[Core] [30% incumbents] Examine documents to determine degree of risk from factors such as applicant health, financial standing and value, and condition of property.
  DWAs: Assess financial status of clients. | Analyze health-related data.

[Core] [30% incumbents] Decline excessive risks.
  DWAs: Authorize financial actions.

[Core] [30% incumbents] Write to field representatives, medical personnel, or others to obtain further information, quote rates, or explain company underwriting policies.
  DWAs: Explain regulations, policies, or procedures.

[Core] [30% incumbents] Evaluate possibility of losses due to catastrophe or excessive insurance.
  DWAs: Assess risks to business operations.

[Core] [30% incumbents] Review company records to determine amount of insurance in force on single risk or group of closely related risks.
  DWAs: Verify accuracy of records.

[Core] [30% incumbents] Decrease value of policy when risk is substandard and specify applicable endorsements or apply rating to ensure safe, profitable distribution of risks, using reference materials.
  DWAs: Authorize financial actions.

[Core] [30% incumbents] Authorize reinsurance of policy when risk is high.
  DWAs: Authorize financial actions.

[EMERGING:New] Answer agents' questions about insurance coverage.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:3.75 lvl:3.75) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Active Listening (imp:3.75 lvl:4.00) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Writing (imp:3.75 lvl:3.75) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Critical Thinking (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Speaking (imp:3.62 lvl:3.62) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Active Learning (imp:3.12 lvl:3.38) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Monitoring (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Mathematics (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Learning Strategies (imp:2.75 lvl:3.00) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Science (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  English Language (imp:4.00 lvl:3.87) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:3.90 lvl:4.67) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Mathematics (imp:3.27 lvl:3.97) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Sales and Marketing (imp:3.17 lvl:3.80) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Administrative (imp:2.93 lvl:3.59) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Economics and Accounting (imp:2.73 lvl:2.73) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Law and Government (imp:2.69 lvl:2.93) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Computers and Electronics (imp:2.67 lvl:3.20) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Administration and Management (imp:2.41 lvl:2.80) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Psychology (imp:2.20 lvl:2.10) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Communications and Media (imp:2.07 lvl:2.27) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Production and Processing (imp:2.00 lvl:1.77) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Geography (imp:2.00 lvl:2.31) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Public Safety and Security (imp:1.97 lvl:1.93) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Education and Training (imp:1.90 lvl:2.07) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:1.83 lvl:1.73) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Telecommunications (imp:1.80 lvl:0.73) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.77 lvl:1.27) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Building and Construction (imp:1.67 lvl:1.10) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Biology (imp:1.57 lvl:0.77) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Transportation (imp:1.52 lvl:1.03) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.45 lvl:0.93) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.34 lvl:0.63) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Chemistry (imp:1.33 lvl:0.70) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.30 lvl:0.67) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Mechanical (imp:1.30 lvl:0.60) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Foreign Language (imp:1.30 lvl:0.47) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Physics (imp:1.20 lvl:0.40) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  History and Archeology (imp:1.20 lvl:0.47) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Design (imp:1.17 lvl:0.53) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.17 lvl:0.37) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Food Production (imp:1.13 lvl:0.37) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Fine Arts (imp:1.13 lvl:0.27) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform

