[Core] [20% incumbents] Apply mathematical or statistical techniques to address practical issues in finance, such as derivative valuation, securities trading, risk management, or financial market regulation.
  DWAs: Apply mathematical models of financial or business conditions.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Research or develop analytical tools to address issues such as portfolio construction or optimization, performance measurement, attribution, profit and loss measurement, or pricing models.
  DWAs: Develop business or financial information systems.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Interpret results of financial analysis procedures.
  DWAs: Analyze business or financial data.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Develop core analytical capabilities or model libraries, using advanced statistical, quantitative, or econometric techniques.
  DWAs: Apply mathematical models of financial or business conditions.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Define or recommend model specifications or data collection methods.
  DWAs: Advise others on analytical techniques.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Produce written summary reports of financial research results.
  DWAs: Prepare financial documents, reports, or budgets.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Maintain or modify all financial analytic models in use.
  DWAs: Apply mathematical models of financial or business conditions.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Provide application or analytical support to researchers or traders on issues such as valuations or data.
  DWAs: Advise others on analytical techniques.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Devise or apply independent models or tools to help verify results of analytical systems.
  DWAs: Apply mathematical models of financial or business conditions.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Collaborate in the development or testing of new analytical software to ensure compliance with user requirements, specifications, or scope.
  DWAs: Develop business or financial information systems.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Confer with other financial engineers or analysts on trading strategies, market dynamics, or trading system performance to inform development of quantitative techniques.
  DWAs: Confer with personnel to coordinate business operations.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Consult traders or other financial industry personnel to determine the need for new or improved analytical applications.
  DWAs: Discuss business strategies, practices, or policies with managers.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Research new financial products or analytics to determine their usefulness.
  DWAs: Assess the cost effectiveness of products, projects, or services.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Identify, track, or maintain metrics for trading system operations.
  DWAs: Monitor business indicators.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Develop methods of assessing or measuring corporate performance in terms of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues.
  DWAs: Develop financial analysis methods.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Collaborate with product development teams to research, model, validate, or implement quantitative structured solutions for new or expanded markets.
  DWAs: Develop financial analysis methods.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Prepare requirements documentation for use by software developers.
  DWAs: Develop technical specifications for systems or equipment.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Develop solutions to help clients hedge carbon exposure or risk.
  DWAs: Develop financial analysis methods.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Develop tools to assess green technologies or green financial products, such as green hedge funds or social responsibility investment funds.
  DWAs: Develop financial analysis methods.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Assess the potential impact of climate change on business financial issues, such as damage repairs, insurance costs, or potential disruptions of daily activities.
  DWAs: Measure effectiveness of business strategies or practices.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Analyze pricing or risks of carbon trading products.
  DWAs: Analyze risks related to investments in green technology.

--- SKILLS ---
  Mathematics (imp:4.38 lvl:5.00) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.12 lvl:4.75) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Active Listening (imp:3.75 lvl:4.00) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Speaking (imp:3.75 lvl:4.00) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Active Learning (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Writing (imp:3.50 lvl:4.00) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Monitoring (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Science (imp:1.88 lvl:1.38) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Mathematics (imp:4.63 lvl:6.05) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Economics and Accounting (imp:4.20 lvl:5.30) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.70 lvl:5.30) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  English Language (imp:3.05 lvl:3.75) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Engineering and Technology (imp:2.70 lvl:3.15) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Administration and Management (imp:2.10 lvl:2.75) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Design (imp:2.10 lvl:2.45) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:2.05 lvl:2.05) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Psychology (imp:2.05 lvl:2.20) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Education and Training (imp:2.05 lvl:1.95) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.00 lvl:2.00) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Communications and Media (imp:2.00 lvl:1.95) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Law and Government (imp:1.90 lvl:1.60) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.85 lvl:2.15) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Production and Processing (imp:1.70 lvl:1.25) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.70 lvl:1.35) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Administrative (imp:1.50 lvl:1.50) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Telecommunications (imp:1.37 lvl:0.80) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Geography (imp:1.35 lvl:1.05) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Physics (imp:1.30 lvl:0.90) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  History and Archeology (imp:1.25 lvl:0.55) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Transportation (imp:1.16 lvl:0.50) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Building and Construction (imp:1.10 lvl:0.20) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Foreign Language (imp:1.10 lvl:0.30) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Mechanical (imp:1.05 lvl:0.15) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Chemistry (imp:1.05 lvl:0.20) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Biology (imp:1.05 lvl:0.20) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.05 lvl:0.15) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.05 lvl:0.15) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Fine Arts (imp:1.05 lvl:0.10) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.05 lvl:0.15) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Public Safety and Security (imp:1.05 lvl:0.15) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Food Production (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food

