[Core] [19% incumbents] Identify security system weaknesses, using penetration tests.
  DWAs: Analyze security of systems, network, or data.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Coordinate monitoring of networks or systems for security breaches or intrusions.
  DWAs: Manage information technology projects or system activities.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Assess the quality of security controls, using performance indicators.
  DWAs: Evaluate utility of software or hardware technologies.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Train staff on, and oversee the use of, information security standards, policies, and best practices.
  DWAs: Train personnel in technical or scientific procedures. | Supervise information technology personnel.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Scan networks, using vulnerability assessment tools to identify vulnerabilities.
  DWAs: Test computer system operations to ensure proper functioning.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Develop response and recovery strategies for security breaches.
  DWAs: Develop operating strategies, plans, or procedures.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Conduct investigations of information security breaches to identify vulnerabilities and evaluate the damage.
  DWAs: Investigate illegal or suspicious activities.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Develop or install software, such as firewalls and data encryption programs, to protect sensitive information.
  DWAs: Develop software or computer applications. | Install computer software.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Oversee development of plans to safeguard computer files against accidental or unauthorized modification, destruction, or disclosure or to meet emergency data processing needs.
  DWAs: Manage information technology projects or system activities.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Identify or implement solutions to information security problems.
  DWAs: Evaluate potential of products, technologies, or resources. | Implement security measures for computer or information systems.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Develop information security standards and best practices.
  DWAs: Establish work standards. | Develop performance metrics or standards related to information technology.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Recommend information security enhancements to management.
  DWAs: Recommend changes to improve computer or information systems.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Oversee performance of risk assessment or execution of system tests to ensure the functioning of data processing activities or security measures.
  DWAs: Manage information technology projects or system activities.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Coordinate vulnerability assessments or analysis of information security systems.
  DWAs: Manage information technology projects or system activities.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Review security assessments for computing environments or check for compliance with cybersecurity standards and regulations.
  DWAs: Read documents to gather technical information. | Monitor processes for compliance with standards.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Troubleshoot security and network problems.
  DWAs: Troubleshoot issues with computer applications or systems.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Coordinate documentation of computer security or emergency measure policies, procedures, or tests.
  DWAs: Coordinate reporting or editing activities.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Develop or implement software tools to assist in the detection, prevention, and analysis of security threats.
  DWAs: Develop software or computer applications. | Install computer software.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Write reports regarding investigations of information security breaches or network evaluations.
  DWAs: Write reports or evaluations.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Provide technical support to computer users for installation and use of security products.
  DWAs: Provide technical guidance to other personnel.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:4.38) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Listening (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Writing (imp:3.62 lvl:4.12) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Monitoring (imp:3.62 lvl:3.88) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Speaking (imp:3.50 lvl:4.12) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Active Learning (imp:3.25 lvl:3.62) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Learning Strategies (imp:2.88 lvl:3.12) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Mathematics (imp:2.38 lvl:2.62) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Science (imp:1.75) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Computers and Electronics (imp:4.63 lvl:5.94) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Engineering and Technology (imp:4.00 lvl:4.56) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  English Language (imp:3.53 lvl:3.63) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Telecommunications (imp:3.37 lvl:3.68) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:3.00 lvl:3.63) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Design (imp:2.89 lvl:3.42) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Mathematics (imp:2.84 lvl:3.26) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Education and Training (imp:2.79 lvl:3.53) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Administration and Management (imp:2.78 lvl:3.68) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Communications and Media (imp:2.50 lvl:2.06) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Law and Government (imp:2.47 lvl:2.32) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Administrative (imp:2.37 lvl:3.42) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.16 lvl:1.79) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Production and Processing (imp:1.95 lvl:1.83) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Psychology (imp:1.89 lvl:1.53) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Economics and Accounting (imp:1.79 lvl:1.53) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:1.74 lvl:1.68) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Mechanical (imp:1.74 lvl:1.21) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Building and Construction (imp:1.53 lvl:1.00) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.53 lvl:1.05) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Foreign Language (imp:1.39 lvl:0.68) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.37 lvl:0.58) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Geography (imp:1.32 lvl:0.84) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Transportation (imp:1.32 lvl:0.63) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.26 lvl:0.68) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.26 lvl:0.37) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  History and Archeology (imp:1.26 lvl:0.37) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Physics (imp:1.21 lvl:0.47) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Chemistry (imp:1.21 lvl:0.42) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Food Production (imp:1.16 lvl:0.32) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Biology (imp:1.05 lvl:0.11) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.05 lvl:0.11) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Fine Arts (imp:1.05 lvl:0.05) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform

