_States
  QID: Q6643858
  Extract: Unions exist to represent the interests of workers, who form the membership. Under US labor law, the National Labor Relations Act 1935 is the primary statute which gives US unions rights. The rights of members are governed by the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959. List Below

  Title: Sharon Prost (similarity: 0.4103)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Prost
  QID: Q7490183
  Extract: Sharon Prost is a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

  Title: Ginni Thomas (similarity: 0.1026)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginni_Thomas
  QID: Q7934359
  Extract: Virginia Thomas is an American conservative activist. In 1987, she married Clarence Thomas, who became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1991. Her activism has drawn scrutiny since spouses of Supreme Court justices typically avoid engaging in political activity.

  Title: American Labor Party (similarity: 0.3404)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Labor_Party
  QID: Q4744300
  Extract: The American Labor Party (ALP) was a political party in the United States established in 1936 that was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party of America who had established themselves as the Social D

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : High confidence based on comprehensive O*NET data including detailed work activities, skills, knowledge areas, and wage information. Strong evidence from related occupations and clear educational requirements support the analysis.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T13:15:06.810391+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,668
tokens_output        : 4,505
cost_usd             : $0.050027
wikipedia_used       : False
wikipedia_title      : Foreign Service specialist
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia match for Foreign Service specialist is not relevant to labor relations work, focusing instead on diplomatic careers. No suitable Wikipedia article exists for labor relations specialists specifically.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Labor Relations Specialists serve as intermediaries between employers and employees, specializing in resolving workplace disputes, negotiating collective bargaining agreements, and managing grievance procedures. They combine deep knowledge of labor law, human resources practices, and negotiation techniques to facilitate productive labor-management relationships. These professionals play a critical role in maintaining workplace harmony while ensuring compliance with employment contracts and regulations.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
A typical day involves reviewing union complaints and grievances to assess their validity, often requiring careful analysis of contract language and employment policies. They spend significant time in meetings and negotiations, whether drafting contract proposals, presenting positions during arbitration hearings, or facilitating discussions between union representatives and management. Much of their work centers on investigating workplace issues, gathering evidence for disciplinary hearings, and preparing witnesses for testimony. They regularly communicate with various stakeholders including union officials, company executives, and government representatives to discuss labor relations matters and compliance requirements. Documentation is a constant activity, as they must maintain detailed records of negotiations, agreements, and dispute resolutions while ensuring all actions align with established labor laws and contractual obligations.

WHO THRIVES:
Successful labor relations specialists possess exceptional communication and interpersonal skills, as evidenced by the high importance ratings for active listening (4.4), speaking (4.2), and oral expression abilities (4.2). They excel at managing conflict and finding common ground, requiring strong emotional intelligence and the ability to remain calm under pressure with high dependability (8.0) and self-control (4.0) work styles. The role demands analytical thinkers who can interpret complex legal documents and contractual language, supported by critical thinking skills (4.0) and deductive reasoning abilities (3.8). These professionals must be detail-oriented (7.0) and maintain the highest standards of integrity (6.0), as they often handle sensitive information and must be trusted by all parties. Social orientation (5.0) is essential for building relationships across diverse stakeholder groups and facilitating productive negotiations.

CAREER ENTRY:
The field typically requires a bachelor's degree, with 33.3% of practitioners holding this credential, though some enter with associate's degrees (9.5%) or some college coursework (9.5%). Common academic backgrounds include human resources, business administration, labor relations, or law, providing foundational knowledge in personnel practices, employment law, and organizational management. Entry-level positions often involve supporting senior specialists in contract administration, grievance processing, or research activities. Many professionals gain experience in human resources departments, union organizations, or government agencies before specializing in labor relations.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Labor relations specialists can advance to senior specialist roles with responsibility for more complex negotiations and high-stakes disputes. Natural progression paths include moving into human resources management positions, compliance management roles, or specialized consulting practices. Some professionals transition to arbitration and mediation careers, leveraging their dispute resolution experience. Others may pursue advanced degrees in law or labor relations to become employment attorneys or executive-level human resources leaders within organizations.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The field employs 64,810 professionals with a median annual salary of $95,420 according to BLS OEWS May 2025, ranging from $50,490 at the 10th percentile to $156,180 at the 90th percentile. Geographic variation is substantial, with New Jersey offering the highest compensation at $118,370 compared to Alabama's $48,120, representing a 2.46x difference. The majority of employment (50,570 positions) is concentrated in Other Services sectors, with additional opportunities in government (2,320) and corporate management (2,190). Job Zone 4 classification indicates considerable preparation is needed, reflecting the specialized knowledge and skills required. The field shows stability given its regulatory nature and the ongoing need for labor-management relations across industries.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Labor relations work has moderate automation resistance due to its heavy reliance on complex human interactions and judgment-based decision making. The core activities of resolving conflicts and negotiating (importance 4.5, level 6.3) require emotional intelligence, cultural sensitivity, and nuanced understanding of human motivations that AI cannot fully replicate. However, routine documentation, contract analysis, and compliance monitoring tasks may become increasingly automated, potentially reshaping but not eliminating the role.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [career_pathway] Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators (23-1022.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share identical core work activities in conflict resolution and negotiation with overlapping skills in persuasion and social perceptiveness.
    data: Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating importance 4.5
    data: Persuasion skill level 4.4
    data: Related occupation primary-short
  [skill_overlap] Human Resources Specialists (13-1071.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Shared expertise in Personnel and Human Resources knowledge (4.0 importance) and identical focus on establishing interpersonal relationships and evaluating compliance.
    data: Personnel and Human Resources knowledge level 4.9
    data: Establishing Interpersonal Relationships importance 4.2
    data: Related occupation primary-short
  [knowledge_overlap] Lawyers (23-1011.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both require significant Law and Government knowledge (3.6 importance) and involve preparing evidence for legal proceedings and interpreting contractual agreements.
    data: Law and Government knowledge level 4.1
    data: Prepare evidence for disciplinary hearings task
    data: Related occupation primary-long
  [task_similarity] Equal Opportunity Representatives and Officers (13-1041.03) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles focus on evaluating personnel practices for regulatory compliance and investigating workplace complaints with similar attention to detail requirements.
    data: Evaluate compliance with standards work activity 4.0
    data: Attention to Detail work style 7.0
    data: Related occupation primary-short
  [career_pathway] Human Resources Managers (11-3121.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Natural advancement path sharing Personnel and Human Resources knowledge base with escalating management responsibilities in employee relations.
    data: Personnel and Human Resources knowledge 4.0 importance
    data: Job Zone 4 preparation level
    data: Related occupation primary-short
  [riasec_cluster] Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists (13-1141.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles exhibit high Enterprising (5.65) and Conventional (4.61) RIASEC profiles focused on business systems and organizational processes.
    data: Enterprising RIASEC score 5.65
    data: Personnel practices knowledge overlap
    data: Related occupation primary-short

