[Core] [20% incumbents] Monitor systems for intrusions or denial of service attacks, and report security breaches to appropriate personnel.
  DWAs: Monitor the security of digital information. | Collaborate with others to resolve information technology issues.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Identify or document backup or recovery plans.
  DWAs: Maintain contingency plans for disaster recovery. | Document operational procedures.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Back up or modify applications and related data to provide for disaster recovery.
  DWAs: Modify software programs to improve performance. | Create electronic data backup to prevent loss of information.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Correct testing-identified problems, or recommend actions for their resolution.
  DWAs: Resolve computer software problems. | Recommend changes to improve computer or information systems.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Identify, standardize, and communicate levels of access and security.
  DWAs: Develop computer or information security policies or procedures.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Determine sources of Web page or server problems, and take action to correct such problems.
  DWAs: Resolve computer software problems.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Implement updates, upgrades, and patches in a timely manner to limit loss of service.
  DWAs: Implement security measures for computer or information systems. | Maintain computer networks to enhance performance and user access.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Collaborate with development teams to discuss, analyze, or resolve usability issues.
  DWAs: Collaborate with others to resolve information technology issues.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Test issues such as system integration, performance, and system security on a regular schedule or after any major program modifications.
  DWAs: Test computer system operations to ensure proper functioning.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Perform user testing or usage analyses to determine Web sites' effectiveness or usability.
  DWAs: Analyze website or related online data to track trends or usage.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Document application and Web site changes or change procedures.
  DWAs: Document operational procedures.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Track, compile, and analyze Web site usage data.
  DWAs: Analyze website or related online data to track trends or usage.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Test backup or recovery plans regularly and resolve any problems.
  DWAs: Maintain contingency plans for disaster recovery. | Resolve computer software problems.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Recommend Web site improvements, and develop budgets to support recommendations.
  DWAs: Manage budgets for appropriate resource allocation. | Recommend changes to improve computer or information systems.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Review or update Web page content or links in a timely manner, using appropriate tools.
  DWAs: Update website content.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Install or configure Web server software or hardware to ensure that directory structure is well-defined, logical, and secure, and that files are named properly.
  DWAs: Install computer software. | Install computer hardware.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Gather, analyze, or document user feedback to locate or resolve sources of problems.
  DWAs: Analyze data to identify or resolve operational problems. | Document operational activities.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Set up or maintain monitoring tools on Web servers or Web sites.
  DWAs: Design websites or web applications.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Monitor Web developments through continuing education, reading, or participation in professional conferences, workshops, or groups.
  DWAs: Update knowledge about emerging industry or technology trends.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Develop or document style guidelines for Web site content.
  DWAs: Develop specifications or procedures for website development or maintenance. | Document design or development procedures.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Develop Web site performance metrics.
  DWAs: Develop performance metrics or standards related to information technology.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Collaborate with Web developers to create and operate internal and external Web sites, or to manage projects, such as e-marketing campaigns.
  DWAs: Collaborate with others to develop or implement marketing strategies.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Identify or address interoperability requirements.
  DWAs: Identify information technology project resource requirements.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Develop or implement procedures for ongoing Web site revision.
  DWAs: Develop specifications or procedures for website development or maintenance.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Check and analyze operating system or application log files regularly to verify proper system performance.
  DWAs: Test computer system operations to ensure proper functioning. | Analyze data to identify or resolve operational problems.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Evaluate testing routines or procedures for adequacy, sufficiency, and effectiveness.
  DWAs: Develop testing routines or procedures.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Inform Web site users of problems, problem resolutions, or application changes and updates.
  DWAs: Provide technical support for software maintenance or use.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Develop testing routines and procedures.
  DWAs: Develop testing routines or procedures.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Test new software packages for use in Web operations or other applications.
  DWAs: Test software performance.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Develop and implement marketing plans for home pages, including print advertising or advertisement rotation.
  DWAs: Implement advertising or marketing initiatives.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Evaluate or recommend server hardware or software.
  DWAs: Evaluate utility of software or hardware technologies. | Provide recommendations to others about computer hardware.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Administer internet or intranet infrastructure, including Web, file, and mail servers.
  DWAs: Maintain computer networks to enhance performance and user access.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Implement Web site security measures, such as firewalls or message encryption.
  DWAs: Implement security measures for computer or information systems.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Provide training or technical assistance in Web site implementation or use.
  DWAs: Train others in computer interface or software use. | Provide technical support for software maintenance or use.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Document installation or configuration procedures to allow maintenance and repetition.
  DWAs: Document operational procedures.