--- ABILITIES ---
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:4.25) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.38) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:3.75 lvl:4.12) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Information Ordering (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.75 lvl:3.62) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:3.62 lvl:4.00) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Near Vision (imp:3.62 lvl:3.62) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Written Expression (imp:3.50 lvl:3.88) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.50 lvl:3.38) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.25 lvl:3.50) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Selective Attention (imp:3.25 lvl:3.25) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.12 lvl:3.50) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Perceptual Speed (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.00 lvl:3.62) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Originality (imp:2.88 lvl:3.38) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Memorization (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Far Vision (imp:2.75 lvl:3.25) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:2.62 lvl:3.00) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Number Facility (imp:2.62 lvl:2.88) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.62 lvl:2.38) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Time Sharing (imp:2.50 lvl:2.12) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.38 lvl:2.38) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Visualization (imp:2.38 lvl:2.62) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:2.00) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Trunk Strength (imp:1.88 lvl:1.50) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Auditory Attention (imp:1.88 lvl:1.50) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Depth Perception (imp:1.75 lvl:1.00) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.50) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.50) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.50 lvl:0.75) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.38 lvl:0.50) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Control Precision (imp:1.38 lvl:0.50) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.25 lvl:0.50) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.25 lvl:0.38) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.25 lvl:0.38) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.25 lvl:0.38) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Static Strength (imp:1.25 lvl:0.38) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Stamina (imp:1.25 lvl:0.50) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.25 lvl:0.38) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.12 lvl:0.25) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.12 lvl:0.25) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Working with Computers (imp:4.89 lvl:6.05) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Getting Information (imp:4.50 lvl:4.79) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:4.44 lvl:5.32) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.42 lvl:5.58) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.37 lvl:5.05) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.26 lvl:5.21) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.17 lvl:5.05) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Processing Information (imp:4.16 lvl:4.95) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:4.16 lvl:4.89) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:4.05 lvl:4.68) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:4.05 lvl:4.42) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.89 lvl:4.47) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.79 lvl:4.39) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.74 lvl:4.42) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.63 lvl:4.47) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.58 lvl:4.32) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.53 lvl:4.42) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.47 lvl:3.89) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.37 lvl:3.89) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.37 lvl:4.11) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.37 lvl:4.32) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.32 lvl:4.26) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:3.11 lvl:3.89) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.05 lvl:4.16) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:2.95 lvl:3.42) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:2.84 lvl:3.47) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.74 lvl:3.21) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:2.68 lvl:2.89) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.68 lvl:3.26) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:2.58 lvl:2.63) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:2.58 lvl:2.79) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.37 lvl:2.63) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:2.22 lvl:2.06) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:2.16 lvl:1.89) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.16 lvl:2.37) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:2.05 lvl:2.05) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:1.79 lvl:1.42) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.63 lvl:0.89) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.58 lvl:1.21) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.53 lvl:1.47) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.47 lvl:0.84) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:10.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:9.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:8.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:7.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:6.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:5.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:4.00) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Adaptability (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Attention to Detail (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:2.93) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:2.86) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Dependability (imp:2.65) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.41) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Innovation (imp:2.36) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:2.21) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Perseverance (imp:2.12) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.08) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Adaptability (imp:2.05) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Perseverance (imp:2.00) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Initiative (imp:1.89) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.76) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.70) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Self-Control (imp:1.70) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Innovation (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Leadership Orientation (imp:1.00) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Cooperation (imp:0.73) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Sincerity (imp:0.62) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Humility (imp:0.19) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Social Orientation (imp:0.04) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Empathy (imp:0.01) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Optimism (imp:-0.06) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:3.38) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.38 lvl:3.62) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.38 lvl:3.75) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.25 lvl:3.75) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.25 lvl:3.50) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Instructing (imp:3.12 lvl:3.50) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Programming (imp:3.12 lvl:3.38) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.00 lvl:3.25) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.25) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Persuasion (imp:2.88 lvl:3.25) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Time Management (imp:2.88 lvl:2.75) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Negotiation (imp:2.75 lvl:3.00) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Service Orientation (imp:2.62 lvl:2.88) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.62 lvl:2.62) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Troubleshooting (imp:2.50 lvl:2.50) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Technology Design (imp:2.38) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Operation and Control (imp:2.12) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Operations Analysis (imp:2.00) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Equipment Selection (imp:2.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Management of Material Resources (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Installation (imp:1.88) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Repairing (imp:1.88) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.50) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 435,370
  annual_median    : $116,580
  annual_pct10     : $55,940
  annual_pct25     : $79,370
  annual_pct75     : $157,500
  annual_pct90     : $188,470
  annual_mean      : $122,230
  hourly_median    : $56.05

