[Core] [21% incumbents] Present the results of mathematical modeling and data analysis to management or other end users.
  DWAs: Present research results to others.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Define data requirements, and gather and validate information, applying judgment and statistical tests.
  DWAs: Evaluate data quality. | Apply mathematical principles or statistical approaches to solve problems in scientific or applied fields. | Determine appropriate methods for data analysis.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Perform validation and testing of models to ensure adequacy, and reformulate models, as necessary.
  DWAs: Develop scientific or mathematical models.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Prepare management reports defining and evaluating problems and recommending solutions.
  DWAs: Document operational activities.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Collaborate with others in the organization to ensure successful implementation of chosen problem solutions.
  DWAs: Collaborate with others to resolve information technology issues.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Formulate mathematical or simulation models of problems, relating constants and variables, restrictions, alternatives, conflicting objectives, and their numerical parameters.
  DWAs: Develop scientific or mathematical models.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Observe the current system in operation, and gather and analyze information about each of the component problems, using a variety of sources.
  DWAs: Conduct research to gain information about products or processes. | Troubleshoot issues with computer applications or systems.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Analyze information obtained from management to conceptualize and define operational problems.
  DWAs: Analyze data to identify or resolve operational problems.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Study and analyze information about alternative courses of action to determine which plan will offer the best outcomes.
  DWAs: Analyze project data to determine specifications or requirements.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Collaborate with senior managers and decision makers to identify and solve a variety of problems and to clarify management objectives.
  DWAs: Collaborate with others to resolve information technology issues.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Specify manipulative or computational methods to be applied to models.
  DWAs: Determine appropriate methods for data analysis.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Design, conduct, and evaluate experimental operational models in cases where models cannot be developed from existing data.
  DWAs: Design computer modeling or simulation programs.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Develop and apply time and cost networks to plan, control, and review large projects.
  DWAs: Develop detailed project plans. | Manage budgets for appropriate resource allocation.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Break systems into their components, assign numerical values to each component, and examine the mathematical relationships between them.
  DWAs: Apply mathematical principles or statistical approaches to solve problems in scientific or applied fields. | Analyze data to identify trends or relationships among variables.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Educate staff in the use of mathematical models.
  DWAs: Train others on work processes.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Develop business methods and procedures, including accounting systems, file systems, office systems, logistics systems, and production schedules.
  DWAs: Apply information technology to solve business or other applied problems.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Review research literature.
  DWAs: Review professional literature to maintain professional knowledge.

--- SKILLS ---
  Mathematics (imp:4.50 lvl:4.88) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Active Listening (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Writing (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Speaking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Learning (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Science (imp:3.25 lvl:3.25) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Monitoring (imp:2.88 lvl:3.12) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Mathematics (imp:4.71 lvl:6.43) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Computers and Electronics (imp:4.10 lvl:5.33) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Engineering and Technology (imp:3.95 lvl:5.14) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Production and Processing (imp:3.71 lvl:4.48) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  English Language (imp:3.57 lvl:4.05) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Design (imp:3.10 lvl:3.57) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Education and Training (imp:3.05 lvl:4.43) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Administration and Management (imp:2.81 lvl:3.81) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Economics and Accounting (imp:2.62 lvl:3.10) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:2.52 lvl:3.14) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.29 lvl:2.81) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Communications and Media (imp:2.14 lvl:1.95) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Law and Government (imp:2.10 lvl:1.95) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Transportation (imp:2.05 lvl:2.05) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Sales and Marketing (imp:2.00 lvl:2.52) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.00 lvl:1.67) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.86 lvl:1.90) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Physics (imp:1.81 lvl:1.90) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Psychology (imp:1.76 lvl:1.62) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Geography (imp:1.71 lvl:2.33) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Telecommunications (imp:1.71 lvl:1.43) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Mechanical (imp:1.62 lvl:1.24) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Administrative (imp:1.55 lvl:1.55) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Chemistry (imp:1.38 lvl:0.90) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Foreign Language (imp:1.38 lvl:0.86) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Food Production (imp:1.33 lvl:0.76) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Building and Construction (imp:1.29 lvl:0.67) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Biology (imp:1.24 lvl:0.52) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  History and Archeology (imp:1.24 lvl:0.48) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.24 lvl:0.71) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.19 lvl:0.33) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Fine Arts (imp:1.05 lvl:0.10) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i