--- SKILLS ---
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Reading Comprehension (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Active Listening (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Monitoring (imp:3.38 lvl:3.50) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Writing (imp:3.25 lvl:3.38) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Speaking (imp:3.25 lvl:3.50) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Active Learning (imp:3.12 lvl:3.75) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Mathematics (imp:2.12 lvl:2.12) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Science (imp:2.12 lvl:2.38) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Computers and Electronics (imp:4.15 lvl:5.35) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  English Language (imp:4.10 lvl:4.60) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Communications and Media (imp:4.10 lvl:4.20) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:3.55 lvl:4.40) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Administration and Management (imp:3.20 lvl:4.05) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Engineering and Technology (imp:3.20 lvl:3.55) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Design (imp:3.15 lvl:3.80) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Sales and Marketing (imp:3.00 lvl:4.20) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Education and Training (imp:2.90 lvl:3.95) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Telecommunications (imp:2.70 lvl:2.80) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Administrative (imp:2.68 lvl:3.75) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Mathematics (imp:2.65 lvl:3.65) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Law and Government (imp:2.47 lvl:2.50) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.30 lvl:2.15) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.26 lvl:2.40) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Production and Processing (imp:2.25 lvl:1.90) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Psychology (imp:1.95 lvl:1.90) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Economics and Accounting (imp:1.90 lvl:1.60) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.85 lvl:1.75) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Geography (imp:1.75 lvl:1.60) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Fine Arts (imp:1.60 lvl:1.50) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  History and Archeology (imp:1.50 lvl:1.00) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Mechanical (imp:1.45 lvl:0.85) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Transportation (imp:1.40 lvl:0.90) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Foreign Language (imp:1.35 lvl:0.60) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Building and Construction (imp:1.25 lvl:0.40) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Physics (imp:1.25 lvl:0.75) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Biology (imp:1.20 lvl:0.35) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.20 lvl:0.50) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Food Production (imp:1.15 lvl:0.30) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Chemistry (imp:1.15 lvl:0.45) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.15 lvl:0.25) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.10 lvl:0.25) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r