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : District of Columbia ($156,590)
  lowest_state     : Puerto Rico ($60,470)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.590x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (54 total) ---
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:  123,970  median: $ 121,310
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   97,870  median: $ 124,530
  Information                              emp:   48,470  median: $ 131,720
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:   27,020  median: $ 131,760
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:   25,080  median: $ 128,070
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:   23,450  median: $  99,210
  Manufacturing                            emp:   23,360  median: $ 105,040
  Educational Services                     emp:   17,310  median: $  83,120
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:   12,810  median: $ 109,960
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:   10,490  median: $  93,010

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (20 total) ---
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:  123,970  median: $ 121,310
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   97,870  median: $ 124,530
  Information                              emp:   48,470  median: $ 131,720
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:   27,020  median: $ 131,760
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:   25,080  median: $ 128,070
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:   23,450  median: $  99,210
  Manufacturing                            emp:   23,360  median: $ 105,040
  Educational Services                     emp:   17,310  median: $  83,120
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:   12,810  median: $ 109,960
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:   10,490  median: $  93,010

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Security engineering
match_score        : 0.6800
wikidata_qid       : Q365674
word_count         : 1,012
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_engineering
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:24:50.711873Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
Security engineering is the process of incorporating security controls into an information system so that the controls become an integral part of the system's operational capabilities. It is similar to other systems engineering activities in that its primary motivation is to support the delivery of engineering solutions that satisfy pre-defined functional and user requirements, but it has the added dimension of preventing misuse and malicious behavior. Those constraints and restrictions are often asserted as a security policy.
Cybersecurity engineering and privacy engineering focus on information security, computer security, and network security, including protecting data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, destruction, modification, or disruption to access. Physical security involves deterring attackers from accessing a facility, resource, or information stored on physical media. Security engineering involves aspects of social science, psychology (such as designing a system to "fail well", instead of trying to eliminate all sources of error), economics (see economics of security), mathematics, and architecture. Some of the techniques used, such as fault tree analysis, are derived from safety engineering.


== History ==
Early forms of security engineering include the fields of locksmithing, security printing, and cryptography. The concerns for modern security engineering and computer systems were first solidified in a RAND paper from 1967, "Security and Privacy in Computer Systems" by Willis H. Ware. This paper, later expanded in 1979,  provided many of the fundamental information security concepts, labelled today as cybersecurity, that impact modern computer systems, from cloud implementations to embedded IoT. One of the pioneers of establishing security engineering as a formal field of study is Ross Anderson.


== Qualifications ==
No single qualification exists to become a security engineer. However, an undergraduate and/or graduate degree, often in computer science, computer engineering, or physical protection focused degrees such as Security Science, in combination with practical work experience (systems, network engineering, software development, physical protection system modelling etc.) most qualifies an individual to succeed in the field. Other degree qualifications with a security focus exist. Multiple certifications, such as the Certified Information Systems Security Professional, or Certified Physical Security Professional are available that may demonstrate expertise in the field. Regardless of the qualification, the course must include a knowledge base to diagnose the security system drivers, security theory and principles including defense in depth, protection in depth, situational crime prevention and crime prevention through environmental design to set the protection strategy (professional inference), and technical knowledge including physics and mathematics to design and commission the engineering treatment solution. A security engineer can also benefit from having knowledge in cyber security and information security. Any previous work experience related to privacy and computer science is also valued.


