[Core] [24% incumbents] Draw conclusions or make predictions, based on data summaries or statistical analyses.
  DWAs: Analyze data to identify trends or relationships among variables.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Analyze clinical or survey data, using statistical approaches such as longitudinal analysis, mixed-effect modeling, logistic regression analyses, and model-building techniques.
  DWAs: Analyze health-related data.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Write detailed analysis plans and descriptions of analyses and findings for research protocols or reports.
  DWAs: Present research results to others. | Prepare analytical reports.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Calculate sample size requirements for clinical studies.
  DWAs: Determine appropriate methods for data analysis.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Read current literature, attend meetings or conferences, and talk with colleagues to keep abreast of methodological or conceptual developments in fields such as biostatistics, pharmacology, life sciences, and social sciences.
  DWAs: Update knowledge about emerging industry or technology trends.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Design research studies in collaboration with physicians, life scientists, or other professionals.
  DWAs: Design research studies to obtain scientific information.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Prepare tables and graphs to present clinical data or results.
  DWAs: Prepare graphics or other visual representations of information.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Write program code to analyze data with statistical analysis software.
  DWAs: Write computer programming code.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Provide biostatistical consultation to clients or colleagues.
  DWAs: Advise customers on technical or procedural issues.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Review clinical or other medical research protocols and recommend appropriate statistical analyses.
  DWAs: Determine appropriate methods for data analysis.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Develop or implement data analysis algorithms.
  DWAs: Analyze data to identify trends or relationships among variables. | Develop scientific or mathematical models.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Determine project plans, timelines, or technical objectives for statistical aspects of biological research studies.
  DWAs: Develop detailed project plans.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Prepare statistical data for inclusion in reports to data monitoring committees, federal regulatory agencies, managers, or clients.
  DWAs: Analyze data to identify trends or relationships among variables.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Plan or direct research studies related to life sciences.
  DWAs: Design research studies to obtain scientific information.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Prepare articles for publication or presentation at professional conferences.
  DWAs: Present research results to others. | Prepare analytical reports.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Monitor clinical trials or experiments to ensure adherence to established procedures or to verify the quality of data collected.
  DWAs: Monitor operational activities to ensure compliance with regulations or standard operating procedures.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Write research proposals or grant applications for submission to external bodies.
  DWAs: Write grant proposals.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Design or maintain databases of biological data.
  DWAs: Create databases to store electronic data.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Collect data through surveys or experimentation.
  DWAs: Collect information from people through observation, interviews, or surveys. | Collect data about customer needs.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Apply research or simulation results to extend biological theory or recommend new research projects.
  DWAs: Apply mathematical principles or statistical approaches to solve problems in scientific or applied fields.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Develop or use mathematical models to track changes in biological phenomena, such as the spread of infectious diseases.
  DWAs: Apply mathematical principles or statistical approaches to solve problems in scientific or applied fields. | Design computer modeling or simulation programs.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Assign work to biostatistical assistants or programmers.
  DWAs: Assign duties or work schedules to employees.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Analyze archival data, such as birth, death, and disease records.
  DWAs: Analyze health-related data.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Design surveys to assess health issues.
  DWAs: Design research studies to obtain scientific information.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Teach graduate or continuing education courses or seminars in biostatistics.
  DWAs: Train others in computer interface or software use.

--- SKILLS ---
  Mathematics (imp:4.62 lvl:5.12) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:5.12) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Speaking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.50) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Science (imp:4.00 lvl:4.62) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Learning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Active Listening (imp:3.88 lvl:4.25) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Writing (imp:3.88 lvl:4.88) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.38 lvl:3.88) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Monitoring (imp:3.00 lvl:3.62) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Mathematics (imp:4.67 lvl:5.83) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  English Language (imp:3.88 lvl:4.61) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.70 lvl:4.88) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:3.04 lvl:2.96) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Biology (imp:2.88 lvl:4.29) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Education and Training (imp:2.77 lvl:3.83) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:2.54 lvl:2.54) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Administration and Management (imp:2.50 lvl:3.04) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Psychology (imp:2.39 lvl:3.35) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Administrative (imp:2.38 lvl:3.00) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.38 lvl:2.88) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Communications and Media (imp:2.18 lvl:2.21) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.96 lvl:2.21) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Law and Government (imp:1.96 lvl:1.79) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Design (imp:1.87 lvl:1.75) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.81 lvl:2.30) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Public Safety and Security (imp:1.79 lvl:1.54) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Production and Processing (imp:1.71 lvl:1.54) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Telecommunications (imp:1.71 lvl:1.21) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Economics and Accounting (imp:1.70 lvl:1.58) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.70 lvl:1.61) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Geography (imp:1.65 lvl:2.00) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.58 lvl:0.96) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Physics (imp:1.52 lvl:1.25) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Chemistry (imp:1.52 lvl:1.25) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Building and Construction (imp:1.38 lvl:0.67) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Foreign Language (imp:1.29 lvl:0.58) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.29 lvl:0.57) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Mechanical (imp:1.26 lvl:0.58) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Transportation (imp:1.22 lvl:0.50) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Fine Arts (imp:1.21 lvl:0.46) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  History and Archeology (imp:1.21 lvl:0.50) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Food Production (imp:1.13 lvl:0.38) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food