--- ABILITIES ---
  Written Comprehension (imp:3.88 lvl:4.25) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Written Expression (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Oral Expression (imp:3.62 lvl:3.88) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Oral Comprehension (imp:3.50 lvl:3.88) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:3.50 lvl:3.75) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.38 lvl:3.75) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.38 lvl:3.12) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.25 lvl:3.25) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Near Vision (imp:3.25 lvl:3.62) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.25 lvl:3.25) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Information Ordering (imp:3.12 lvl:3.38) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:2.88 lvl:2.75) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Originality (imp:2.88 lvl:2.75) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Selective Attention (imp:2.88 lvl:2.75) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Number Facility (imp:2.75 lvl:2.75) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.50 lvl:2.25) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Time Sharing (imp:2.38 lvl:2.00) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Far Vision (imp:2.38 lvl:2.25) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.25 lvl:2.00) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Memorization (imp:2.12 lvl:1.88) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Visualization (imp:2.00 lvl:2.12) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.88 lvl:1.62) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.75 lvl:0.75) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.75 lvl:0.75) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Control Precision (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Depth Perception (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.75 lvl:1.00) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Auditory Attention (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Trunk Strength (imp:1.38 lvl:0.62) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.25 lvl:0.50) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Getting Information (imp:4.80 lvl:4.76) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.63 lvl:4.67) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.43 lvl:4.77) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Working with Computers (imp:4.41 lvl:2.87) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:4.31 lvl:4.87) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Processing Information (imp:4.13 lvl:4.70) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:4.07 lvl:4.10) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:4.03 lvl:4.67) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.00 lvl:4.43) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.90 lvl:4.20) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:3.83 lvl:4.47) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:3.83 lvl:3.80) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:3.77 lvl:4.07) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:3.73 lvl:4.07) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.45 lvl:3.27) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.34 lvl:3.87) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:3.34 lvl:3.63) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:3.29 lvl:3.27) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.00 lvl:3.14) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Thinking Creatively (imp:2.97 lvl:3.20) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:2.93 lvl:2.80) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:2.80 lvl:2.97) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:2.79 lvl:2.97) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:2.73 lvl:2.33) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:2.60 lvl:2.38) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:2.59 lvl:3.23) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:2.47 lvl:2.63) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:2.43 lvl:2.31) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:2.37 lvl:2.48) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:2.33 lvl:2.00) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.00 lvl:1.90) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:1.80 lvl:1.60) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:1.77 lvl:1.23) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.53 lvl:0.93) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:1.45 lvl:0.62) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.43 lvl:0.57) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.37 lvl:0.57) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.30 lvl:0.70) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.10 lvl:0.17) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.03 lvl:0.13) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.00) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:4.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Cautiousness (imp:2.74) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Attention to Detail (imp:2.67) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Dependability (imp:2.47) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Integrity (imp:2.21) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Integrity (imp:2.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:1.77) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.47) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:1.38) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Perseverance (imp:1.37) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Self-Control (imp:1.25) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.24) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:0.91) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Adaptability (imp:0.64) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Sincerity (imp:0.62) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Cooperation (imp:0.62) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Initiative (imp:0.61) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Empathy (imp:0.20) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Social Orientation (imp:0.18) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Innovation (imp:0.02) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Leadership Orientation (imp:0.02) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Achievement Orientation () — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Intellectual Curiosity () — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Humility (imp:-0.16) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Optimism (imp:-0.32) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.50 lvl:3.50) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Service Orientation (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Persuasion (imp:2.88 lvl:2.75) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Time Management (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Negotiation (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Instructing (imp:2.75 lvl:2.62) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Systems Analysis (imp:2.75 lvl:3.00) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:2.75 lvl:3.00) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.38 lvl:2.25) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:2.00 lvl:1.12) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Management of Material Resources (imp:2.00 lvl:1.00) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Operations Analysis (imp:1.88 lvl:1.75) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:1.88 lvl:0.88) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Technology Design (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Programming (imp:1.50 lvl:0.75) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.00) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 105,420
  annual_median    : $81,370
  annual_pct10     : $55,530
  annual_pct25     : $64,620
  annual_pct75     : $110,390
  annual_pct90     : $145,160
  annual_mean      : $93,700
  hourly_median    : $39.12

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Massachusetts ($106,640)
  lowest_state     : Puerto Rico ($46,990)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.269x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (50 total) ---
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:   99,060  median: $  81,420
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    2,940  median: $  82,680
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      980  median: $  81,620
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:      880  median: $  74,960
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:      150  median: $  81,080
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:       70  median: $  71,900

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (6 total) ---
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:   99,060  median: $  81,420
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    2,940  median: $  82,680
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      980  median: $  81,620
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:      880  median: $  74,960
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:      150  median: $  81,080
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:       70  median: $  71,900

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Insurance law
match_score        : 0.6286
wikidata_qid       : Q1037642
word_count         : 2,596
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_law
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:17:05.744126Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
Insurance law is the practice of law surrounding insurance, including insurance policies and claims.  It can be broadly broken into three categories - regulation of the business of insurance; regulation of the content of insurance policies, especially with regard to consumer policies; and regulation of claim 
handling wise.