--- ABILITIES ---
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Expression (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Near Vision (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Written Expression (imp:3.62 lvl:3.88) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Information Ordering (imp:3.38 lvl:3.75) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.25 lvl:3.12) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.25 lvl:3.12) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Originality (imp:3.00 lvl:3.25) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Visualization (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Selective Attention (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Finger Dexterity (imp:2.75 lvl:2.75) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Number Facility (imp:2.62 lvl:2.88) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Memorization (imp:2.62 lvl:3.00) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Far Vision (imp:2.62 lvl:2.75) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.38 lvl:2.12) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Time Sharing (imp:2.25 lvl:1.88) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Manual Dexterity (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.88 lvl:1.62) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Control Precision (imp:1.88 lvl:1.62) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Depth Perception (imp:1.75 lvl:0.75) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Auditory Attention (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Trunk Strength (imp:1.50 lvl:0.88) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Working with Computers (imp:4.90 lvl:5.40) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Getting Information (imp:4.55 lvl:4.60) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.42 lvl:5.20) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.37 lvl:5.00) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Thinking Creatively (imp:4.20 lvl:5.65) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.10 lvl:5.65) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Processing Information (imp:3.95 lvl:5.05) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:3.90 lvl:4.50) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.89 lvl:4.85) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.84 lvl:4.35) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.75 lvl:4.95) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:3.74 lvl:4.25) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.68 lvl:4.15) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.65 lvl:3.90) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.55 lvl:3.90) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.55 lvl:4.10) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.55 lvl:4.90) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:3.39 lvl:3.85) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.35 lvl:4.15) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.30 lvl:4.40) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:3.30 lvl:4.11) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.25 lvl:3.70) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.15 lvl:3.75) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.05 lvl:3.55) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.05 lvl:3.80) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.75 lvl:3.25) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:2.74 lvl:2.50) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.70 lvl:3.25) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:2.65 lvl:2.75) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:2.55 lvl:2.35) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.45 lvl:2.60) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:2.20 lvl:2.80) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.20 lvl:2.45) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:2.10 lvl:2.50) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:2.00 lvl:2.05) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.95 lvl:1.55) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:1.80 lvl:1.50) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.70 lvl:1.40) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.53 lvl:1.21) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.45 lvl:0.90) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.30 lvl:0.50) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:4.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Attention to Detail (imp:2.57) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Dependability (imp:2.53) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Cautiousness (imp:2.32) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.12) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Cautiousness (imp:2.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Integrity (imp:1.92) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Adaptability (imp:1.83) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Perseverance (imp:1.77) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:1.71) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Innovation (imp:1.63) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.55) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Initiative (imp:1.53) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.47) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.32) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:1.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Cooperation (imp:0.95) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Self-Control (imp:0.80) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Leadership Orientation (imp:0.54) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Social Orientation (imp:0.43) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Humility (imp:0.32) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity (imp:0.30) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy (imp:0.23) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Optimism (imp:0.15) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Achievement Orientation () — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Integrity () — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.38 lvl:3.38) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.38 lvl:3.38) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.25 lvl:3.38) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Programming (imp:3.12 lvl:2.88) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:3.12 lvl:3.38) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.25) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Instructing (imp:3.00 lvl:3.62) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Time Management (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Service Orientation (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Operations Analysis (imp:2.75 lvl:3.50) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.62 lvl:2.12) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Persuasion (imp:2.50 lvl:2.62) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Negotiation (imp:2.50 lvl:2.75) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Troubleshooting (imp:2.50 lvl:3.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Technology Design (imp:2.38 lvl:2.25) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:2.38 lvl:2.25) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Management of Material Resources (imp:1.88 lvl:1.38) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.75) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.75 lvl:1.12) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Installation (imp:1.62 lvl:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Repairing (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 435,370
  annual_median    : $116,580
  annual_pct10     : $55,940
  annual_pct25     : $79,370
  annual_pct75     : $157,500
  annual_pct90     : $188,470
  annual_mean      : $122,230
  hourly_median    : $56.05

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : District of Columbia ($156,590)
  lowest_state     : Puerto Rico ($60,470)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.590x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (54 total) ---
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:  123,970  median: $ 121,310
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   97,870  median: $ 124,530
  Information                              emp:   48,470  median: $ 131,720
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:   27,020  median: $ 131,760
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:   25,080  median: $ 128,070
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:   23,450  median: $  99,210
  Manufacturing                            emp:   23,360  median: $ 105,040
  Educational Services                     emp:   17,310  median: $  83,120
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:   12,810  median: $ 109,960
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:   10,490  median: $  93,010

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (20 total) ---
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:  123,970  median: $ 121,310
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   97,870  median: $ 124,530
  Information                              emp:   48,470  median: $ 131,720
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:   27,020  median: $ 131,760
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:   25,080  median: $ 128,070
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:   23,450  median: $  99,210
  Manufacturing                            emp:   23,360  median: $ 105,040
  Educational Services                     emp:   17,310  median: $  83,120
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:   12,810  median: $ 109,960
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:   10,490  median: $  93,010

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : System administrator
match_score        : 0.7895
wikidata_qid       : Q327353
word_count         : 1,255
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_administrator
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:23:54.249659Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
An IT administrator, system administrator, sysadmin, or admin is a person who is responsible for the upkeep, configuration, and reliable operation of computer systems, especially multi-user computers, such as servers. The system administrator seeks to ensure that the uptime, performance, resources, and security of the computers they manage meet the needs of the users, without exceeding a set budget when doing so.
To meet these needs, a system administrator may acquire, install, or upgrade computer components and software; provide routine automation; maintain security policies; troubleshoot; train or supervise staff; or offer technical support for projects.