--- ABILITIES ---
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:4.50 lvl:4.75) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.12 lvl:4.50) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.12 lvl:4.62) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.50) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Written Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Number Facility (imp:4.00 lvl:4.38) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Information Ordering (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Near Vision (imp:3.75 lvl:3.75) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.62 lvl:4.12) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Originality (imp:3.62 lvl:4.00) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.62 lvl:4.00) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.25 lvl:3.25) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Selective Attention (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Memorization (imp:2.88 lvl:2.75) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.75 lvl:2.50) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Far Vision (imp:2.75 lvl:2.62) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.50 lvl:2.50) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Visualization (imp:2.12 lvl:2.62) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Time Sharing (imp:2.00 lvl:2.00) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Trunk Strength (imp:1.75 lvl:1.12) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:1.75 lvl:1.12) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Auditory Attention (imp:1.75 lvl:0.75) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Depth Perception (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Control Precision (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Getting Information (imp:4.80 lvl:5.55) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.67 lvl:6.19) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.67 lvl:5.90) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Working with Computers (imp:4.67 lvl:4.81) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Processing Information (imp:4.48 lvl:6.00) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:4.33 lvl:5.33) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.24 lvl:5.71) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:4.24 lvl:5.43) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Thinking Creatively (imp:4.10 lvl:5.76) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.05 lvl:5.33) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.90 lvl:4.33) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.86 lvl:5.48) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.81 lvl:5.38) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.76 lvl:4.90) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.71 lvl:4.95) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.52 lvl:4.24) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.48 lvl:4.95) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:3.43 lvl:4.05) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.35 lvl:4.52) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.33 lvl:3.81) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.33 lvl:3.81) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.10 lvl:3.81) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:2.95 lvl:3.19) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.86 lvl:3.52) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:2.86 lvl:3.57) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:2.85 lvl:3.57) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.81 lvl:3.81) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:2.81 lvl:3.33) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.62 lvl:2.95) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:2.45 lvl:2.24) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.29 lvl:2.48) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:2.10 lvl:1.86) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.05 lvl:2.29) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:1.90 lvl:1.81) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.81 lvl:1.38) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.52 lvl:1.05) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.52 lvl:0.86) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.45 lvl:0.81) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.43 lvl:1.05) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.38 lvl:0.90) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.38 lvl:0.90) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:7.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:6.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:5.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:4.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.63) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Attention to Detail (imp:2.57) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.17) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Dependability (imp:2.16) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Innovation (imp:2.15) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Cautiousness (imp:2.06) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Integrity (imp:2.06) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.81) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Adaptability (imp:1.72) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.60) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance (imp:1.58) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Initiative (imp:1.38) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.24) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Cooperation (imp:1.06) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Innovation (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Leadership Orientation (imp:1.00) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Self-Control (imp:0.97) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Social Orientation (imp:0.79) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Sincerity (imp:0.57) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Humility (imp:0.56) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Optimism (imp:0.30) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Empathy (imp:0.25) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:4.12 lvl:4.50) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.88 lvl:4.38) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.88 lvl:4.25) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Operations Analysis (imp:3.75 lvl:4.25) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Coordination (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Time Management (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Instructing (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Persuasion (imp:2.88 lvl:3.12) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Service Orientation (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Programming (imp:2.62 lvl:2.75) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.62 lvl:2.62) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Negotiation (imp:2.12 lvl:2.38) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:1.88 lvl:1.25) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.88 lvl:1.38) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.88 lvl:1.38) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Management of Material Resources (imp:1.88 lvl:1.25) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Technology Design (imp:1.75 lvl:1.12) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 108,510
  annual_median    : $88,940
  annual_pct10     : $57,060
  annual_pct25     : $68,360
  annual_pct75     : $125,990
  annual_pct90     : $159,910
  annual_mean      : $99,730
  hourly_median    : $42.76

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Colorado ($129,880)
  lowest_state     : Puerto Rico ($57,000)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.279x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (48 total) ---
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:   26,270  median: $  80,870
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:   25,060  median: $  94,990
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   12,600  median: $  98,030
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:   10,550  median: $  97,610
  Educational Services                     emp:    7,870  median: $  79,640
  Information                              emp:    6,240  median: $ 102,160
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:    4,660  median: $  78,830
  Manufacturing                            emp:    4,230  median: $ 108,120
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    3,350  median: $  78,510
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:    2,970  median: $ 104,070