== History ==

The earliest form of insurance is probably marine insurance, although forms of mutuality (group self-insurance) existed before that.  Marine insurance originated with the merchants of the Hanseatic league and the financiers of Lombardy in the 12th and 13th centuries, recorded in the name of Lombard Street in the City of London, the oldest trading insurance market.  In those early days, insurance was intrinsically coupled with the expansion of mercantilism, and the exploration (and exploitation) of new sources of gold, silver, spices, furs, and other precious goods - including slaves - from the New World.  For these merchant adventurers, insurance was the "means whereof it comes to pass that upon the loss or perishing of any ship there followed not the undoing of any man, but the loss lighteth rather easily upon many than upon a few... whereby all merchants, especially those of the younger sort, are allured to venture more willingly and more freely."
The expansion of English maritime trade made London the centre of an insurance market that, by the 18th century, was the largest in the world.  Underwriters sat in bars, or newly fashionable coffee-shops such as those run by Edward Lloyd on Lombard Street, considering the details of proposed mercantile "adventures" and indicating the extent to which they would share upon the risks entailed by writing their "scratch" or signature upon the documents shown to them.
At the same time, eighteenth-century judge William Murray, Lord Mansfield, was developing the substantive law of insurance to an extent where it has largely remained unchanged to the present day - at least insofar as concerns commercial, non-consumer business - in the common-law jurisdictions.  Mansfield drew from "foreign authorities" and "intelligent merchants"
"Those leading principles which may be considered the common law of the sea, and the common law of merchants, which he found prevailing across the commercial world, and to which every question of insurance was easily referrable.  Hence the great celebrity of his judgments, and hence the respect they command in foreign countries".
By the 19th century membership of Lloyd's was regulated and in 1871, the Lloyd's Act was passed, establishing the corporation of Lloyd's to act as a market place for members, or "Names". And in the early part of the twentieth century, the collective body of general insurance law was codified in 1904 into the Marine Insurance Act 1906, with the result that, since that date, marine and non-marine insurance law have diverged, although fundamentally based on the same original principles.


== Principles of insurance ==
Common law jurisdictions in former members of the British empire, including the United States, Canada, India, South Africa, and Australia ultimately originate with the law of England and Wales.  What distinguishes common law jurisdictions from their civil law counterparts is the concept of judge-made law and the principle of stare decisis - the idea, at its simplest, that courts are bound by the previous decisions of courts of the same or higher status.  In the insurance law context, this meant that the decisions of early commercial judges such as Mansfield, Lord Eldon and Buller bound, or, outside England and Wales, were at the least highly persuasive to, their successors considering similar questions of law.
At common law, the defining concept of a contract of commercial insurance is of a transfer of risk freely negotiated between counterparties of similar bargaining power, equally deserving (or not) of the courts' protection.  The underwriter has the advantage, by dint of drafting the policy terms, of delineating the precise boundaries of cover.  The prospective insured has the equal and opposite advantage of knowing the precise risk proposed to be insured in better detail than the underwriter can ever achieve. Central to English commercial insurance decisions, therefore, are the linked principles that the underwriter is bound to the terms of his policy; and that the risk is as it has been described to him, and that nothing material to his decision to insure it has been concealed or misrepresented to him.
In civil law countries, insurance has typically been more closely linked to the protection of the vulnerable, rather than as a device to encourage entrepreneurialism through the spreading of risk.  Civil law jurisdictions - in very general terms - tend to regulate the content of the insurance agreement more closely, and more in the favour of the insured, than in common law jurisdictions, where the insurer is rather better protected from the possibility that the risk for which it has accepted a premium may be greater than that for which it had bargained.  As a result, most legal systems worldwide apply common-law principles to the adjudication of commercial insurance disputes, whereby it is accepted that the insurer and the insured are more-or-less equal partners in the division of the economic burden of risk.