== Methodologies ==
Technological advances, principally in the field of computers, have now allowed the creation of far more complex systems, with new and complex security problems. Because modern systems cut across many areas of human endeavor, security engineers not only need consider the mathematical and physical properties of systems; they also need to consider attacks on the people who use and form parts of those systems using social engineering attacks. Secure systems have to resist not only technical attacks, but also coercion, fraud, and deception by confidence tricksters.


=== Web applications ===

According to the Microsoft Developer Network the patterns and practices of security engineering consist of the following activities:

Security Objectives
Security Design Guidelines
Security Modeling
Security Architecture and Design Review
Security Code Review
Security Testing
Security Tuning
Security Deployment Review
These activities are designed to help meet security objectives in the software life cycle.


=== Physical ===

Understanding of a typical threat and the usual risks to people and property.
Understanding the incentives created both by the threat and the countermeasures.
Understanding risk and threat analysis methodology and the benefits of an empirical study of the physical security of a facility.
Understanding how to apply the methodology to buildings, critical infrastructure, ports, public transport and other facilities/compounds.
Overview of common physical and technological methods of protection and understanding their roles in deterrence, detection and mitigation.
Determining and prioritizing security needs and aligning them with the perceived threats and the available budget.


=== Product ===
Product security engineering is security engineering applied specifically to the products that an organization creates, distributes, and/or sells. Product security engineering is distinct from corporate/enterprise security, which focuses on securing corporate networks and systems that an organization uses to conduct business.
Product security includes security engineering applied to:

Hardware devices such as cell phones, computers, Internet of things devices, and cameras.
Software such as operating systems, applications, and firmware.
Such security engineers are often employed in separate teams from corporate security teams and work closely with product engineering teams.


==== Target hardening ====
Whatever the target, there are multiple ways of preventing penetration by unwanted or unauthorized persons. Methods include placing Jersey barriers, stairs or other sturdy obstacles outside tall or politically sensitive buildings to prevent car and truck bombings. Improving the method of visitor management and some new electronic locks take advantage of technologies such as fingerprint scanning, iris or retinal scanning, and voiceprint identification to authenticate users.


== See also ==


== References ==


== Further reading ==
Ross Anderson (2001). Security Engineering. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-38922-6.
Ross Anderson (2008). Security Engineering - A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-06852-6.
Ross Anderson (2001). "Why Information Security is Hard - An Economic Perspective" (PDF). Proc. Annual Computer Security Applications Conference. doi:10.1109/ACSAC.2001.991552. Archived from the original on October 11, 2006.
Bruce Schneier (1995). Applied Cryptography (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-11709-9.
Bruce Schneier (2000). Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-25311-1.
David A. Wheeler (2003). "Secure Programming for Linux and Unix HOWTO". Linux Documentation Project. Archived from the original on 2007-04-28. Retrieved 2005-12-19.
Ron Ross, Michael McEvilley, Janet Carrier Oren (2016). "Systems Security Engineering" (PDF). Internet of Things. Retrieved 2016-11-22.{{cite web}}:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


=== Articles and papers ===
patterns & practices Security Engineering on Channel9
patterns & practices Security Engineering on MSDN
patterns & practices Security Engineering Explained
Basic Target Hardening from the Government of South Australia

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Computer security (similarity: 0.4681)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security
  QID: Q3510521
  Extract: Computer security is a subdiscipline within the field of information security. It focuses on protecting computer software, systems, and networks from threats that can lead to unauthorized information disclosure, theft, or damage to hardware, software, or data, as well as to the disruption or misdire

  Title: Certified Information Systems Security Professional (similarity: 0.5679)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Information_Systems_Security_Professional
  QID: Q1056312
  Extract: CISSP is an independent information security certification granted by the International Information System Security Certification Consortium, also known as ISC2.

  Title: Donald McFarlane (similarity: 0.3043)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_McFarlane
  QID: Q131110943
  Extract: Donald Stewart McFarlane is a British-American politician and cybersecurity consultant. He serves as a Republican member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from the Grafton 18th district. The district represents the towns of Alexandria, Bridgewater, Bristol, Canaan, Dorchester, Enfield, G

  Title: Kinshasa (similarity: 0.2105)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa
  QID: Q3838
  Extract: Kinshasa, formerly named Léopoldville from 1881 to 1966, is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kinshasa is one of the world's fastest-growing megacities, with an estimated population of 18.5 million in 2026. It is the most densely populated city in the DRC, the thi

  Title: List of Philippine mythological figures (similarity: 0.2609)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Philippine_mythological_figures
  QID: Q5252596
  Extract: The list does not include creatures; for these, see list of Philippine mythological creatures.