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (19 total) ---
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:   26,270  median: $  80,870
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:   25,060  median: $  94,990
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   12,600  median: $  98,030
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:   10,550  median: $  97,610
  Educational Services                     emp:    7,870  median: $  79,640
  Information                              emp:    6,240  median: $ 102,160
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:    4,660  median: $  78,830
  Manufacturing                            emp:    4,230  median: $ 108,120
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    3,350  median: $  78,510
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:    2,970  median: $ 104,070

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Operations research
match_score        : 0.8085
wikidata_qid       : Q194292
word_count         : 4,442
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:26:32.608684Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
Operations research (British English: operational research), often shortened to the initialism OR, is a branch of applied mathematics that deals with the development and application of analytical methods to improve management and decision-making. The term management science is occasionally used as a synonym.
Employing techniques from other mathematical sciences, such as modeling, statistics, and optimization, operations research arrives at optimal or near-optimal solutions to decision-making problems. Because of its emphasis on practical applications, operations research has overlapped with many other disciplines, notably industrial engineering. Operations research is often concerned with determining the extreme values of some real-world objective: the maximum (of profit, performance, or yield) or minimum (of loss, risk, or cost). Originating in military efforts before World War II, its techniques have grown to concern problems in a variety of industries.


== Overview ==
Operations research (OR) encompasses the development and the use of a wide range of problem-solving techniques and methods applied in the pursuit of improved decision-making and efficiency, such as simulation, mathematical optimization, queueing theory and other stochastic-process models, Markov decision processes, econometric methods, data envelopment analysis, ordinal priority approach, neural networks, expert systems, decision analysis, and the analytic hierarchy process. Nearly all of these techniques involve the construction of mathematical models that attempt to describe the system. Because of the computational and statistical nature of most of these fields, OR also has strong ties to computer science and analytics. Operational researchers faced with a new problem must determine which of these techniques are most appropriate given the nature of the system, the goals for improvement, and constraints on time and computing power, or develop a new technique specific to the problem at hand (and, afterwards, to that type of problem).
The major sub-disciplines (but not limited to) in modern operational research, as identified by the journal Operations Research and The Journal of the Operational Research Society   are:

Computing and information technologies
Financial engineering
Manufacturing, service sciences, and supply chain management
Policy modeling and public sector work
Revenue management
Simulation
Stochastic models
Transportation theory
Game theory for strategies
Linear programming
Nonlinear programming
Integer programming in NP-complete problem specially for 0-1 integer linear programming for binary
Dynamic programming in Aerospace engineering and Economics
Information theory used in Cryptography, Quantum computing
Quadratic programming for solutions of Quadratic equation and Quadratic function


== History ==
In the decades after the two World Wars, the tools of operations research were more widely applied to problems in business, industry, and society. Since that time, operational research has expanded into a field widely used in industries ranging from petrochemicals to airlines, finance, logistics, and government, with a focus on the development of mathematical models that can be used to analyze and optimize sometimes complex systems, and it has become an area of active academic and industrial research.


=== Historical origins ===
In the 17th century, mathematicians Blaise Pascal and Christiaan Huygens solved problems involving sometimes complex decisions (problem of points) by using game-theoretic ideas and expected values; others, such as Pierre de Fermat and Jacob Bernoulli, solved these types of problems using combinatorial reasoning instead. Charles Babbage's research into the cost of transportation and sorting of mail led to England's universal "Penny Post" in 1840, and to studies into the dynamical behaviour of railway vehicles in defence of the GWR's broad gauge. Beginning in the 20th century, study of inventory management could be considered the origin of modern operations research with economic order quantity developed by Ford W. Harris in 1913. Percy Bridgman brought operational research to bear on problems in physics in the 1920s and would later attempt to extend these to the social sciences.
Modern operational research originated at the Bawdsey Research Station in the UK in 1937 as the result of an initiative of the station's superintendent, A. P. Rowe and Robert Watson-Watt. Rowe conceived the idea as a means to analyse and improve the working of the UK's early-warning radar system, code-named "Chain Home" (CH). Initially, Rowe analysed the operating of the radar equipment and its communication networks, expanding later to include the operating personnel's behaviour. This revealed unappreciated limitations of the CH network and allowed remedial action to be taken.
Scientists in the United Kingdom (including Patrick Blackett (later Lord Blackett OM PRS), Cecil Gordon, Solly Zuckerman, (later Baron Zuckerman OM, KCB, FRS), C. H. Waddington, Owen Wansbrough-Jones, Frank Yates, Jacob Bronowski and Freeman Dyson), and in the United States (George Dantzig) looked for ways to make better decisions in such areas as logistics and training schedules.