== Related fields ==
Many organizations offer jobs related to system administration. In a larger company, these may all be separate positions within a computer support or Information Services (IS) department. In a smaller group, they may be shared by a few sysadmins, or even a single person.

A database administrator (DBA) maintains a database system, and is responsible for the integrity of the data and the efficiency and performance of the system.
A network administrator maintains network infrastructure such as switches and routers, and diagnoses problems with these or with the behavior of network-attached computers.
A security administrator is a specialist in computer and network security, including the administration of security devices such as firewalls, as well as consulting on general security measures.
A web administrator maintains web server services (such as Apache or IIS) that allow for internal or external access to websites. Tasks include managing multiple sites, administering security, and configuring necessary components and software. Responsibilities may also include software change management.
A computer operator performs routine maintenance and upkeep, such as changing backup tapes or replacing failed drives in a redundant array of independent disks (RAID). Such tasks usually require physical presence in the room with the computer, and while less skilled than sysadmin tasks, may require a similar level of trust, since the operator has access to possibly sensitive data.
An SRE Site Reliability Engineer - takes a software engineering or programmatic approach to managing systems.


== Training ==

Most employers require a bachelor's degree in a related field, such as computer science, information technology, electronics engineering, or computer engineering. Some schools also offer undergraduate degrees and graduate programs in system administration.
In addition, because of the practical nature of system administration and the easy availability of open-source server software, many system administrators enter the field self-taught.
Generally, a prospective employee will be required to have experience with the computer systems they are expected to manage. In most cases, candidates are expected to possess industry certifications such as the Microsoft MCSA, MCSE, MCITP, Red Hat RHCE, Novell CNA, CNE, Cisco CCNA or CompTIA's A+ or Network+, Sun Certified SCNA, Linux Professional Institute, Linux Foundation Certified Engineer or Linux Foundation Certified System Administrator, among others.
Sometimes, almost exclusively in smaller sites, the role of system administrator may be given to a skilled user in addition to or in replacement of their duties.


== Skills ==

The subject matter of system administration includes computer systems and the ways people use them in an organization. This entails a knowledge of operating systems and applications, as well as hardware and software troubleshooting, but also knowledge of the purposes for which people in the organization use the computers.
Perhaps the most important skill for a system administrator is problem solving—frequently under various sorts of constraints and stress. The sysadmin is on call when a computer system goes down or malfunctions, and must be able to quickly and correctly diagnose what is wrong and how best to fix it. They may also need to have teamwork and communication skills, as well as being able to install and configure hardware and software.
Sysadmins must understand the behavior of software in order to deploy it and to troubleshoot problems, and generally know several programming languages used for scripting or automation of routine tasks. A typical sysadmin's role is not to design or write new application software but when they are responsible for automating system or application configuration with various configuration management tools, the lines somewhat blur. Depending on the sysadmin's role and skillset, they may be expected to understand equivalent key/core concepts a software engineer understands. That said, system administrators are not software engineers or developers, in the job title sense.
Particularly when dealing with Internet-facing or business-critical systems, a sysadmin must have a strong grasp of computer security. This includes not merely deploying software patches, but also preventing break-ins and other security problems with preventive measures. In some organizations, computer security administration is a separate role responsible for overall security and the upkeep of firewalls and intrusion detection systems, but all sysadmins are generally responsible for the security of computer systems.