--- ABILITIES ---
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:4.38 lvl:5.00) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Comprehension (imp:3.88 lvl:5.00) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Expression (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:3.88 lvl:4.75) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Number Facility (imp:3.88 lvl:4.75) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Oral Expression (imp:3.75 lvl:4.12) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.75 lvl:4.00) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:3.75 lvl:4.50) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Information Ordering (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.62 lvl:3.88) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.50 lvl:3.75) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.50 lvl:3.50) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Near Vision (imp:3.38 lvl:3.38) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.25 lvl:3.88) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Originality (imp:3.12 lvl:3.62) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Selective Attention (imp:3.12 lvl:2.88) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.62 lvl:2.62) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.50 lvl:2.50) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Memorization (imp:2.38 lvl:2.25) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Far Vision (imp:2.25 lvl:2.38) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Time Sharing (imp:2.12 lvl:1.88) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Visualization (imp:2.00 lvl:2.00) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Trunk Strength (imp:2.00 lvl:1.62) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:2.00 lvl:1.50) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.00 lvl:1.25) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.88 lvl:1.00) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Control Precision (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Depth Perception (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Working with Computers (imp:4.68 lvl:5.10) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.60 lvl:6.10) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Processing Information (imp:4.50 lvl:6.15) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Getting Information (imp:4.45 lvl:5.55) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.32 lvl:5.79) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.10 lvl:5.55) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:4.05 lvl:5.20) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.05 lvl:5.05) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.90 lvl:5.50) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.53 lvl:4.50) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:3.50 lvl:4.55) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.45 lvl:4.60) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.40 lvl:4.30) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.35 lvl:4.30) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.25 lvl:4.60) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:3.20 lvl:3.90) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.15 lvl:4.15) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.05 lvl:3.45) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:3.00 lvl:3.55) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.00 lvl:3.85) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.00 lvl:4.15) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:2.95 lvl:4.25) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:2.90 lvl:3.40) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:2.80 lvl:3.50) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:2.70 lvl:3.55) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:2.60 lvl:2.80) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:2.47 lvl:3.30) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.20 lvl:2.80) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.20 lvl:2.50) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:1.95 lvl:2.05) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:1.85 lvl:1.60) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:1.75 lvl:1.65) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:1.60 lvl:1.35) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.45 lvl:0.85) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:1.35 lvl:0.85) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.30 lvl:0.60) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.20 lvl:0.40) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.15 lvl:0.25) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.10 lvl:0.30) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.05 lvl:0.10) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.05 lvl:0.10) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:6.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:5.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:4.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Attention to Detail (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Dependability (imp:2.41) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.33) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Cautiousness (imp:2.32) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.24) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Integrity (imp:2.24) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.95) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Innovation (imp:1.92) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.80) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Perseverance (imp:1.77) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Adaptability (imp:1.38) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Control (imp:1.34) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.13) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Initiative (imp:1.02) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Achievement Orientation (imp:1.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Cooperation (imp:0.90) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Sincerity (imp:0.24) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Leadership Orientation (imp:0.23) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Social Orientation (imp:0.22) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Empathy (imp:0.05) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Optimism (imp:-0.11) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Humility (imp:-0.47) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.75 lvl:4.25) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.25 lvl:3.75) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.25 lvl:3.88) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Persuasion (imp:3.12 lvl:3.38) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Instructing (imp:3.00 lvl:3.25) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Time Management (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Negotiation (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Service Orientation (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Programming (imp:2.62 lvl:2.62) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.62 lvl:2.62) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Operations Analysis (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:2.00 lvl:1.25) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Management of Material Resources (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Technology Design (imp:1.88 lvl:1.38) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Operation and Control (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 132,130
  annual_median    : $81,100
  annual_pct10     : $48,460
  annual_pct25     : $61,290
  annual_pct75     : $110,410
  annual_pct90     : $151,490
  annual_mean      : $93,810
  hourly_median    : $38.99