--- ABILITIES ---
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.25 lvl:5.00) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:4.25 lvl:5.00) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:5.00) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Expression (imp:4.12 lvl:5.12) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.12 lvl:4.88) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:5.12) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Expression (imp:3.88 lvl:4.88) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Information Ordering (imp:3.88 lvl:4.25) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Number Facility (imp:3.75 lvl:4.12) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.62 lvl:4.00) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.62 lvl:4.00) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Near Vision (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Originality (imp:3.25 lvl:3.88) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Speed of Closure (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Visualization (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Memorization (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Selective Attention (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Far Vision (imp:2.62 lvl:2.62) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Time Sharing (imp:1.88 lvl:1.75) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.75 lvl:1.62) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:1.62 lvl:1.12) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Depth Perception (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.62 lvl:0.88) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Auditory Attention (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Trunk Strength (imp:1.50 lvl:1.00) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Control Precision (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.38 lvl:0.50) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Static Strength (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.67 lvl:5.92) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Working with Computers (imp:4.65 lvl:4.52) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.36 lvl:5.00) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.23 lvl:5.39) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Processing Information (imp:4.17 lvl:5.26) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:4.14 lvl:5.10) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.13 lvl:5.52) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Getting Information (imp:4.04 lvl:4.33) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.86 lvl:5.17) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.78 lvl:4.88) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.67 lvl:4.67) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:3.57 lvl:4.09) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.57 lvl:4.83) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.54 lvl:4.33) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:3.45 lvl:4.00) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.21 lvl:3.21) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.21 lvl:3.67) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.18 lvl:3.87) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.17 lvl:3.88) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.13 lvl:3.83) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.09 lvl:3.78) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.04 lvl:3.71) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:2.91 lvl:3.35) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:2.70 lvl:2.91) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:2.65 lvl:3.04) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.65 lvl:3.39) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.45 lvl:2.79) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.25 lvl:2.29) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.18 lvl:2.58) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:2.17 lvl:1.83) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.13 lvl:2.09) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:2.09 lvl:2.43) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:1.86 lvl:1.70) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.59 lvl:1.00) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.57 lvl:0.74) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:1.55 lvl:1.18) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.43 lvl:0.65) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.39 lvl:0.83) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.35 lvl:0.61) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.26 lvl:0.39) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.26 lvl:0.39) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:7.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:6.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:5.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:4.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Attention to Detail (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Dependability (imp:2.59) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.17) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Integrity (imp:2.10) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:2.06) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Innovation (imp:2.03) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.70) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Perseverance (imp:1.70) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Initiative (imp:1.41) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.41) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Adaptability (imp:1.38) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.38) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Cooperation (imp:1.23) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Innovation (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Humility (imp:0.70) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Leadership Orientation (imp:0.66) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Self-Control (imp:0.59) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Social Orientation (imp:0.47) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Sincerity (imp:0.32) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Optimism (imp:0.24) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Empathy (imp:0.12) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:4.00 lvl:4.50) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:4.00 lvl:4.38) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Programming (imp:3.38 lvl:4.00) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Instructing (imp:3.12 lvl:4.00) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.12 lvl:3.88) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.12 lvl:3.75) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Operations Analysis (imp:3.00 lvl:3.38) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Time Management (imp:3.00 lvl:3.50) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Persuasion (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Service Orientation (imp:2.75 lvl:2.75) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.75 lvl:3.12) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Negotiation (imp:2.00 lvl:2.50) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.75 lvl:1.25) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.75 lvl:1.25) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Management of Material Resources (imp:1.75 lvl:1.00) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Technology Design (imp:1.62 lvl:1.00) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.50 lvl:0.62) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 29,030
  annual_median    : $105,650
  annual_pct10     : $64,000
  annual_pct25     : $82,220
  annual_pct75     : $141,490
  annual_pct90     : $174,050
  annual_mean      : $115,700
  hourly_median    : $50.79