== Duties ==
A system administrator's responsibilities might include:

Analyzing system logs and identifying potential issues with computer systems.
Applying operating system updates, patches, and configuration changes.
Installing and configuring new hardware and software.
Adding, removing, or updating user account information, resetting passwords, etc.
Answering technical queries and assisting users.
Responsibility for security.
Responsibility for documenting the configuration of the system.
Troubleshooting any reported problems.
System performance tuning.
Ensuring that the network infrastructure is up and running.
Configuring, adding, and deleting file systems.
Ensuring parity between dev, test and production environments.
Training users
Plan and manage the machine room environment
In larger organizations, some of the tasks above may be divided among different system administrators or members of different organizational groups. For example, a dedicated individual(s) may apply all system upgrades, a Quality Assurance (QA) team may perform testing and validation, and one or more technical writers may be responsible for all technical documentation written for a company. System administrators, in larger organizations, tend not to be systems architects, systems engineers, or systems designers.
In smaller organizations, the system administrator might also act as technical support, database administrator, network administrator, storage (SAN) administrator or application analyst.


== Occupational Outlook ==
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Outlook predicts a decline for System Administrators of -4 percent from 2024 to 2034.


== See also ==
Application service management
Bastard Operator From Hell (BOFH)
DevOps
Forum administrator
Information technology operations
League of Professional System Administrators
LISA (organization)
Orchestration (computing)
Professional certification (computer technology)
Superuser
Sysop
System Administrator Appreciation Day
System management


== References ==
 This article incorporates public domain material from Occupational Outlook Handbook (2010-11 ed.). Bureau of Labor Statistics.


== Further reading ==
Essential Linux Administration: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners, by Chuck Easttom (Cengage Press, 2011)
Essential System Administration (O'Reilly), 3rd Edition, 2001, by Æleen Frisch
The Practice of System and Network Administration (Addison-Wesley), 2nd Edition 5 Jul. 2007, by Thomas A. Limoncelli, Christine Hogan and Strata R. Chalup
The Practice of System and Network Administration Volume 1: DevOps and other Best Practices for Enterprise IT (Addison-W

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Webmaster (similarity: 0.5185)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webmaster
  QID: Q41674
  Extract: A webmaster is a person responsible for maintaining one or many websites. The title may refer to web architects, web developers, site authors, website administrators, website owners, website coordinators, or website publishers. The term is sometimes heard in tongue-in-cheek feminine form webmistress

  Title: DeepDotWeb (similarity: 0.2143)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepDotWeb
  QID: Q20707672
  Extract: DeepDotWeb was a news site dedicated to events in and surrounding the dark web featuring interviews and reviews about darknet markets, Tor hidden services, privacy, bitcoin, and related news. The website was seized on May 7, 2019, during an investigation into the owners' affiliate marketing model, i

  Title: Web scraping (similarity: 0.4667)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_scraping
  QID: Q665452
  Extract: Web scraping, web harvesting, or web data extraction is data scraping used for extracting data from websites. Web scraping software may directly access the World Wide Web using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol or a web browser. While web scraping can be done manually by a software user, the term typi

  Title: Website monitoring (similarity: 0.5556)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website_monitoring
  QID: Q3320995
  Extract: Website monitoring is the process of testing and verifying that end-users can interact with a website or web application as expected. Website monitoring are often used by businesses to ensure website uptime, performance, and functionality is as expected.

  Title: Web portal (similarity: 0.4286)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_portal
  QID: Q186165
  Extract: A web portal is a specially designed website that brings information from diverse sources, like emails, online forums and search engines, together in a uniform way. Usually, each information source gets its dedicated area on the page for displaying information ; often, the user can configure which o

