[Core] [28% incumbents] Ascertain premium rates required and cash reserves and liabilities necessary to ensure payment of future benefits.
  DWAs: Manage financial activities of the organization.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Collaborate with programmers, underwriters, accounts, claims experts, and senior management to help companies develop plans for new lines of business or improvements to existing business.
  DWAs: Collaborate with others to develop or implement marketing strategies.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Analyze statistical information to estimate mortality, accident, sickness, disability, and retirement rates.
  DWAs: Analyze health-related data.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Determine, or help determine, company policy, and explain complex technical matters to company executives, government officials, shareholders, policyholders, or the public.
  DWAs: Develop organizational goals or objectives.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Construct probability tables for events such as fires, natural disasters, and unemployment, based on analysis of statistical data and other pertinent information.
  DWAs: Analyze data to identify trends or relationships among variables.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Provide advice to clients on a contract basis, working as a consultant.
  DWAs: Advise customers on technical or procedural issues. | Advise others on legal or regulatory compliance matters.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Determine equitable basis for distributing surplus earnings under participating insurance and annuity contracts in mutual companies.
  DWAs: Manage financial activities of the organization.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Negotiate terms and conditions of reinsurance with other companies.
  DWAs: Negotiate contracts with clients or service providers.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Provide expertise to help financial institutions manage risks and maximize returns associated with investment products or credit offerings.
  DWAs: Manage financial activities of the organization.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Testify before public agencies on proposed legislation affecting businesses.
  DWAs: Testify at legal or legislative proceedings.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Determine policy contract provisions for each type of insurance.
  DWAs: Manage financial activities of the organization.

[Supplemental] [28% incumbents] Testify in court as expert witness or to provide legal evidence on matters such as the value of potential lifetime earnings of a person disabled or killed in an accident.
  DWAs: Testify at legal or legislative proceedings.

[Supplemental] [28% incumbents] Explain changes in contract provisions to customers.
  DWAs: Provide customer service to clients or users.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Design, review, and help administer insurance, annuity and pension plans, determining financial soundness and calculating premiums.
  DWAs: Manage financial activities of the organization.

[Supplemental] [27% incumbents] Manage credit and help price corporate security offerings.
  DWAs: Manage financial activities of the organization.

[EMERGING:Revision] Analyze data to determine premium rates required and cash reserves and liabilities necessary to ensure payment of future benefits.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.25 lvl:4.75) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Mathematics (imp:4.25 lvl:5.00) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.25 lvl:4.75) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Listening (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Speaking (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Writing (imp:3.50 lvl:4.00) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Active Learning (imp:3.25 lvl:4.00) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Monitoring (imp:3.12 lvl:3.75) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Learning Strategies (imp:2.88 lvl:3.38) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Science (imp:2.00 lvl:2.12) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Mathematics (imp:4.93 lvl:6.36) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.96 lvl:5.07) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Economics and Accounting (imp:3.78 lvl:5.11) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  English Language (imp:3.70 lvl:3.61) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Law and Government (imp:3.00 lvl:3.50) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Administration and Management (imp:2.89 lvl:4.04) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Education and Training (imp:2.36 lvl:3.25) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.33 lvl:3.21) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Sales and Marketing (imp:2.32 lvl:3.36) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:2.25 lvl:2.89) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Communications and Media (imp:2.11 lvl:2.07) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Administrative (imp:1.82 lvl:2.64) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.79 lvl:1.39) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.75 lvl:1.46) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Psychology (imp:1.71 lvl:1.86) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Telecommunications (imp:1.71 lvl:1.00) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Production and Processing (imp:1.68 lvl:1.54) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.61 lvl:1.46) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Geography (imp:1.54 lvl:1.64) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Design (imp:1.50 lvl:1.11) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Public Safety and Security (imp:1.50 lvl:1.07) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.32 lvl:0.93) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  History and Archeology (imp:1.29 lvl:0.64) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Transportation (imp:1.25 lvl:0.71) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Biology (imp:1.14 lvl:0.43) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.14 lvl:0.46) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Building and Construction (imp:1.07 lvl:0.25) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Mechanical (imp:1.07 lvl:0.18) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Physics (imp:1.07 lvl:0.18) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Fine Arts (imp:1.07 lvl:0.11) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  Food Production (imp:1.04 lvl:0.14) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Chemistry (imp:1.04 lvl:0.11) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Foreign Language (imp:1.04 lvl:0.07) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu