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : District of Columbia ($125,110)
  lowest_state     : Puerto Rico ($39,270)
  dispersion_ratio : 3.186x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (51 total) ---
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:   44,600  median: $  78,410
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   33,620  median: $  95,910
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:    9,770  median: $ 100,780
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    9,310  median: $  84,220
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    7,270  median: $  65,440
  Educational Services                     emp:    6,800  median: $  65,920
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:    5,480  median: $  45,800
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:    4,210  median: $  66,710
  Information                              emp:    2,290  median: $  81,140
  Manufacturing                            emp:    2,220  median: $  97,290

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (19 total) ---
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:   44,600  median: $  78,410
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   33,620  median: $  95,910
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:    9,770  median: $ 100,780
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    9,310  median: $  84,220
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    7,270  median: $  65,440
  Educational Services                     emp:    6,800  median: $  65,920
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:    5,480  median: $  45,800
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:    4,210  median: $  66,710
  Information                              emp:    2,290  median: $  81,140
  Manufacturing                            emp:    2,220  median: $  97,290

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Financial analyst
match_score        : 0.7083
wikidata_qid       : Q1416279
word_count         : 2,584
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_analyst
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:18:52.298799Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
A financial analyst is a professional undertaking financial analysis for external or internal clients as a core feature of the job. The role may specifically be titled securities analyst, research analyst, equity analyst, investment analyst, or ratings analyst. The job title is a broad one:
In banking, and industry more generally, various other analyst-roles cover financial management and (credit) risk management, as opposed to focusing on investments and valuation.


== Role ==
Financial analysts can work in a variety of industries. A large proportion of them are employed by mutual- and pension funds, hedge funds, securities firms, banks, investment banks, insurance companies, and other businesses, helping these companies or their clients make investment decisions. In corporate roles, financial analysts perform budget, revenue and cost modelling and analytics as part of their responsibilities; credit analysis is likewise a distinct area.
Financial analysts invariably use spreadsheets (and statistical software packages) to analyze financial data, spot trends, and develop forecasts. The analyst often also meets with company officials to gain a better insight into a company's prospects and to determine the company's managerial effectiveness.
Analysts specializing in advanced mathematical modeling and programming are referred to as "quants"; see Finance § Quantitative finance for an overview, and Quantitative analysis (finance) § Types  for the various roles.


=== Securities firms ===

In a stock brokerage house or investment bank, the Investment Analyst will read company financial statements -  applying financial statement analysis  -  and analyze commodity prices, sales, costs, expenses, and tax rates in order to determine a company's value and project future earnings. On the basis of their results, they write reports and make presentations, usually making recommendations—a "trade idea"—to buy or sell a particular investment or security.
Typically, at the end of the assessment, an analyst would provide a rating recommending or investment action: to buy, sell, or hold the security. Senior analysts may actually make the decision to buy or sell for the company or client if they are the ones responsible for managing the assets. Other, "junior" analysts use the data to model and measure the financial risks associated with making a particular investment decision. See Securities research § Career path.
Usually, financial analysts study a specific industry—called "sector specialists"—assessing current trends in business practices, products, and industry competition. Among the industries with the most analyst coverage are biotechnology, financial services, energy, mining and resources, and computer hardware, software and services. Analysts must keep abreast of new regulations or policies that may affect the industry, as well as monitor the economy to determine its effect on earnings. As equity analysts divide securities by distinct sectors, companies which fall outside or across multiple sectors are sometimes neglected; the impact on returns (and on "earnings management") here is debated.
Analysts also specialize in fixed income. Similar to equity analysts, fixed income analysts assess the value and analyze the risks of various securities, here focusing on interest rate- and fixed income securities, particularly bonds. They may further specialize, but here by issuer-type: i.e. municipal bonds, government bonds, and corporate bonds; the latter specialization is often decomposed into convertible bonds, high-yield bonds, and distressed bonds; some cover syndicated loans. The reporting focuses on the ability of the issuer to make payments—similar to the credit analysis described below—but also on the relative value of the security in question, and in context of the overall market and yield curve. See Fixed income analysis.
Analysts are generally divided into 'sell-side' and 'buy-side'. The buy-side is sometimes considered more prestigious, professional, and scholarly, while the sell-side may be higher-paid and more like a sales and marketing role. It is common to begin careers on the sell-side at large banks then move to the buy-side at a fund.