=== Second World War ===
The modern field of operational research arose during World War II. In the World War II era, operational research was defined as "a scientific method of providing executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding the operations under their control". Other names for it included operational analysis (UK Ministry of Defence from 1962) and quantitative management.
During the Second World War close to 1,000 men and women in Britain were engaged in operational research. About 200 operational research scientists worked for the British Army.
Patrick Blackett worked for several different organizations during the war. Early in the war while working for the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) he set up a team known as the "Circus" which helped to reduce the number of anti-aircraft artillery rounds needed to shoot down an enemy aircraft from an average of over 20,000 at the start of the Battle of Britain to 4,000 in 1941.

In 1941, Blackett moved from the RAE to the Navy, after first working with RAF Coastal Command, in 1941 and then early in 1942 to the Admiralty. Blackett's team at Coastal Command's Operational Research Section (CC-ORS) included E. J. Williams, two future Nobel Prize winners and many other people who went on to be pre-eminent in their fields. They undertook a number of crucial analyses that aided the war effort. Britain introduced the convoy system to reduce shipping losses, but while the principle of using warships to accompany merchant ships was generally accepted, it was unclear whether it was better for convoys to be small or large. Convoys travel at the speed of the slowest member, so small convoys can travel faster. It was also argued that small convoys would be harder for German U-boats to detect. On the other hand, large convoys could deploy more warships against an attacker. Blackett's staff showed that the losses suffered by convoys depended largely on the number of escort vessels present, rather than the size of the convoy. Their conclusion was that a few large convoys are more defensible than many small ones.

While performing an analysis of the methods used by RAF Coastal Command to hunt and destroy submarines, one of the analysts asked what colour the aircraft were. As most of them were from Bomber Command they were painted black for night-time operations. At the suggestion of CC-ORS a test was run to see if that was the best colour to camouflage the aircraft for daytime operations in the grey North Atlantic skies. Tests showed that aircraft painted white were on average not spotted until they were 20% closer than those painted black. This change indicated that 30% more submarines would be attacked and sunk for the same number of sightings. As a res

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Business analyst (similarity: 0.5455)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_analyst
  QID: Q1017553
  Extract: A business analyst (BA) is a person who processes, interprets and documents business processes, products, services and software through analysis of data. The role of a business analyst is to ensure business efficiency increases through their knowledge of both IT and business function.

  Title: Arthur C. Brooks (similarity: 0.2273)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Brooks
  QID: Q4798155
  Extract: Arthur Charles Brooks is an American author and academic.

  Title: Badges of the United States Air Force (similarity: 0.2769)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Air_Force
  QID: Q4840872
  Extract: Badges of the United States Air Force are specific uniform insignia authorized by the United States Air Force that signify aeronautical ratings, special skills, career field qualifications, and serve as identification devices for personnel occupying certain assignments.

  Title: Marketing research (similarity: 0.5652)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_research
  QID: Q1141436
  Extract: Marketing research is the systematic gathering, recording, and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data about issues relating to marketing products and services. The goal is to identify and assess how changing elements of the marketing mix impacts customer behavior.

  Title: Sports analytics (similarity: 0.5000)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_analytics
  QID: Q28403107
  Extract: Sports analytics are collections of relevant historical statistics that can provide a competitive advantage to a team or individual by helping to inform players, coaches and other staff and help facilitate decision-making both during and prior to sporting events. The term "sports analytics" was popu