=== Insurable interest and indemnity ===
Most, and until 2005 all, common law jurisdictions require the insured to have an insurable interest in the subject matter of the insurance.  An insurable interest is that legal or equitable relationship between the insured and the subject matter of the insurance, separate from the existence of the insurance relationship, by which the insured would be prejudiced by the occurrence of the event insured against, or conversely would take a benefit from its non-occurrence.  Insurable interest was long held to be morally necessary in insurance contracts to distinguish them, as enforceable contracts, from unenforceable gambling agreements (binding "in honour" only) and to quell the practice, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, of taking out life policies upon the lives of strangers.  The requirement for insurable interest was removed in non-marine English law, possibly inadvertently, by the provisions of the Gambling Act 2005.  It remains a requirement in marine insurance law and other common law systems, however; and few systems of law will allow an insured to recover in respect of an event that has not caused the insured a genuine loss, whether the insurable interest doctrine is relied upon, or whether, as in common law systems, the courts rely upon the principle of indemnity to hold that an insured may not recover more than his true loss.


=== Utmost good faith ===

The doctrine of uberrimae fides - utmost good faith - is present in the insurance law of all common law systems. An insurance contract is a contract of the utmost good faith.  The most important expression of that principle, under the doctrine as it has been interpreted in England, is that the prospective insured must accurately disclose to the insurer everything that he knows and that is or would be material to the reasonable insurer.  Something is material if it would influence a prudent insurer in determining whether to write a risk and, if so, upon what terms.  If the insurer is not told everything material about the risk, or if a material misrepresentation is made, the insurer may avoid (or "rescind") the policy, i.e. the insurer may treat the policy as having been void from inception, returning the premium paid. Reinsurance contracts (between reinsurers and insurers/cedents) require the highest level of utmost good faith, and such utmost good faith is considered the foundation of reinsurance.  In order to make reinsurance affordable, a reinsurer cannot duplicate costly insurer underwriting and claim handling costs, and must rely on an insurer's absolute transparency and candor.  In return,

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Underwriting (similarity: 0.5294)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriting
  QID: Q1898080
  Extract: Underwriting (UW) services are provided by some large financial institutions, such as banks, insurance companies and investment houses, whereby they guarantee payment in case of damage or financial loss and accept the financial risk for liability arising from such guarantee. An underwriting arrangem

  Title: Insurance (similarity: 0.5806)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance
  QID: Q43183
  Extract: Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a fee, a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to protect against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss.

  Title: List of United States insurance companies (similarity: 0.4127)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_insurance_companies
  QID: Q6602842
  Extract: This is a list of insurance companies based in the United States. These are companies with a strong national or regional presence, having insurance as their primary business.

  Title: UL (safety organization) (similarity: 0.2174)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UL_(safety_organization)
  QID: Q1324421
  Extract: UL Research Institutes is a global private safety company headquartered in Northbrook, Illinois, composed of three organizations, UL Research Institutes, UL Standards & Engagement and UL Solutions.

  Title: Initial public offering (similarity: 0.3556)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering
  QID: Q185142
  Extract: An initial public offering (IPO) or stock launch is a public offering in which shares of a company are sold to institutional investors and usually also to retail investors. An IPO is typically underwritten by one or more investment banks, who also arrange for the shares to be listed on one or more s

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong confidence based on comprehensive O*NET data including detailed work activities, skills, and knowledge areas, plus robust BLS wage data and clear industry concentration patterns.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T13:36:53.163281+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,396
tokens_output        : 4,326
cost_usd             : $0.048000
wikipedia_used       : False
wikipedia_title      : None
wikipedia_note       : While 'Insurance law' appeared as an exact match, it focuses on legal aspects rather than underwriting practice. The semantic neighbor 'Underwriting' provides more relevant context about the risk assessment function.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Insurance Underwriters evaluate and analyze insurance applications to assess risk levels and determine coverage acceptability. They examine applicant information including health records, financial standing, and property values to make data-driven decisions about policy approval, pricing, and terms. These professionals serve as the critical gatekeepers who balance profitable business operations with appropriate risk management for insurance companies.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
Insurance underwriters begin their day reviewing stacks of insurance applications, examining documents that reveal applicant health status, financial standing, and property values to gauge risk exposure. They spend considerable time analyzing data and information, working with computers to access databases, review company records, and cross-reference risk factors against established guidelines. Throughout the day, they communicate with field representatives, medical personnel, and agents to obtain additional information, quote rates, or explain company policies and coverage decisions. When applications present excessive risk, they decline coverage or authorize reinsurance arrangements, while substandard risks may require policy modifications with specific endorsements or adjusted ratings. They also evaluate catastrophic loss potential and monitor insurance exposure levels across related risks to ensure the company maintains a balanced portfolio.