--- ABILITIES ---
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:4.62 lvl:5.00) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.12 lvl:4.62) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Number Facility (imp:4.12 lvl:4.88) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Written Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Category Flexibility (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Information Ordering (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Near Vision (imp:3.75 lvl:4.12) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.62 lvl:4.00) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.38 lvl:4.00) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.25 lvl:3.38) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Selective Attention (imp:3.25 lvl:3.38) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.12 lvl:3.75) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Originality (imp:2.88 lvl:3.50) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.62 lvl:2.62) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Far Vision (imp:2.62 lvl:2.75) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Memorization (imp:2.50 lvl:2.50) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Time Sharing (imp:2.50 lvl:2.12) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Visualization (imp:2.38 lvl:2.62) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.00 lvl:1.62) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Depth Perception (imp:1.88 lvl:1.00) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.88 lvl:1.50) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Trunk Strength (imp:1.75 lvl:1.00) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Control Precision (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.79 lvl:6.41) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Processing Information (imp:4.71 lvl:6.07) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Working with Computers (imp:4.68 lvl:4.54) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Getting Information (imp:4.54 lvl:5.57) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.46 lvl:5.86) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.41 lvl:5.18) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.39 lvl:5.21) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:4.18 lvl:4.75) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:4.04 lvl:5.07) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:3.93 lvl:4.86) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.61 lvl:5.25) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.59 lvl:4.25) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.57 lvl:4.96) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.50 lvl:4.46) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.46 lvl:4.11) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.43 lvl:4.68) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.33 lvl:4.39) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.32 lvl:4.32) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.26 lvl:4.46) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:3.25 lvl:3.64) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.22 lvl:3.96) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.14 lvl:3.46) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.04 lvl:3.61) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:2.89 lvl:3.64) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:2.82 lvl:3.57) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:2.68 lvl:3.50) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.59 lvl:3.71) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.43 lvl:2.86) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.36 lvl:3.50) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.19 lvl:2.75) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.11 lvl:2.75) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:1.86 lvl:1.46) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:1.57 lvl:1.43) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:1.50 lvl:0.86) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.46 lvl:0.82) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.29 lvl:0.57) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.21 lvl:0.50) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.21 lvl:0.29) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.18 lvl:0.25) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.07 lvl:0.14) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.04 lvl:0.07) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:6.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:5.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:4.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Attention to Detail (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Cautiousness (imp:2.66) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Dependability (imp:2.65) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.58) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Integrity (imp:2.36) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.14) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Perseverance (imp:1.64) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.44) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Innovation (imp:1.41) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.22) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Leadership Orientation (imp:1.13) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:1.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Initiative (imp:0.95) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Cooperation (imp:0.95) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Adaptability (imp:0.94) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Control (imp:0.92) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:0.68) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Sincerity (imp:0.65) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Social Orientation (imp:0.52) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Humility (imp:0.50) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Empathy (imp:0.02) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Optimism (imp:-0.17) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:4.25 lvl:4.62) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:4.00 lvl:4.62) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Systems Evaluation (imp:4.00 lvl:4.62) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.88 lvl:4.62) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Service Orientation (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Operations Analysis (imp:3.00 lvl:3.25) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Time Management (imp:3.00 lvl:3.50) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Persuasion (imp:2.88 lvl:3.62) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Negotiation (imp:2.75 lvl:3.25) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Instructing (imp:2.75 lvl:3.38) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:2.62 lvl:2.75) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Programming (imp:2.12 lvl:2.50) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:2.00 lvl:1.12) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Management of Material Resources (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Technology Design (imp:1.88 lvl:1.00) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.88 lvl:1.50) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.00) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 26,670
  annual_median    : $130,000
  annual_pct10     : $78,570
  annual_pct25     : $97,680
  annual_pct75     : $170,650
  annual_pct90     : $215,100
  annual_mean      : $141,480
  hourly_median    : $62.50

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Connecticut ($166,800)
  lowest_state     : Puerto Rico ($68,100)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.449x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (37 total) ---
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:   19,870  median: $ 131,450
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:    3,910  median: $ 124,130
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    1,150  median: $ 129,810
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:      850  median: $ 129,650
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      370  median: $ 122,400
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:      110  median: $  97,630
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:       50  median: $ 175,980