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong confidence based on comprehensive O*NET data including detailed tasks, clear skill/knowledge profiles, and robust wage data from BLS OEWS May 2025. The occupation definition and related roles provide clear boundaries for distinguishing Web Administrators from adjacent technical positions.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T14:05:53.934063+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,511
tokens_output        : 4,071
cost_usd             : $0.044313
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : System administrator
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia match for 'System administrator' provides relevant context for understanding the broader administrative responsibilities, though Web Administrators specialize specifically in web environments rather than general computer systems. The webmaster reference in semantic neighbors aligns more closely with the web-specific focus of this occupation.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Web Administrators manage the comprehensive lifecycle of web environments, handling deployment, maintenance, security monitoring, and quality assurance of websites and web applications. They serve as the technical stewards ensuring optimal performance, security, and reliability of web-based systems. This role combines systems administration expertise with web-specific technologies to maintain robust digital presence for organizations.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
Web Administrators begin their day monitoring systems for security intrusions and denial of service attacks, immediately reporting breaches to security personnel. They perform routine testing of system integration, performance metrics, and security protocols on scheduled intervals or after major program updates. Throughout the day, they identify and resolve web page or server problems, implementing patches and upgrades to minimize service disruptions. They collaborate extensively with development teams to analyze usability issues and conduct user testing to evaluate website effectiveness. The day concludes with backing up applications and updating disaster recovery documentation to ensure business continuity.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel as Web Administrators possess strong analytical minds with high conventional traits (RIASEC C:5.54) and investigative tendencies (I:4.41), allowing them to systematically approach complex technical problems. They demonstrate exceptional attention to detail and dependability, critical for maintaining secure and reliable web environments. These professionals thrive on continuous learning, as evidenced by the high importance of updating relevant knowledge (4.1) and active learning (3.1). They communicate effectively with both technical teams and business stakeholders, balancing technical precision with collaborative problem-solving.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry into Web Administration typically requires a bachelor's degree (55% of practitioners), with computer science, information technology, or related fields being most relevant. Some professionals enter through associate degrees (15%) or relevant coursework combined with hands-on experience. Essential foundational knowledge includes computers and electronics (importance 4.2, level 5.3) and communications/media (4.1). Many candidates gain experience through internships, junior developer roles, or help desk positions before advancing to administrative responsibilities.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Web Administrators often advance to senior technical roles such as Systems Architects, IT Project Managers, or Web Development Managers, leveraging their comprehensive understanding of web environments and security protocols. The strong foundation in systems analysis and evaluation opens pathways to specialized positions like Database Administrators or Network Systems Administrators. Leadership opportunities emerge as Web Directors or Digital Operations Managers, where their combination of technical expertise and collaborative skills proves valuable for managing larger technical teams and strategic initiatives.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
Web Administrators command strong compensation with a median annual salary of $116,580 according to BLS OEWS May 2025, ranging from $55,940 to $188,470 across experience levels. The field employs 435,370 professionals nationally, with highest concentrations in Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services (123,970) and government sectors (97,870). Geographic variations are significant, with District of Columbia offering the highest wages at $156,590 compared to Puerto Rico's $60,470, representing a 2.59x ratio. The consistent demand reflects organizations' critical need for secure, reliable web infrastructure management.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Web Administration faces moderate automation risk, as core monitoring and routine maintenance tasks may become increasingly automated through AI-driven systems management tools. However, the role's emphasis on complex problem-solving (3.8), creative thinking (4.2), and collaborative decision-making provides substantial protection against displacement. The need for human judgment in security incident response, usability analysis, and cross-functional collaboration ensures continued relevance in an evolving technological landscape.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [task_similarity] Network and Computer Systems Administrators (15-1244.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles monitor systems for security breaches and implement updates to maintain system reliability.
    data: Monitor systems for intrusions
    data: Implement updates and patches
    data: Job Zone 4
  [knowledge_overlap] Web Developers (15-1254.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Shared emphasis on Computers and Electronics knowledge (4.2) and collaboration with development teams on web applications.
    data: Computers and Electronics knowledge
    data: Collaborate with development teams
    data: Web application focus
  [skill_overlap] Database Administrators (15-1242.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles require Systems Analysis (3.2) and Systems Evaluation (3.4) skills for maintaining complex technical environments.
    data: Systems Analysis transferable skill
    data: Systems Evaluation skill
    data: Technical maintenance focus
  [career_pathway] Web and Digital Interface Designers (15-1255.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Web Administrators collaborate on usability issues and user testing, providing natural transition to design-focused roles.
    data: Perform user testing
    data: Resolve usability issues
    data: Design knowledge area
  [career_pathway] Information Technology Project Managers (15-1299.09) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Administrative experience with systems integration and team collaboration builds foundation for IT project management advancement.
    data: Collaborate with development teams
    data: Systems integration testing
    data: Administration and Management knowledge