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : District of Columbia ($140,670)
  lowest_state     : Puerto Rico ($49,730)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.829x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (46 total) ---
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:    9,440  median: $ 110,120
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    7,400  median: $ 114,920
  Educational Services                     emp:    3,740  median: $  82,480
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    2,440  median: $ 100,900
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    1,390  median: $ 117,060
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--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (14 total) ---
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  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    2,440  median: $ 100,900
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    1,390  median: $ 117,060
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:    1,310  median: $ 102,620
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:      780  median: $ 144,730
  Manufacturing                            emp:      570  median: $ 136,800
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      470  median: $  98,260
  Information                              emp:      460  median: $ 124,300

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Biostatistics
match_score        : 0.8966
wikidata_qid       : Q214746
word_count         : 5,465
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostatistics
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:27:01.660743Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
Biostatistics (sometimes referred to as biometry) is a branch of statistics that applies statistical methods to a wide range of topics in the biological sciences, with a focus on clinical medicine and public health applications. 
The field encompasses the design of experiments, the collection and analysis of experimental and observational data, and the interpretation of the results.
It is closely related to medical statistics.


== History ==


=== Biostatistics and genetics ===
Biostatistical modeling forms an important part of numerous modern biological theories. Genetics studies, since its beginning, used statistical concepts to understand observed experimental results. Some genetics scientists even contributed with statistical advances with the development of methods and tools. Gregor Mendel started the genetics studies investigating genetics segregation patterns in families of peas and used statistics to explain the collected data. In the early 1900s, after the rediscovery of Mendel's Mendelian inheritance work, there were gaps in understanding between genetics and evolutionary Darwinism. Francis Galton tried to expand Mendel's discoveries with human data and proposed a different model with fractions of the heredity coming from each ancestral composing an infinite series. He called this the theory of "Law of Ancestral Heredity". His ideas were strongly disagreed by William Bateson, who followed Mendel's conclusions, that genetic inheritance were exclusively from the parents, half from each of them. This led to a vigorous debate between the biometricians, who supported Galton's ideas, as Raphael Weldon, Arthur Dukinfield Darbishire and Karl Pearson, and Mendelians, who supported Bateson's (and Mendel's) ideas, such as Charles Davenport and Wilhelm Johannsen. Later, biometricians could not reproduce Galton conclusions in different experiments, and Mendel's ideas prevailed. By the 1930s, models built on statistical reasoning had helped to resolve these differences and to produce the neo-Darwinian modern evolutionary synthesis.
Solving these differences also allowed to define the concept of population genetics and brought together genetics and evolution. The three leading figures in the establishment of population genetics and this synthesis all relied on statistics and developed its use in biology.

Ronald Fisher worked alongside statistician Betty Allan developing several basic statistical methods in support of his work studying the crop experiments at Rothamsted Research, published in Fisher's books Statistical Methods for Research Workers (1925) and The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (1930), as well as Allan's scientific papers. Fisher went on to give many contributions to genetics and statistics. Some of them include the ANOVA, p-value concepts, Fisher's exact test and Fisher's equation for population dynamics. He is credited for the sentence "Natural selection is a mechanism for generating an exceedingly high degree of improbability".
Sewall G. Wright developed F-statistics and methods of computing them and defined inbreeding coefficient.
J. B. S. Haldane's book, The Causes of Evolution, reestablished natural selection as the premier mechanism of evolution by explaining it in terms of the mathematical consequences of Mendelian genetics. He also developed the theory of primordial soup.
These and other biostatisticians, mathematical biologists, and statistically inclined geneticists helped bring together evolutionary biology and genetics into a consistent, coherent whole that could begin to be quantitatively modeled.
In parallel to this overall development, the pioneering work of D'Arcy Thompson in On Growth and Form also helped to add quantitative discipline to biological study.
Despite the fundamental importance and frequent necessity of statistical reasoning, there may nonetheless have been a tendency among biologists to distrust or deprecate results which are not qualitatively apparent. One anecdote describes Thomas Hunt Morgan banning the Friden calculator from his department at Caltech, saying "Well, I am like a guy who is prospecting for gold along the banks of the Sacramento River in 1849. With a little intelligence, I can reach down and pick up big nuggets of gold. And as long as I can do that, I'm not going to let any people in my department waste scarce resources in placer mining."