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (7 total) ---
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:   19,870  median: $ 131,450
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:    3,910  median: $ 124,130
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    1,150  median: $ 129,810
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:      850  median: $ 129,650
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      370  median: $ 122,400
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:      110  median: $  97,630
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:       50  median: $ 175,980

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Actuary
match_score        : 0.7500
wikidata_qid       : Q179985
word_count         : 2,784
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuary
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:26:03.190564Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
An actuary is a professional with advanced mathematical skills who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty. These risks can affect both sides of the balance sheet and require asset management, liability management, and valuation skills. Actuaries provide assessments of financial security systems, with a focus on their complexity, their mathematics, and their mechanisms. The name of the corresponding academic discipline is actuarial science.
While the concept of insurance dates to antiquity, the concepts needed to scientifically measure and mitigate risks have their origins in 17th-century studies of probability and annuities. Actuaries in the 21st century require analytical skills, business knowledge, and an understanding of human behavior and information systems; actuaries use this knowledge to design programs that manage risk, by determining if the implementation of strategies proposed for mitigating potential risks does not exceed the expected cost of those risks actualized. The steps needed to become an actuary, including education and licensing, are specific to a given country, with various additional requirements applied by regional administrative units; however, almost all processes impart universal principles of risk assessment, statistical analysis, and risk mitigation, involving rigorously structured training and examination schedules, taking many years to complete.
The profession has consistently been ranked as one of the most desirable. In various studies in the United States, being an actuary has been ranked first or second multiple times since 2010.


== Responsibilities ==
Actuaries use skills primarily in mathematics—particularly calculus-based probability and mathematical statistics—but also economics, computer science, finance, and business. For this reason, actuaries are essential to several sectors:

to the insurance and reinsurance industries, either as staff employees or as consultants;
to other businesses, including sponsors of pension plans;
and to government agencies such as the Government Actuary's Department in the United Kingdom or the Social Security Administration in the United States.
Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or property loss. Actuaries also answer financial questions: these questions include the level of pension contributions needed to produce a certain retirement income, and how a company should invest resources to maximize the return on investment in light of potential risk. Using broad knowledge, actuaries help to design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies so as to ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis.


=== Disciplines ===
Most traditional actuarial disciplines fall into two main categories: life and non-life.
Life actuaries, who include health and pension actuaries, primarily deal with three kinds of risk: mortality, morbidity, and investment. Products prominent in their work include life insurance, annuities, pensions, short and long term disability insurance, health insurance, health savings accounts, and long-term care insurance. In addition to actuarial risks, social insurance programs are influenced by public opinion, politics, budget constraints, changing demographics, and other factors such as medical technology, inflation, and cost of living considerations.
Non-life actuaries, also known as "property and casualty" (mainly US) or "general insurance" (mainly UK) actuaries, deal with both physical and legal risks that affect people or their property. Products prominent in their work include auto insurance, homeowners insurance, commercial property insurance, workers' compensation, malpractice insurance, product liability insurance, marine insurance, terrorism insurance, and other types of liability insurance.
Actuaries are also consulted for their expertise in enterprise risk management. This work may involve dynamic financial analysis, stress testing, the formulation of corporate risk policy, and the establishment and operation of corporate risk departments. Actuaries are also involved in other areas of economics and finance, such as analyzing securities offerings or market research.


=== Traditional employment ===
For both life and casualty actuaries, their classic role is calculating premiums and reserves for insurance policies that cover various risks. On the casualty side, analysis often involves quantifying the probability of a loss event (called the frequency) and the size of that loss event (called the severity). The amount of time occurring before the loss event is important, because the insurer will only need to pay after the event has occurred. On the life side, analysis often involves quantifying the worth of a potential sum of money or a financial liability at different times in the future. Since neither of these analysis types is a purely deterministic process, stochastic models are often used to determine frequency and severity distributions, as well as the parameters of these distributions. Forecasting interest yields and currency movements also plays a role in determining future costs, especially for life actuaries.
Actuaries do not always attempt to predict aggregate future events. Often their work relates to determining the cost of financial liabilities that have already occurred, called retrospective reinsurance, or the development or re-pricing of new products.
Actuaries also design and maintain products and systems. They participate in financial reporting of companies' assets and liabilities. Actuaries must communicate complex concepts to clients who may not share their language or depth of knowledge. They work under a code of ethics that covers their communications and work products.