WHO THRIVES:
Successful insurance underwriters combine strong analytical thinking with exceptional attention to detail, as they must carefully evaluate complex risk factors while maintaining high accuracy standards. They possess excellent reading comprehension and written communication skills, enabling them to digest extensive documentation and clearly articulate their decisions to various stakeholders. These professionals excel at inductive and deductive reasoning, allowing them to identify patterns in risk data and draw logical conclusions about coverage decisions. Their cautious and dependable nature aligns perfectly with the role's requirement to protect company assets while serving customer needs. The conventional-enterprising personality profile indicates they thrive in structured environments with clear procedures while also engaging confidently with people across the organization.

CAREER ENTRY:
Insurance underwriting typically requires a bachelor's degree, with 70% of practitioners holding this credential according to education distribution data. Entry-level positions often accept candidates with degrees in business, finance, economics, or related fields, though some companies hire high school graduates with strong analytical skills for training programs. Most insurance companies provide extensive on-the-job training and professional development programs to teach company-specific underwriting guidelines, risk assessment techniques, and regulatory compliance requirements. Professional certifications from industry organizations can enhance career prospects and demonstrate specialized expertise.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Insurance underwriters can advance to senior underwriter positions, specializing in complex commercial lines or high-value personal insurance products. Career progression often leads to supervisory roles managing underwriting teams, or transition to underwriting management positions overseeing entire product lines or regional operations. Many underwriters leverage their risk assessment expertise to move into related fields such as financial risk management, becoming Financial Risk Specialists or advancing to executive positions in insurance company leadership.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
Insurance underwriters earn a median annual salary of $81,370 according to BLS OEWS May 2025 data, with the profession employing 105,420 workers nationwide. The salary range spans from $55,530 at the 10th percentile to $145,160 at the 90th percentile, reflecting significant earning potential with experience and specialization. Geographic variation is notable, with Massachusetts offering the highest median wages at $106,640 compared to Puerto Rico's $46,990, representing a 2.27x ratio difference. The vast majority of positions (99,060 workers) are concentrated in the Finance and Insurance sector, with additional opportunities in Management of Companies and Enterprises (2,940) and Professional Services (980). Demand remains steady as insurance companies continuously need skilled professionals to evaluate risk in an increasingly complex business environment.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Insurance underwriting faces moderate automation pressure as artificial intelligence and machine learning increasingly handle routine risk assessments and data analysis tasks. However, the role's emphasis on complex decision-making, interpersonal relationships, and nuanced judgment in evaluating unusual or high-value risks provides protection against full automation. The highest-level work activities of making decisions, establishing relationships, and communicating with external stakeholders require human expertise that current technology cannot fully replicate.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [skill_overlap] Financial Risk Specialists (13-2054.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share critical thinking, analytical data analysis, and risk assessment capabilities with similar importance and level ratings.
    data: Critical Thinking (imp:3.8, lvl:3.9)
    data: Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.4, lvl:4.8)
    data: Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.6, lvl:4.7)
  [task_similarity] Credit Analysts (13-2041.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both examine financial standing and assess risk factors to make approval decisions, requiring similar analytical and decision-making processes.
    data: Examine documents to determine degree of risk from factors such as applicant financial standing
    data: Mathematics knowledge (imp:3.3, lvl:4.0)
    data: Economics and Accounting knowledge (imp:2.7, lvl:2.7)
  [riasec_cluster] Loan Officers (13-2072.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both occupations share conventional-enterprising RIASEC profiles, indicating similar work preferences for structured environments with interpersonal interaction.
    data: RIASEC C:6.16, E:4.50
    data: Customer and Personal Service knowledge (imp:3.9, lvl:4.7)
    data: Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:4.3, lvl:4.9)
  [knowledge_overlap] Insurance Sales Agents (41-3021.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both require extensive customer service knowledge and understanding of insurance products, though underwriters focus on risk assessment while agents focus on sales.
    data: Customer and Personal Service (imp:3.9, lvl:4.7)
    data: Sales and Marketing knowledge (imp:3.2, lvl:3.8)
    data: Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:4.1, lvl:4.1)
  [career_pathway] Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators (13-1031.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles work within insurance operations evaluating risk and making financial decisions, representing natural career transition opportunities within the industry.
    data: Job Zone 4 (Considerable Preparation Needed)
    data: Finance and Insurance industry concentration
    data: Getting Information (imp:4.8, lvl:4.8)
    data: Authorize financial actions