== Research planning ==
Any research in life sciences is proposed to answer a scientific question we might have. To answer this question with a high certainty, we need accurate results. The correct definition of the main hypothesis and the research plan will reduce errors while taking a decision in understanding a phenomenon. The research plan might include the research question, the hypothesis to be tested, the experimental design, data collection methods, data analysis perspectives and costs involved. It is essential to carry the study based on the three basic principles of experimental statistics: randomization, replication, and local control.


=== Research question ===
The research question will define the objective of a study. The research will be headed by the question, so it needs to be concise, at the same time it is focused on interesting and novel topics that may improve science and knowledge and that field. To define the way to ask the scientific question, an exhaustive literature review might be necessary. So the research can be useful to add value to the scientific community.


=== Hypothesis definition ===
Once the aim of the study is defined, the possible answers to the research question can be proposed, transforming this question into a hypothesis. The main propose is called null hypothesis (H0) and is usually based on a permanent knowledge about the topic or an obvious occurrence of the phenomena, sustained by a deep literature review. We can say it is the standard expected answer for the data under the situation in test. In general, HO assumes no association between treatments. On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis is the denial of HO. It assumes some degree of association between the treatment and the outcome. Although, the hypothesis is sustained by question research and its expected and unexpected answers.
As an example, consider groups of similar animals (mice, for example) under two different diet systems. The research question would be: what is the best diet? In this case, H0 would be that there is no difference between the two diets in mice metabolism (H0: μ1 = μ2) and the alternative hypothesis would be that the diets have different effects over animals metabolism (H1: μ1 ≠ μ2).
The hypothesis is defined by the researcher, according to his/her interests in answering the main question. Besides that, the alternative hypothesis can be more than one hypothesis. It can assume not only differences across observed parameters, but their degree of differences (i.e. higher or shorter).


=== Sampling ===
Usually, a study aims to understand an effect of a phenomenon over a population. In biology, a population is defined as all the individuals of a given species, in a specific area at a given time. In biostatistics, this concept is extended to a variety of collections possible of study. Although, in biostatistics, a population is not only the individuals, but the total of one specific component of their organisms, as the whole genome, or all the sperm cells, for animals, or the total leaf area, for a plant, for example.
It is not possible to take the measures from all the elements of a population. Because of that, the sampling process is very important for statistical inference. Sampling is defined as to randomly get a representative part of the entire population, to make posterior inferences about the population. So, the sample might catch the most variability across a population. The sample size is determined by several things, since the scope of the research to the resources available. In clinical research, the trial typ

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Disease cluster (similarity: 0.1935)
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A disease cluster is an unusually large aggregation of a relatively uncommon disease or event within a particular geographical location or period. Recognition of a cluster depends on its size being greater than would be expected by chance. Identification of a suspected disease cluster may initially

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This is a list of women who have made noteworthy contributions to or achievements in statistics.

  Title: Marvin Zelen (similarity: 0.1429)
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  Extract: Marvin Zelen was Professor Emeritus of Biostatistics in the Department of Biostatistics at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (HSPH), and Lemuel Shattuck Research Professor of Statistical Science. During the 1980s, Zelen chaired HSPH's Department of Biostatistics. Among colleagues in the 

  Title: Ying Guo (similarity: 0.1667)
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  QID: Q83202886
  Extract: Ying Guo is a Chinese biostatistician specializing in biomedical imaging, neuroimaging, and high-dimensional data analysis. She is a professor of biostatistics and bioinformatics at Emory University, where she directs the Emory Center for Biomedical Imaging Statistics(CBIS).

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  Extract: Evolutionary thought, the recognition that species change over time and the perceived understanding of how such processes work, has roots in antiquity. With the beginnings of modern biological taxonomy in the late 17th century, two opposed ideas influenced Western biological thinking: essentialism, 