=== Non-traditional employment ===
As an outgrowth of more traditional roles, actuaries also work in the fields of risk management and enterprise risk management for both financial and non-financial corporations. Actuaries in traditional roles study and use tools and data previously in the domain of finance. Two accords—the Basel II accord for financial institutions (2004), and the analogous Solvency II accord for insurance companies (in force since 2016)—require institutions to account for operational risk separately, in addition to credit, reserve, asset, and insolvency risk. Actuarial skills are well suited to this context, because actuaries are trained in analyzing various forms of risk, and judging the potential for gain and loss associated with these forms of risk.
Actuaries also participate in investment advising and asset management, and can be general business managers and chief financial officers or chief investment officers. They analyze business prospects using financial skills in valuing or discounting risky future cash flows; they also apply pricing expertise in insurance to other lines of business. For example, insurance securitization requires both actuarial and finance skills. Actuaries also act as expert witnesses in court trials, by using analysis to estimate the economic value of losses such as lost profits or lost wages.


== History ==


=== Need for insurance ===
The basic requirements of communal interests gave rise to risk sharing since the dawn of civilization. For example, people who lived their entire lives in a camp had the risk of fire, which would leave their band or family without shelter. After barter came into existence, more complex risks emerged and new forms of risk manifested. Merchants embarking on trade journeys bore the risk of losing goods entrusted to them, their own possessions, or even their lives.  Intermediaries developed to warehouse and trade goods, which exposed them to financial risk. The primary providers in extended families or households ran the risk of premature death, disability or infirmity, which could leave their dependents to starve. Credit p

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (similarity: 0.4186)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_and_Faculty_of_Actuaries
  QID: Q6039120
  Extract: The Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (IFoA) is the United Kingdom's chartered professional body for actuaries. It represents and regulates more than 34,000 members worldwide and works internationally through offices in London, Oxford and Edinburgh and regional offices in Beijing, Malaysia and Sing

  Title: Institute of Actuaries (similarity: 0.5806)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Actuaries
  QID: Q15995180
  Extract: The Institute of Actuaries was one of the two professional bodies which represented actuaries in the United Kingdom. The institute was based in England, while the other body, the Faculty of Actuaries, was based in Scotland. While the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries were separate institutions, the

  Title: Actuarial credentialing and exams (similarity: 0.4286)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial_credentialing_and_exams
  QID: Q4677844
  Extract: To become a qualified actuary, the actuarial credentialing and exam process usually requires passing a series of professional examinations over a period of several years.

  Title: Analyst (similarity: 0.2500)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyst
  QID: Q5669212
  Extract: An analyst is an individual who performs analysis of a topic. The term may refer to:

  Title: Financial analyst (similarity: 0.2308)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_analyst
  QID: Q1416279
  Extract: A financial analyst is a professional undertaking financial analysis for external or internal clients as a core feature of the job. The role may specifically be titled securities analyst, research analyst, equity analyst, investment analyst, or ratings analyst. The job title is a broad one:
In banki

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong data consistency across all sources with detailed task descriptions, clear wage data, and comprehensive skill/knowledge profiles. Wikipedia match provides additional validation of professional scope and requirements.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T14:14:17.417053+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,719
tokens_output        : 4,359
cost_usd             : $0.048903
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Actuary
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia definition aligns closely with O*NET data, confirming actuaries as mathematical professionals focused on risk measurement and management across financial systems. The emphasis on complexity, mathematics, and mechanisms matches the high-level analytical requirements shown in the occupation data.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Actuaries are mathematical risk assessment professionals who analyze statistical data to forecast financial liabilities and determine appropriate insurance premiums and reserves. They construct probability tables using mortality, accident, sickness, and disability data to help insurance companies, pension funds, and financial institutions manage risk exposure. These professionals serve as critical advisors in financial decision-making, combining advanced mathematics with business acumen to ensure organizational solvency.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
Actuaries spend their days analyzing complex statistical datasets using software like Microsoft Excel, IBM SPSS Statistics, and Microsoft Power BI to identify patterns in mortality, accident, and disability rates. They construct detailed probability tables and mathematical models that predict future claim costs, then calculate the premium rates and cash reserves needed to cover projected payouts. Much of their time involves collaborating with programmers, underwriters, and senior management to develop new insurance products or modify existing policies. They prepare detailed reports and presentations explaining their findings to executives and regulatory officials, often testifying before public agencies on proposed legislation. Actuaries also work directly with clients as consultants, providing expert advice on risk management strategies and helping organizations optimize their investment portfolios while maintaining adequate reserves.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel as actuaries possess exceptional mathematical reasoning abilities and strong analytical thinking skills, as evidenced by the role's requirements for advanced mathematics knowledge and complex problem-solving capabilities. They demonstrate high dependability and meticulous attention to detail, essential traits when working with financial data that impacts millions of dollars in organizational liability. Successful actuaries combine conventional thinking with investigative tendencies, allowing them to systematically analyze data while exploring innovative approaches to risk assessment. They possess strong written and oral communication skills to translate complex mathematical concepts into actionable business recommendations for non-technical stakeholders.