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['labor relations', 'collective bargaining', 'union relations', 'employee relations', 'grievance specialist', 'contract negotiator', 'arbitration specialist', 'workplace disputes']
  exclude_keywords : ['payroll', 'recruiting', 'benefits administration', 'training coordinator', 'safety specialist']
  title_patterns   : ['Labor Relations', 'Employee Relations', 'Union Relations', 'Collective Bargaining', 'Grievance']
  common_variations: ['Employee Relations Specialist', 'Labor Relations Representative', 'Union Relations Coordinator', 'Collective Bargaining Specialist', 'Grievance Specialist', 'Contract Negotiator', 'Labor Relations Analyst', 'Employee Relations Business Partner']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['tendency', 'others', 'service', 'foreign', 'management', 'equipment', 'relations', 'collective', 'bargaining', 'agreements', 'human', 'resources', 'principles', 'officer', 'allowances', 'activities', 'personnel', 'includes', 'control', 'specialists']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
tendency                   42  0.01256  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
others                     40  0.01196  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:95%  dwas:2%  inference:2%
service                    27  0.00807  wikipedia            wikipedia:89%  onet_dimensions:7%  inference:4%
foreign                    26  0.00777  wikipedia            wikipedia:88%  onet_dimensions:8%  inference:4%
management                 23  0.00688  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:30%  inference:30%  wikipedia:26%
equipment                  23  0.00688  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
relations                  21  0.00628  inference            inference:52%  onet_tasks:29%  wikipedia:14%
collective                 19  0.00568  dwas                 dwas:53%  onet_tasks:42%  inference:5%
bargaining                 19  0.00568  dwas                 dwas:53%  onet_tasks:42%  inference:5%
agreements                 18  0.00538  dwas                 dwas:67%  onet_tasks:22%  inference:11%
human                      17  0.00508  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:41%  inference:41%  wikipedia:12%
resources                  16  0.00479  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:56%  inference:31%  dwas:6%
principles                 16  0.00479  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
officer                    15  0.00449  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
allowances                 15  0.00449  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
activities                 13  0.00389  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:69%  onet_tasks:15%  inference:15%
personnel                  13  0.00389  dwas                 dwas:38%  onet_dimensions:31%  wikipedia:23%
includes                   13  0.00389  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  wikipedia:8%
control                    13  0.00389  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  inference:8%
specialists                13  0.00389  wikipedia            wikipedia:62%  inference:38%
practices                  12  0.00359  dwas                 dwas:42%  inference:25%  onet_tasks:17%
objects                    12  0.00359  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
united                     12  0.00359  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
states                     12  0.00359  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
government                 11  0.00329  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:36%  onet_dimensions:27%  inference:27%
procedures                 11  0.00329  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  onet_tasks:18%  inference:9%
actions                    11  0.00329  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  onet_tasks:9%  wikipedia:9%
techniques                 11  0.00329  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:91%  inference:9%
ideas                      11  0.00329  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
arrange                    11  0.00329  dwas                 dwas:91%  onet_dimensions:9%
services                   10  0.00299  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:60%  wikipedia:30%  inference:10%
standards                  10  0.00299  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  wikipedia:10%  inference:10%
career                     10  0.00299  wikipedia            wikipedia:90%  onet_dimensions:10%
materials                  10  0.00299  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
body                       10  0.00299  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
orientation                10  0.00299  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  inference:10%
specialist                 10  0.00299  wikipedia            wikipedia:80%  inference:20%
contract                    9  0.00269  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:56%  inference:44%
negotiations                9  0.00269  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:56%  inference:44%
rules                       9  0.00269  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:89%  onet_tasks:11%