A sell-side analyst's work is not used by its employer to invest directly, rather it is sold either for money or for other benefits by the employer to buy-side organizations. Sell-side research is often used as 'soft money' rather than sold directly, for example provided to preferred clients in return for business. Writing reports or notes expressing opinions is always a part of "sell-side" (brokerage) analyst job and is often not required for "buy-side" (investment firms) analysts. It is sometimes used to promote the companies being researched when the sell-side has some other interest in them, as a form of marketing, which can lead to conflicts of interest.
A buy-side analyst,  such as a fund manager, works for a company which buys and holds stocks itself, on the analyst's recommendation. As they gain experience, analysts often move from buy-side research, concerning individual securities and sectors, into portfolio management itself, selecting the mix of investments for a company's portfolio. They may also become fund managers and manage large investment portfolios for individual investors.
Typically, analysts use financial statements analysis, including accounting analysis and ratio analysis, but also consider overall economic situation and specific factors including interest rates, employment, production, management and tactical evaluation of the market environment. Analysts obtain information by studying public records and filings by the company, as well as by participating in public earnings calls where they can ask direct questions to the management. Additional information can be also received in small group or one-on-one meetings with senior members of management teams. However, in many markets such information gathering became difficult and potentially illegal due to legislative changes brought upon by corporate scandals in the early 2000s. One example is Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) in the United States. Many other developed countries also adopted similar rules.
Analyst performance is ranked by a range of services such as StarMine owned by Thomson Reuters or Institutional Investor magazine. Research by Numis found that small companies with the most analyst coverage outperformed peers by 2.5% — while those with low coverage underperformed by 0.7%.
See Neglected firm effect.


=== Investment Banking ===

Financial analysts in the investment banking departments of securities or banking firms often work in teams, analyzing the future prospects of companies, and selling shares to the public for the first time via an initial public offering (IPO), or issuing bonds; this task is often identical to that of a securities analyst. On this basis, they will then make presentations to prospective investors re the merits of investing in the new company, presenting their "pitch books" on a "roadshow"; see bookrunner and securities underwriting. An additional component of the IB role here: analysts ensure that all forms and written materials necessary for compliance with Securities and Exchange Commission regulations are accurate and complete.
Many IB analysts work in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) departments, similarly preparing analyses on the costs and benefits of a proposed merger or takeover, and assisting with regulatory submissions; here there are both buy-side- and sell-side analysts. See Chinese wall § Finance. The analysis is somewhat more specialized than for an IPO, as it must consider valuation pre- and post-merger, a function of efficiencies, synergies, or increased market share, financing employed, including M&A specific considerations such as the swap ratio, and tax optimization, both re the transaction and for the new entity.
At more senior levels, vice presidents (VPs) or Senior VPs will manage the workf

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Chartered Financial Analyst (similarity: 0.5862)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Financial_Analyst
  QID: Q1067869
  Extract: The Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) program is a postgraduate professional certification offered internationally by the US-based CFA Institute to investment and financial professionals. The program teaches a wide range of subjects relating to advanced investment analysis—including business analysi

  Title: Mathematical finance (similarity: 0.2745)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_finance
  QID: Q335632
  Extract: Mathematical finance, also known as quantitative finance and financial mathematics, is a field of applied mathematics, concerned with mathematical modeling in the financial field.

  Title: Professional certification in financial services (similarity: 0.3291)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_certification_in_financial_services
  QID: Q7248064
  Extract: Following is a partial list of professional certifications in financial services, with an overview of the educational and continuing requirements for each; see Professional certification § Accountancy, auditing and finance and Category:Professional certification in finance for all articles.

  Title: Investment control (similarity: 0.2449)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_control
  QID: Q16252881
  Extract: Investment control or investment controlling is a monitoring function within asset management, portfolio management or investment management. It is concerned with independently supervising and monitoring the quality of asset management accounts with the aim of ensuring performance and quality in ord

  Title: Bill Chisholm (businessman) (similarity: 0.1379)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Chisholm_(businessman)
  QID: Q133448842
  Extract: William F. Chisholm Jr. is an American businessman. He is the managing partner and chief investment officer for STG Partners, LLC, a private equity firm, and has been the owner of the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s Boston Celtics since 2025. He purchased the Celtics for a record $6.1 billio