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong data completeness with detailed task descriptions, comprehensive skill/knowledge profiles, and robust wage data from BLS OEWS May 2025. Wikipedia match provides additional context validation.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T14:09:27.681441+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,594
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wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Security engineering
wikipedia_note       : Security engineering aligns with the occupation's focus on incorporating security controls into information systems as integral operational capabilities. The Wikipedia definition supports the systematic engineering approach to security implementation described in the occupation data.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Information Security Engineers develop and oversee the implementation of comprehensive information security procedures and policies for organizations. They build, maintain and upgrade security technology such as firewalls for safe computer network use and secure information transmission and retrieval. These professionals design and implement appropriate security controls to protect organizational data and systems from threats.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
Information Security Engineers spend their days conducting penetration tests to identify system weaknesses and coordinating monitoring of networks for security breaches or intrusions. They assess the quality of security controls using performance indicators and scan networks with vulnerability assessment tools to identify potential threats. Engineers develop response and recovery strategies for security incidents, conduct investigations of information security breaches to evaluate damage, and develop or install protective software such as firewalls and data encryption programs. They also train staff on information security standards, policies, and best practices while overseeing the implementation of safeguards against unauthorized access or data destruction.

WHO THRIVES:
Professionals who excel in this role combine strong analytical thinking with exceptional attention to detail and unwavering dependability. They possess high intellectual curiosity to stay current with evolving security threats and demonstrate cautiousness in their approach to system protection. These engineers thrive on complex problem-solving and systems analysis, requiring strong deductive reasoning abilities and information ordering skills. The role attracts individuals with a conventional and investigative mindset who can process technical information systematically while maintaining integrity when handling sensitive organizational data.

CAREER ENTRY:
Most Information Security Engineers enter the field with a bachelor's degree (47.4% of professionals), though post-secondary certificates (15.8%) and some college coursework (10.5%) also provide viable pathways. Strong foundational knowledge in computers and electronics, engineering and technology, and telecommunications is essential. Entry-level professionals typically begin with 2-4 years of experience in IT support, network administration, or related technical roles before advancing to security-focused positions.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Information Security Engineers typically advance to senior security architect roles, cybersecurity management positions, or specialized areas like penetration testing and security analysis. Career progression often leads to Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) positions, security consulting roles, or leadership in cybersecurity teams. Many professionals also pursue additional certifications and may transition into advisory roles or start their own security consulting practices.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
Information Security Engineers command strong compensation with a median annual salary of $116,580 according to BLS OEWS May 2025, with experienced professionals earning up to $188,470. The field employs 435,370 professionals nationwide with significant geographic wage variation, from $60,470 in Puerto Rico to $156,590 in Washington D.C. Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services represents the largest employment sector (123,970), followed by government positions (97,870) and information services (48,470). High demand continues due to increasing cyber threats and regulatory compliance requirements across industries.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Information Security Engineers face low automation risk due to their core activities requiring complex problem-solving, strategic thinking, and human judgment in threat assessment. While automated security tools assist with monitoring and vulnerability scanning, the role's emphasis on developing security strategies, conducting investigations, and making critical decisions about security implementations requires human expertise that cannot be easily automated.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [skill_overlap] Penetration Testers (15-1299.04) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share critical thinking (4.0+ importance), systems analysis, and quality control analysis skills for identifying security vulnerabilities.
    data: Critical Thinking (4.0 importance)
    data: Systems Analysis (3.4 importance)
    data: Penetration testing tasks
  [task_similarity] Information Security Analysts (15-1212.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles coordinate security monitoring, assess security controls, and develop response strategies for security incidents.
    data: Coordinate monitoring networks
    data: Assess quality of security controls
    data: Develop response strategies
  [knowledge_overlap] Network and Computer Systems Administrators (15-1244.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both require strong computers and electronics knowledge (4.6+ importance) and telecommunications knowledge for system management.
    data: Computers and Electronics (4.6 importance)
    data: Telecommunications (3.4 importance)
    data: Working with Computers (4.9 importance)
  [riasec_cluster] Computer Systems Engineers/Architects (15-1299.08) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles exhibit strong conventional and investigative RIASEC profiles, indicating systematic and analytical work approaches.
    data: Conventional (6.06)
    data: Investigative (5.54)
    data: Systems design tasks
  [transferable_skill] Computer Network Architects (15-1241.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles utilize systems evaluation (3.4+ importance) and complex problem solving for designing secure network infrastructure.
    data: Systems Evaluation (3.4 importance)
    data: Complex Problem Solving (3.2 importance)
    data: Network security design