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong data quality with comprehensive O*NET profiles, clear BLS wage data, and excellent Wikipedia match. The 108,510 employment figure and detailed skill/knowledge profiles provide robust foundation for analysis.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T14:16:14.752728+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,464
tokens_output        : 4,291
cost_usd             : $0.047938
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Operations research
wikipedia_note       : Wikipedia confirms operations research as a branch of applied mathematics focused on analytical methods for improving management decision-making. The term management science is noted as an occasional synonym, validating the interdisciplinary nature of this field.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Operations Research Analysts apply advanced mathematical modeling and optimization techniques to solve complex business and organizational problems. They analyze data, develop decision support systems, and provide quantitative insights to guide strategic management decisions across finance, government, and consulting sectors. These analytical specialists bridge the gap between mathematical theory and practical business applications, using sophisticated statistical methods to improve operational efficiency and inform policy decisions.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
Operations Research Analysts begin their day by gathering and validating data using statistical tests and judgment to ensure information quality. They spend significant time developing and testing mathematical models, reformulating them as necessary to ensure adequacy for the problem at hand. Throughout the day, they analyze complex datasets using tools like Apache Hadoop and Amazon Redshift, identifying patterns and solving operational problems. They collaborate extensively with senior managers to conceptualize problems and present their findings through detailed management reports. Much of their work involves using computers to process information and interpret results, then communicating these insights to stakeholders who will implement the recommended solutions.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel as Operations Research Analysts possess exceptional mathematical reasoning abilities and strong deductive and inductive reasoning skills, as evidenced by the high importance ratings for these cognitive abilities. They demonstrate investigative and conventional personality traits, enjoying systematic problem-solving and detailed analytical work that requires precision. Successful practitioners exhibit high dependability and attention to detail, crucial for validating models and ensuring accuracy in their recommendations. They thrive on intellectual curiosity and complex problem-solving, comfortable working independently while also collaborating effectively with management teams to translate technical findings into actionable business strategies.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry into Operations Research requires extensive preparation, with 42.9% of practitioners holding Master's degrees and 33.3% having Bachelor's degrees, according to education distribution data. Strong foundations in mathematics, statistics, computer science, or engineering are essential, given the high-level mathematical reasoning and computer skills required. Many professionals also benefit from coursework in business administration or specific domain knowledge relevant to their target industry. Advanced knowledge of programming languages like C++, statistical software, and database systems is increasingly important for handling complex analytical tasks.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Operations Research Analysts can advance into senior analytical roles, management consulting positions, or specialized technical leadership roles in data science and business intelligence. The strong overlap with Data Scientists and Management Analysts creates natural progression paths into these high-demand fields. With experience, many transition into strategic planning roles, become independent consultants, or move into executive positions where they can directly influence organizational decision-making. Some pursue academic careers or research positions in specialized analytical domains, leveraging their advanced mathematical and modeling expertise.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The field employs 108,510 professionals with a median annual salary of $88,940, ranging from $57,060 to $159,910 according to BLS OEWS May 2025 data. Colorado offers the highest wages at $129,880, demonstrating significant geographic variation with a 2.28x ratio between highest and lowest paying regions. Employment is concentrated in Finance and Insurance (26,270 employed) and Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services (25,060 employed), reflecting strong demand in data-driven industries. The role's requirements for extensive preparation and advanced analytical skills position it well in the growing analytics and business intelligence market. Government sectors also represent substantial employment opportunities with 12,600 positions, indicating stable demand across public and private sectors.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Operations Research Analysts face moderate automation risk, as their core work activities involve high-level analytical thinking and complex problem-solving that require human judgment. While routine data processing and basic statistical analysis may become increasingly automated, the critical tasks of model formulation, validation, and interpretation of results for strategic decision-making remain distinctly human capabilities. The role's emphasis on collaboration with management and translating complex analytical findings into actionable business insights provides protection against full automation.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [skill_overlap] Data Scientists (15-2051.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share high importance in mathematical reasoning (4.5 vs 4.4), analyzing data or information, and working with computers, with O*NET classifying this as a primary-short related occupation.
    data: Mathematics skill importance 4.5
    data: Analyzing Data work activity importance 4.7
    data: O*NET Primary-Short relationship
  [task_similarity] Management Analysts (13-1111.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles involve preparing management reports, collaborating with senior managers to solve organizational problems, and analyzing information to make business recommendations.
    data: Prepare management reports task
    data: Collaborate with senior managers task
    data: O*NET Primary-Short relationship
  [knowledge_overlap] Software Developers (15-1252.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both require high-level knowledge in Computers and Electronics (4.1 importance) and share hot technologies like C++ and database systems.
    data: Computers and Electronics knowledge 4.1
    data: C++ hot technology
    data: Working with Computers activity 4.7
  [riasec_cluster] Statisticians (15-2041.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles exhibit strong investigative personality traits and require high mathematical reasoning abilities, with Operations Research showing Investigative code of 6.26.
    data: RIASEC Investigative 6.26
    data: Mathematical Reasoning ability 4.5
    data: Mathematics knowledge 4.7
  [transferable_skill] Database Architects (15-1243.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles require systems analysis (3.9 importance) and systems evaluation (3.9 importance) skills, with shared emphasis on working with computers and data processing.
    data: Systems Analysis transferable skill 3.9
    data: Systems Evaluation transferable skill 3.9
    data: Working with Computers activity 4.7
  [job_zone] Computer Systems Analysts (15-1211.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both occupations require Job Zone 5 extensive preparation and share high importance in complex problem solving and systems analysis capabilities.
    data: Job Zone 5 classification
    data: Complex Problem Solving transferable skill 4.1
    data: Systems Analysis skill 3.9