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['underwriter', 'insurance underwriter', 'risk assessment', 'policy evaluation', 'coverage analysis', 'underwriting', 'insurance evaluation', 'risk analysis']
  exclude_keywords : ['sales agent', 'claims adjuster', 'broker', 'actuary', 'agent']
  title_patterns   : ['*underwriter', '*underwriting*', 'account*underwriter', 'commercial*underwriter', '*risk*underwriter']
  common_variations: ['commercial underwriter', 'personal lines underwriter', 'property underwriter', 'casualty underwriter', 'life underwriter', 'health underwriter', 'marine underwriter', 'bond underwriter']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['insurance', 'tendency', 'others', 'law', 'risk', 'companies', 'financial', 'equipment', 'principles', 'insurer', 'regulation', 'states', 'services', 'business', 'united', 'insured', 'control', 'includes', 'management', 'actions']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
insurance                 114  0.02906  wikipedia            wikipedia:82%  inference:15%  onet_tasks:3%
tendency                   42  0.01071  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
others                     41  0.01045  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:93%  wikipedia:5%  onet_tasks:2%
law                        34  0.00867  wikipedia            wikipedia:94%  onet_dimensions:3%  inference:3%
risk                       31  0.00790  inference            inference:45%  wikipedia:35%  onet_tasks:13%
companies                  24  0.00612  wikipedia            wikipedia:79%  inference:21%
financial                  23  0.00586  wikipedia            wikipedia:48%  dwas:17%  inference:17%
equipment                  23  0.00586  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
principles                 21  0.00535  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:76%  wikipedia:24%
insurer                    20  0.00510  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
regulation                 19  0.00484  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
states                     18  0.00459  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
services                   16  0.00408  wikipedia            wikipedia:56%  onet_dimensions:38%  inference:6%
business                   16  0.00408  wikipedia            wikipedia:69%  inference:19%  onet_dimensions:6%
united                     16  0.00408  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
insured                    14  0.00357  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
control                    13  0.00331  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  wikipedia:8%
includes                   12  0.00306  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
management                 12  0.00306  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:58%  inference:33%  wikipedia:8%
actions                    12  0.00306  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:67%  dwas:25%  wikipedia:8%
objects                    12  0.00306  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
underwriting               11  0.00280  inference            inference:64%  wikipedia:27%  onet_tasks:9%
policies                   11  0.00280  wikipedia            wikipedia:64%  onet_tasks:9%  onet_dimensions:9%
materials                  11  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:91%  onet_tasks:9%
techniques                 11  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:91%  inference:9%
ideas                      11  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
body                       11  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:91%  wikipedia:9%
decisions                  11  0.00280  inference            inference:45%  onet_dimensions:27%  wikipedia:27%
act                        11  0.00280  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
procedures                 10  0.00255  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  dwas:10%  inference:10%
standards                  10  0.00255  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  wikipedia:10%  inference:10%
activities                 10  0.00255  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  inference:10%
commercial                 10  0.00255  wikipedia            wikipedia:90%  inference:10%
needs                       9  0.00229  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:89%  inference:11%
problems                    9  0.00229  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
resources                   9  0.00229  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
public                      9  0.00229  wikipedia            wikipedia:56%  onet_dimensions:44%
operations                  9  0.00229  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:67%  inference:22%  dwas:11%
quickly                     9  0.00229  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
orientation                 9  0.00229  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%