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['information security', 'cybersecurity', 'security engineer', 'security controls', 'firewalls', 'vulnerability assessment', 'penetration testing', 'security policies']
  exclude_keywords : ['physical security', 'guard services', 'surveillance', 'loss prevention', 'safety engineering']
  title_patterns   : ['*Security Engineer*', 'Cybersecurity*', '*Information Security*', '*Security Architect*', '*Security Specialist*']
  common_variations: ['InfoSec Engineer', 'Cyber Security Engineer', 'Application Security Engineer', 'Cloud Security Engineer', 'Network Security Engineer', 'Security Architect', 'Cybersecurity Analyst', 'Security Consultant']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['security', 'tendency', 'others', 'engineering', 'computer', 'equipment', 'activities', 'principles', 'software', 'standards', 'physical', 'includes', 'problems', 'procedures', 'technical', 'technology', 'control', 'objects', 'monitoring', 'performance']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
security                  108  0.03318  wikipedia            wikipedia:56%  inference:25%  onet_tasks:16%
tendency                   42  0.01290  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
others                     38  0.01167  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
engineering                31  0.00952  wikipedia            wikipedia:84%  inference:10%  onet_dimensions:6%
computer                   25  0.00768  wikipedia            wikipedia:40%  dwas:32%  onet_tasks:12%
equipment                  23  0.00707  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
activities                 20  0.00614  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:45%  dwas:30%  wikipedia:15%
principles                 17  0.00522  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:94%  wikipedia:6%
software                   16  0.00492  dwas                 dwas:31%  wikipedia:31%  onet_dimensions:19%
standards                  15  0.00461  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:53%  onet_tasks:20%  dwas:20%
physical                   15  0.00461  wikipedia            wikipedia:60%  onet_dimensions:40%
includes                   13  0.00399  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  wikipedia:8%
problems                   12  0.00369  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:75%  onet_tasks:17%  wikipedia:8%
procedures                 12  0.00369  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:67%  dwas:17%  onet_tasks:8%
technical                  12  0.00369  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:25%  dwas:25%  inference:25%
technology                 12  0.00369  dwas                 dwas:50%  onet_dimensions:33%  inference:17%
control                    12  0.00369  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
objects                    12  0.00369  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
monitoring                 11  0.00338  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  inference:18%  onet_tasks:9%
performance                11  0.00338  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:64%  onet_tasks:18%  dwas:9%
understanding              11  0.00338  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:55%  wikipedia:45%
techniques                 11  0.00338  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:91%  wikipedia:9%
design                     11  0.00338  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:55%  wikipedia:36%  inference:9%
ideas                      11  0.00338  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
practices                  10  0.00307  wikipedia            wikipedia:40%  onet_tasks:20%  onet_dimensions:20%
needs                      10  0.00307  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  onet_tasks:10%  wikipedia:10%
management                 10  0.00307  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:70%  onet_tasks:10%  wikipedia:10%
analysis                   10  0.00307  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:40%  onet_tasks:20%  wikipedia:20%
applications               10  0.00307  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:40%  dwas:30%  wikipedia:30%
human                      10  0.00307  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:70%  inference:20%  wikipedia:10%
resources                  10  0.00307  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  dwas:10%
materials                  10  0.00307  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
body                       10  0.00307  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
engineers                  10  0.00307  inference            inference:80%  wikipedia:20%
tools                       9  0.00277  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:56%  onet_tasks:22%  inference:22%
problem                     9  0.00277  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:78%  inference:22%
services                    9  0.00277  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:67%  inference:22%  wikipedia:11%
quickly                     9  0.00277  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
orientation                 9  0.00277  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
developing                  9  0.00277  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:89%  inference:11%