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong data foundation with detailed O*NET work activities, comprehensive skill/knowledge profiles, and robust wage data from BLS OEWS May 2025. Wikipedia match provides additional validation of the financial analyst domain.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T13:44:03.619948+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,396
tokens_output        : 3,960
cost_usd             : $0.043559
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Financial analyst
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia match covers the broader financial analyst category, with quantitative analysts representing a specialized mathematical subset. The semantic neighbor 'Mathematical finance' provides more specific context for the quantitative modeling aspects of this role.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Financial quantitative analysts develop sophisticated mathematical and statistical models to inform securities investing, pricing, and risk management in financial markets. They apply advanced quantitative techniques to solve complex problems in derivative valuation, portfolio optimization, and asset pricing. These professionals combine deep mathematical expertise with financial domain knowledge to create analytical tools that guide investment decisions and risk assessment.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
A typical day involves applying mathematical or statistical techniques to address practical finance issues such as derivative valuation and securities analysis. They spend significant time working with computers to develop and maintain analytical models, processing large datasets, and analyzing financial information using advanced statistical methods. Much of their work centers on creating core analytical capabilities using econometric techniques, defining model specifications, and interpreting results of complex financial analysis procedures. They regularly produce written summary reports of their research findings and collaborate with traders and researchers to provide analytical support on valuations and data interpretation.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel in this role possess exceptional mathematical reasoning abilities and can work comfortably at the highest levels of quantitative complexity. They demonstrate strong investigative and conventional interests, thriving on systematic analysis and precision-driven work environments. Success requires outstanding attention to detail, dependability, and the ability to process complex information while maintaining accuracy under pressure. These professionals must combine technical mathematical skills with strong written and oral communication abilities to translate complex quantitative findings into actionable business insights.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry into this field typically requires a master's degree (60% of professionals) or bachelor's degree (35%) in mathematics, statistics, economics, finance, or related quantitative fields. Many positions prefer candidates with advanced coursework in mathematical finance, econometrics, or financial engineering. Strong programming skills in languages like C++, Python, or R are essential, along with experience in statistical software such as SPSS or specialized financial modeling platforms.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Financial quantitative analysts can advance to senior modeling roles, portfolio management positions, or risk management leadership. Many transition into investment fund management, becoming portfolio managers or chief investment officers. Others may move into consulting roles or academic research positions, leveraging their quantitative expertise to develop new financial theories or methodologies.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The field employs 132,130 professionals with a median annual wage of $81,100 according to BLS OEWS May 2025, with experienced practitioners earning up to $151,490. Geographic pay variation is substantial, with Washington DC offering the highest compensation at $125,110 compared to Puerto Rico at $39,270, reflecting a 3.19x regional differential. The finance and insurance sector employs the largest concentration with 44,600 positions, followed by government agencies with 33,620 roles. Strong demand exists in major financial centers where complex trading and risk management operations require sophisticated quantitative analysis.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
The role shows moderate automation resilience due to its emphasis on creative model development and complex problem-solving that requires human judgment. While routine data processing and basic calculations may be automated, the core activities of developing new analytical frameworks and interpreting complex financial relationships remain distinctly human-centered.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [skill_overlap] Data Scientists (15-2051.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles require identical mathematical reasoning abilities (4.4 importance, 5.0 level) and extensive work with computers for data analysis.
    data: Mathematical Reasoning (imp:4.4, lvl:5.0)
    data: Working with Computers (imp:4.7, lvl:5.1)
    data: Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.6, lvl:6.1)
  [knowledge_overlap] Financial Risk Specialists (13-2054.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share identical Economics and Accounting knowledge requirements (4.2 importance, 5.3 level) and focus on financial risk modeling.
    data: Economics and Accounting (imp:4.2, lvl:5.3)
    data: mathematical or statistical models for risk management
    data: Finance and Insurance sector employment
  [task_similarity] Statisticians (15-2041.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both develop mathematical models and apply statistical techniques, with statisticians focusing on broader applications beyond finance.
    data: mathematical or statistical techniques
    data: statistical, quantitative, or econometric techniques
    data: Mathematics knowledge (imp:4.6, lvl:6.0)
  [career_pathway] Financial and Investment Analysts (13-2051.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both analyze financial data and securities, with quantitative analysts representing a specialized, more mathematically intensive branch of financial analysis.
    data: securities investing, equities investing
    data: Financial analyst Wikipedia match
    data: Finance and Insurance industry concentration
  [riasec_cluster] Operations Research Analysts (15-2031.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles show strong Investigative (I:6.67) and Conventional (C:5.79) RIASEC profiles, indicating similar analytical and systematic work preferences.
    data: RIASEC: I:6.67, C:5.79
    data: mathematical optimization
    data: analytical tools development