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['web administrator', 'webmaster', 'web content administrator', 'web operations', 'web systems', 'website administration', 'web environment', 'digital operations']
  exclude_keywords : ['web developer', 'web designer', 'database administrator', 'network administrator', 'system programmer']
  title_patterns   : ['*Web*Admin*', '*Webmaster*', '*Web*Manager*', '*Web*Coordinator*', '*Web*Operations*']
  common_variations: ['Web Admin', 'Website Administrator', 'Web Content Manager', 'Web Systems Admin', 'Digital Administrator', 'Web Operations Specialist', 'Internet Administrator', 'Web Environment Manager']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['others', 'tendency', 'computer', 'software', 'security', 'problems', 'equipment', 'procedures', 'performance', 'administrator', 'technical', 'principles', 'administration', 'website', 'administrators', 'includes', 'monitoring', 'management', 'resolve', 'user']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
others                     44  0.01242  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:86%  dwas:11%  wikipedia:2%
tendency                   42  0.01185  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
computer                   37  0.01044  dwas                 dwas:43%  wikipedia:43%  onet_dimensions:8%
software                   31  0.00875  wikipedia            wikipedia:48%  dwas:32%  onet_tasks:10%
security                   30  0.00847  wikipedia            wikipedia:43%  inference:23%  onet_tasks:13%
problems                   26  0.00734  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:35%  onet_tasks:23%  dwas:19%
equipment                  23  0.00649  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
procedures                 22  0.00621  dwas                 dwas:41%  onet_dimensions:36%  onet_tasks:23%
performance                21  0.00593  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:33%  dwas:24%  wikipedia:19%
administrator              20  0.00564  wikipedia            wikipedia:95%  inference:5%
technical                  19  0.00536  inference            inference:42%  wikipedia:26%  onet_dimensions:16%
principles                 17  0.00480  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:94%  wikipedia:6%
administration             17  0.00480  wikipedia            wikipedia:76%  inference:18%  onet_dimensions:6%
website                    16  0.00452  wikipedia            wikipedia:62%  dwas:31%  inference:6%
administrators             16  0.00452  wikipedia            wikipedia:50%  inference:50%
includes                   15  0.00423  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  wikipedia:13%  inference:7%
monitoring                 14  0.00395  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:57%  inference:21%  wikipedia:14%
management                 14  0.00395  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:50%  wikipedia:36%  inference:14%
resolve                    13  0.00367  dwas                 dwas:54%  onet_tasks:23%  onet_dimensions:15%
user                       13  0.00367  wikipedia            wikipedia:54%  onet_tasks:15%  dwas:15%
technology                 13  0.00367  dwas                 dwas:38%  onet_dimensions:31%  wikipedia:23%
testing                    12  0.00339  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:33%  onet_dimensions:17%  dwas:17%
maintenance                12  0.00339  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:33%  dwas:33%  inference:17%
control                    12  0.00339  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
objects                    12  0.00339  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
problem                    11  0.00311  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:64%  inference:18%  onet_tasks:9%
operations                 11  0.00311  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:55%  dwas:18%  onet_tasks:9%
ideas                      11  0.00311  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
network                    11  0.00311  wikipedia            wikipedia:91%  inference:9%
applications               10  0.00282  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:40%  onet_tasks:20%  inference:20%
hardware                   10  0.00282  dwas                 dwas:30%  wikipedia:30%  onet_tasks:20%
needs                      10  0.00282  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  wikipedia:20%
techniques                 10  0.00282  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
services                   10  0.00282  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:60%  wikipedia:30%  inference:10%
resources                  10  0.00282  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  wikipedia:10%
design                     10  0.00282  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:60%  dwas:20%  wikipedia:20%
materials                  10  0.00282  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
quickly                    10  0.00282  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  wikipedia:10%
activities                 10  0.00282  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  dwas:10%
body                       10  0.00282  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%