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong data convergence across O*NET skills, work activities, and industry employment patterns. Wikipedia validation supports occupational definition. Extensive wage and geographic data provide robust market intelligence foundation.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T14:18:06.412870+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,437
tokens_output        : 4,350
cost_usd             : $0.047398
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Biostatistics
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia match confirms biostatistics as a specialized statistical field focused on biological and clinical applications. The definition aligns with O*NET's emphasis on life sciences applications and experimental design in medical research contexts.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Biostatisticians develop and apply statistical methods to biological and life sciences research, with particular emphasis on clinical medicine and public health applications. They design research studies, analyze complex biological data using advanced statistical techniques, and interpret findings to support evidence-based medical decisions. These specialists serve as the statistical backbone of clinical trials, epidemiological studies, and biological research across pharmaceutical, government, and academic settings.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
A biostatistician begins their day reviewing clinical trial protocols and designing statistical analysis plans for new research studies. They spend significant time analyzing health-related data using specialized software like R, SAS, or SPSS, employing techniques such as longitudinal analysis and mixed-effect modeling. Much of their work involves writing program code to execute complex statistical analyses, then preparing detailed reports, tables, and visualizations to communicate findings to physicians and researchers. They regularly collaborate with clinical teams to determine appropriate sample sizes, review study designs, and provide statistical consultation on methodology. Throughout the day, they stay current with statistical literature and attend research meetings to discuss findings and methodological approaches.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel as biostatisticians possess exceptional mathematical reasoning abilities and can think both inductively and deductively to solve complex problems. They demonstrate intellectual curiosity combined with meticulous attention to detail, as statistical accuracy in medical research can have life-or-death implications. Strong communicators who can translate complex statistical concepts for medical professionals and write clear, detailed analysis reports perform well in this role. The work suits those who enjoy investigative tasks, prefer structured analytical environments, and find satisfaction in contributing to medical advances through rigorous statistical methodology.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry into biostatistics typically requires a master's degree (58.3% of practitioners) with strong coursework in statistics, mathematics, and biological sciences. Many positions prefer candidates with doctoral degrees (29.2%), particularly in academic and research settings. Essential preparation includes proficiency in statistical programming languages, experience with clinical data analysis, and understanding of research methodology. Internships at pharmaceutical companies, government health agencies, or academic medical centers provide valuable practical experience with real-world biostatistical applications.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Biostatisticians advance from junior analyst roles to senior biostatistician positions, often specializing in areas like clinical trials, epidemiology, or bioinformatics. Career progression typically leads to principal biostatistician roles overseeing statistical teams, or transition into data science leadership positions in pharmaceutical or technology companies. Many pursue academic careers becoming research faculty or department heads, while others move into regulatory affairs at agencies like the FDA or consulting roles in contract research organizations.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The biostatistics field offers strong compensation with a median annual salary of $105,650 (BLS OEWS May 2025), ranging from $64,000 to $174,050 across experience levels. Employment of 29,030 professionals is concentrated in professional services (9,440), government agencies (7,400), and educational institutions (3,740). Geographic opportunities vary significantly, with the District of Columbia offering the highest wages at $140,670 compared to Puerto Rico at $49,730. The growing emphasis on evidence-based medicine, precision health initiatives, and regulatory requirements for statistical rigor in clinical research drives consistent demand. The field benefits from expansion in pharmaceutical development, health technology assessment, and big data applications in healthcare.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Biostatisticians face moderate automation risk as statistical software becomes more sophisticated, but their core analytical and interpretive functions remain largely protected. While routine data processing and standard statistical tests may become more automated, the complex reasoning required for study design, methodology selection, and results interpretation requires human expertise. The field is evolving toward greater collaboration with machine learning specialists and data scientists, positioning biostatisticians to integrate traditional statistical methods with emerging AI approaches in medical research.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [skill_overlap] Data Scientists (15-2051.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share high-level mathematical reasoning, programming skills, and data analysis activities with similar analytical software proficiency.
    data: Mathematics skill importance 4.6-4.7
    data: Programming transferable skill level 4.0
    data: Analyzing Data work activity importance 4.7
  [knowledge_overlap] Statisticians (15-2041.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Direct occupational relationship with shared mathematical knowledge requirements and statistical methodology focus.
    data: Mathematics knowledge level 5.8
    data: Mathematical Reasoning ability level 5.0
    data: Same SOC major group 15-2041
  [riasec_cluster] Bioinformatics Scientists (19-1029.01) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both professions exhibit strong Investigative RIASEC orientation focused on biological data analysis and research applications.
    data: Investigative RIASEC score 7.00
    data: Biology knowledge level 4.3
    data: Life sciences research focus
  [task_similarity] Clinical Data Managers (15-2051.02) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Overlapping responsibilities in clinical data analysis, research protocol development, and statistical reporting for medical research.
    data: Clinical data analysis tasks
    data: Research protocol involvement
    data: Professional services industry employment
  [career_pathway] Clinical Research Coordinators (11-9121.01) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Natural progression path from coordination roles to specialized biostatistical analysis within clinical research environments.
    data: Clinical research focus
    data: Research study design involvement
    data: Healthcare industry overlap
  [knowledge_overlap] Mathematicians (15-2021.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Shared advanced mathematical knowledge base and analytical reasoning requirements across both disciplines.
    data: Mathematics knowledge importance 4.7
    data: Mathematical Reasoning ability 5.0
    data: Job Zone 5 education requirements