CAREER ENTRY:
The actuarial profession requires considerable preparation, with 78.6% of practitioners holding bachelor's degrees, typically in mathematics, statistics, economics, or actuarial science. Many actuaries pursue post-baccalaureate certificates (10.7%) or first professional degrees (10.7%) to enhance their credentials. Entry into the field typically involves passing rigorous actuarial examinations administered by professional organizations, which can take several years to complete while working in entry-level positions. Aspiring actuaries often begin as actuarial analysts or interns, gaining practical experience with statistical software and risk assessment methodologies under senior supervision.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Actuaries follow a well-defined progression from analyst to senior actuary to management roles, with many advancing to become chief risk officers, actuarial consultants, or executives in insurance and financial services companies. The profession offers opportunities to specialize in specific areas such as life insurance, health insurance, property and casualty, or pension planning. Senior actuaries often transition into consulting roles, providing expertise to multiple organizations, or move into regulatory positions with government agencies. The combination of mathematical expertise and business knowledge positions experienced actuaries for C-suite roles in risk management and financial planning.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
According to BLS OEWS May 2025, actuaries earn a median annual salary of $130,000, with the range spanning from $78,570 to $215,100, reflecting the profession's high value in the marketplace. With 26,670 professionals employed nationally, the field shows strong geographic concentration in financial centers, with Connecticut offering the highest wages at $166,800 compared to Puerto Rico's $68,100. The finance and insurance sector employs the vast majority (19,870) of actuaries, with professional services (3,910) and management companies (1,150) providing additional opportunities. The 2.45x wage ratio between highest and lowest-paying locations indicates significant regional variations driven by cost of living and industry concentration.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Actuarial work faces moderate automation pressure as machine learning algorithms increasingly handle routine data analysis and basic statistical modeling tasks. However, the profession's core activities of analyzing complex data relationships, making strategic risk decisions, and communicating findings to stakeholders remain highly resistant to automation. The emphasis on judgment, regulatory compliance evaluation, and client consultation ensures continued human relevance in the field.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [skill_overlap] Financial Risk Specialists (13-2054.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles require advanced mathematical reasoning, data analysis capabilities, and risk assessment expertise with similar knowledge requirements in economics and finance.
    data: Mathematical Reasoning (4.6 importance)
    data: Analyzing Data or Information (4.8 importance)
    data: Economics and Accounting knowledge (3.8 importance)
  [knowledge_overlap] Financial and Investment Analysts (13-2051.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Shared emphasis on mathematics, economics and accounting knowledge, plus similar computer and electronics proficiency for financial modeling.
    data: Mathematics knowledge (4.9 importance)
    data: Economics and Accounting (3.8 importance)
    data: Computers and Electronics (4.0 importance)
  [riasec_cluster] Economists (19-3011.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both occupations show high conventional and investigative RIASEC patterns, reflecting systematic analytical work with economic and statistical data.
    data: Conventional (C:6.29)
    data: Investigative (I:4.45)
    data: Economics and Accounting knowledge overlap
  [task_similarity] Insurance Underwriters (13-2053.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Direct task overlap in analyzing risk data, determining premium rates, and evaluating insurance policies and claims.
    data: Ascertain premium rates required
    data: Analyze statistical information to estimate risk rates
    data: Insurance industry focus
  [job_zone] Accountants and Auditors (13-2011.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both are Job Zone 4 occupations requiring considerable preparation, advanced mathematics, and financial analysis capabilities.
    data: Job Zone 4 classification
    data: Mathematics knowledge requirement
    data: Financial analysis work activities
  [career_pathway] Financial Managers (11-3031.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Actuaries frequently advance to financial management roles given their expertise in risk assessment, financial planning, and organizational decision-making.
    data: Manage financial activities of organization task
    data: Making Decisions and Solving Problems (4.5 importance)
    data: Senior management collaboration requirements