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['quantitative analyst', 'quant analyst', 'financial modeler', 'mathematical finance', 'derivatives analyst', 'risk modeler', 'portfolio analyst', 'econometric analyst']
  exclude_keywords : ['traditional analyst', 'fundamental analyst', 'credit analyst', 'compliance analyst', 'operations analyst']
  title_patterns   : ['*Quantitative Analyst*', '*Quant*', '*Financial Engineer*', '*Model*Analyst*', '*Mathematical*Analyst*']
  common_variations: ['Quant', 'Financial Quant', 'Quantitative Researcher', 'Mathematical Analyst', 'Financial Modeler', 'Derivatives Analyst', 'Risk Quant', 'Portfolio Quant']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['financial', 'analysts', 'tendency', 'management', 'others', 'analysis', 'analyst', 'investment', 'risk', 'finance', 'equipment', 'securities', 'mathematical', 'business', 'techniques', 'side', 'research', 'quantitative', 'principles', 'control']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
financial                  85  0.02066  wikipedia            wikipedia:58%  dwas:14%  inference:14%
analysts                   43  0.01045  wikipedia            wikipedia:91%  inference:7%  onet_tasks:2%
tendency                   42  0.01021  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
management                 41  0.00996  wikipedia            wikipedia:68%  onet_dimensions:17%  inference:12%
others                     41  0.00996  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:93%  dwas:5%  inference:2%
analysis                   34  0.00826  wikipedia            wikipedia:62%  onet_dimensions:12%  dwas:12%
analyst                    33  0.00802  wikipedia            wikipedia:97%  inference:3%
investment                 32  0.00778  wikipedia            wikipedia:88%  inference:9%  onet_tasks:3%
risk                       28  0.00680  wikipedia            wikipedia:71%  inference:14%  onet_tasks:7%
finance                    24  0.00583  wikipedia            wikipedia:75%  inference:21%  onet_tasks:4%
equipment                  24  0.00583  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:96%  dwas:4%
securities                 20  0.00486  wikipedia            wikipedia:85%  inference:10%  onet_tasks:5%
mathematical               19  0.00462  inference            inference:42%  dwas:21%  onet_dimensions:16%
business                   19  0.00462  dwas                 dwas:58%  wikipedia:26%  onet_tasks:5%
techniques                 18  0.00437  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:56%  onet_tasks:17%  inference:17%
side                       18  0.00437  wikipedia            wikipedia:94%  onet_dimensions:6%
research                   16  0.00389  wikipedia            wikipedia:56%  onet_tasks:25%  inference:12%
quantitative               16  0.00389  inference            inference:62%  onet_tasks:19%  wikipedia:19%
principles                 16  0.00389  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
control                    16  0.00389  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:75%  wikipedia:25%
performance                14  0.00340  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:50%  wikipedia:29%  onet_tasks:21%
analytical                 13  0.00316  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:46%  inference:38%  dwas:15%
models                     13  0.00316  dwas                 dwas:31%  onet_tasks:23%  wikipedia:23%
activities                 13  0.00316  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:69%  wikipedia:15%  onet_tasks:8%
includes                   13  0.00316  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  wikipedia:8%
monitoring                 12  0.00292  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:67%  wikipedia:33%
objects                    12  0.00292  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
buy                        12  0.00292  wikipedia            wikipedia:92%  onet_dimensions:8%
sell                       12  0.00292  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
banking                    11  0.00267  wikipedia            wikipedia:91%  onet_dimensions:9%
services                   11  0.00267  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:55%  wikipedia:36%  dwas:9%
materials                  11  0.00267  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:91%  wikipedia:9%
ideas                      11  0.00267  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
credit                     11  0.00267  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
tools                      10  0.00243  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:50%  onet_tasks:30%  wikipedia:10%
procedures                 10  0.00243  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  onet_tasks:10%  inference:10%
written                    10  0.00243  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:60%  inference:20%  onet_tasks:10%
products                   10  0.00243  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:50%  onet_tasks:30%  dwas:10%
corporate                  10  0.00243  wikipedia            wikipedia:90%  onet_tasks:10%
clients                    10  0.00243  wikipedia            wikipedia:80%  onet_tasks:10%  onet_dimensions:10%