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['operations research', 'mathematical modeling', 'optimization', 'decision support', 'quantitative analysis', 'data analysis', 'statistical modeling', 'management science']
  exclude_keywords : ['market research', 'social research', 'clinical research', 'laboratory research', 'field research']
  title_patterns   : ['Operations Research Analyst', 'OR Analyst', 'Decision Support Analyst', 'Optimization Analyst', 'Quantitative Analyst']
  common_variations: ['Operations Researcher', 'Management Science Analyst', 'Decision Sciences Analyst', 'Mathematical Modeler', 'Optimization Specialist', 'Analytics Consultant', 'Quantitative Methods Analyst', 'Business Operations Research Analyst']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['research', 'operations', 'management', 'operational', 'others', 'tendency', 'problems', 'mathematical', 'problem', 'science', 'equipment', 'analysis', 'models', 'decision', 'principles', 'business', 'programming', 'journal', 'techniques', 'aircraft']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
research                  107  0.02074  wikipedia            wikipedia:89%  inference:7%  dwas:2%
operations                 70  0.01357  wikipedia            wikipedia:81%  inference:10%  onet_dimensions:9%
management                 52  0.01008  wikipedia            wikipedia:63%  inference:15%  onet_dimensions:13%
operational                46  0.00892  wikipedia            wikipedia:87%  onet_tasks:4%  dwas:4%
others                     44  0.00853  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:86%  dwas:9%  onet_tasks:2%
tendency                   42  0.00814  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
problems                   36  0.00698  wikipedia            wikipedia:42%  onet_dimensions:25%  onet_tasks:14%
mathematical               30  0.00581  wikipedia            wikipedia:43%  inference:20%  onet_tasks:13%
problem                    27  0.00523  wikipedia            wikipedia:56%  onet_dimensions:26%  inference:15%
science                    27  0.00523  wikipedia            wikipedia:81%  inference:11%  onet_dimensions:7%
equipment                  27  0.00523  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:85%  wikipedia:15%
analysis                   24  0.00465  wikipedia            wikipedia:67%  onet_dimensions:17%  dwas:8%
models                     22  0.00426  wikipedia            wikipedia:45%  onet_tasks:32%  dwas:9%
decision                   22  0.00426  wikipedia            wikipedia:68%  inference:18%  onet_dimensions:9%
principles                 22  0.00426  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  wikipedia:18%  dwas:9%
business                   20  0.00388  wikipedia            wikipedia:50%  inference:35%  onet_tasks:5%
programming                20  0.00388  wikipedia            wikipedia:85%  onet_dimensions:10%  inference:5%
journal                    20  0.00388  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
techniques                 19  0.00368  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:53%  wikipedia:42%  inference:5%
aircraft                   18  0.00349  wikipedia            wikipedia:94%  onet_dimensions:6%
applications               17  0.00330  wikipedia            wikipedia:65%  onet_dimensions:24%  dwas:6%
production                 16  0.00310  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:50%  wikipedia:44%  onet_tasks:6%
control                    15  0.00291  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  wikipedia:13%  onet_tasks:7%
society                    15  0.00291  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
includes                   14  0.00271  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:86%  wikipedia:14%
materials                  13  0.00252  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:77%  wikipedia:23%
planning                   13  0.00252  wikipedia            wikipedia:77%  onet_dimensions:15%  inference:8%
theory                     13  0.00252  wikipedia            wikipedia:85%  onet_dimensions:8%  inference:8%
activities                 13  0.00252  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:69%  wikipedia:15%  dwas:8%
war                        13  0.00252  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
modeling                   12  0.00233  wikipedia            wikipedia:58%  inference:17%  onet_tasks:8%
statistical                12  0.00233  wikipedia            wikipedia:42%  inference:33%  dwas:17%
solve                      12  0.00233  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:42%  dwas:25%  wikipedia:17%
ideas                      12  0.00233  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  wikipedia:8%
objects                    12  0.00233  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
developing                 12  0.00233  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:67%  wikipedia:25%  inference:8%
complex                    12  0.00233  inference            inference:50%  wikipedia:33%  onet_dimensions:17%
world                      12  0.00233  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
organization               11  0.00213  wikipedia            wikipedia:55%  onet_dimensions:36%  onet_tasks:9%
applied                    11  0.00213  wikipedia            wikipedia:55%  dwas:27%  onet_tasks:9%