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['actuary', 'actuarial', 'risk assessment', 'statistical analysis', 'mortality rates', 'premium calculation', 'probability tables', 'insurance mathematics']
  exclude_keywords : ['sales', 'marketing', 'customer service', 'manual labor', 'retail']
  title_patterns   : ['*Actuary*', '*Actuarial*', 'Risk Analyst', 'Insurance Analyst', 'Forecast Analyst']
  common_variations: ['actuarial analyst', 'actuarial associate', 'actuarial consultant', 'insurance actuary', 'life actuary', 'health actuary', 'consulting actuary', 'corporate actuary']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['actuaries', 'financial', 'others', 'tendency', 'insurance', 'risk', 'management', 'equipment', 'actuarial', 'life', 'principles', 'activities', 'actuary', 'analysis', 'standards', 'mathematical', 'profession', 'products', 'includes', 'control']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
actuaries                  68  0.01611  wikipedia            wikipedia:81%  inference:19%
financial                  42  0.00995  wikipedia            wikipedia:55%  inference:19%  dwas:14%
others                     42  0.00995  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  dwas:5%  wikipedia:5%
tendency                   42  0.00995  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
insurance                  39  0.00924  wikipedia            wikipedia:74%  inference:18%  onet_tasks:8%
risk                       34  0.00806  wikipedia            wikipedia:68%  inference:26%  onet_dimensions:6%
management                 24  0.00569  wikipedia            wikipedia:42%  onet_dimensions:29%  inference:25%
equipment                  23  0.00545  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
actuarial                  23  0.00545  wikipedia            wikipedia:74%  inference:26%
life                       21  0.00498  wikipedia            wikipedia:90%  onet_dimensions:5%  inference:5%
principles                 17  0.00403  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:94%  wikipedia:6%
activities                 16  0.00379  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:56%  dwas:38%  inference:6%
actuary                    16  0.00379  wikipedia            wikipedia:94%  inference:6%
analysis                   14  0.00332  wikipedia            wikipedia:57%  onet_dimensions:29%  onet_tasks:7%
standards                  13  0.00308  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:62%  wikipedia:38%
mathematical               13  0.00308  inference            inference:46%  wikipedia:31%  onet_dimensions:23%
profession                 13  0.00308  wikipedia            wikipedia:69%  inference:31%
products                   12  0.00284  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:42%  wikipedia:42%  onet_tasks:8%
includes                   12  0.00284  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
control                    12  0.00284  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
objects                    12  0.00284  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
body                       12  0.00284  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:83%  wikipedia:17%
pass                       12  0.00284  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
business                   11  0.00261  wikipedia            wikipedia:45%  inference:27%  onet_tasks:18%
events                     11  0.00261  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  wikipedia:18%  onet_tasks:9%
techniques                 11  0.00261  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:91%  wikipedia:9%
needed                     11  0.00261  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:64%  wikipedia:27%  inference:9%
ideas                      11  0.00261  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
institute                  11  0.00261  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
companies                  10  0.00237  wikipedia            wikipedia:40%  onet_tasks:30%  inference:30%
public                     10  0.00237  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:40%  wikipedia:30%  onet_tasks:20%
risks                      10  0.00237  wikipedia            wikipedia:90%  onet_tasks:10%
design                     10  0.00237  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:60%  wikipedia:30%  onet_tasks:10%
determining                10  0.00237  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:60%  wikipedia:30%  onet_tasks:10%
resources                  10  0.00237  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  wikipedia:10%
providing                  10  0.00237  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:70%  inference:30%
materials                  10  0.00237  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
organization               10  0.00237  dwas                 dwas:60%  onet_dimensions:40%
century                    10  0.00237  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
future                      9  0.00213  wikipedia            wikipedia:56%  onet_tasks:22%  onet_dimensions:11%