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['biostatistician', 'biostatistics', 'clinical statistician', 'medical statistician', 'health data analyst', 'epidemiologist statistician', 'pharmaceutical statistician', 'biometrician']
  exclude_keywords : ['general statistician', 'market research', 'quality control', 'business analyst', 'survey researcher']
  title_patterns   : ['*biostatistician*', '*clinical*statistician*', '*medical*statistician*', '*research*biostatistician*', '*health*statistician*']
  common_variations: ['biostatistician', 'clinical biostatistician', 'research biostatistician', 'medical biostatistician', 'biostatistical consultant', 'biomathematician', 'biometrician', 'statistical scientist']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['research', 'statistical', 'others', 'tendency', 'analysis', 'biostatistics', 'hypothesis', 'design', 'biological', 'population', 'equipment', 'clinical', 'health', 'studies', 'principles', 'genetics', 'results', 'control', 'techniques', 'value']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
research                   57  0.01040  wikipedia            wikipedia:53%  inference:23%  onet_tasks:14%
statistical                53  0.00967  wikipedia            wikipedia:53%  inference:32%  onet_tasks:11%
others                     46  0.00839  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:83%  wikipedia:9%  dwas:7%
tendency                   44  0.00803  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:95%  wikipedia:5%
analysis                   36  0.00657  wikipedia            wikipedia:61%  onet_tasks:11%  onet_dimensions:11%
biostatistics              31  0.00566  wikipedia            wikipedia:84%  inference:10%  onet_tasks:6%
hypothesis                 28  0.00511  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
design                     27  0.00493  wikipedia            wikipedia:41%  onet_dimensions:22%  dwas:15%
biological                 25  0.00456  wikipedia            wikipedia:64%  inference:20%  onet_tasks:16%
population                 24  0.00438  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
equipment                  23  0.00420  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
clinical                   22  0.00402  wikipedia            wikipedia:41%  inference:36%  onet_tasks:23%
health                     21  0.00383  wikipedia            wikipedia:57%  inference:24%  dwas:10%
studies                    20  0.00365  wikipedia            wikipedia:50%  onet_tasks:20%  dwas:15%
principles                 20  0.00365  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  dwas:10%  wikipedia:10%
genetics                   19  0.00347  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
results                    18  0.00329  wikipedia            wikipedia:67%  onet_tasks:11%  dwas:11%
control                    18  0.00329  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:67%  wikipedia:33%
techniques                 17  0.00310  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:59%  wikipedia:24%  inference:12%
value                      17  0.00310  wikipedia            wikipedia:94%  onet_dimensions:6%
applications               16  0.00292  wikipedia            wikipedia:38%  inference:31%  onet_dimensions:25%
ideas                      16  0.00292  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:69%  wikipedia:31%
study                      15  0.00274  wikipedia            wikipedia:87%  inference:13%
learning                   14  0.00255  wikipedia            wikipedia:64%  onet_dimensions:29%  inference:7%
includes                   14  0.00255  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:86%  wikipedia:7%  inference:7%
tools                      14  0.00255  wikipedia            wikipedia:64%  onet_dimensions:36%
experimental               14  0.00255  wikipedia            wikipedia:93%  inference:7%
error                      14  0.00255  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
selection                  13  0.00237  wikipedia            wikipedia:77%  onet_dimensions:15%  inference:8%
public                     13  0.00237  wikipedia            wikipedia:62%  onet_dimensions:31%  inference:8%
gene                       13  0.00237  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
medical                    12  0.00219  inference            inference:58%  wikipedia:25%  onet_tasks:8%
mathematical               12  0.00219  wikipedia            wikipedia:33%  onet_dimensions:25%  dwas:25%
problems                   12  0.00219  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:75%  dwas:17%  inference:8%
scientific                 12  0.00219  dwas                 dwas:50%  wikipedia:42%  onet_dimensions:8%
resources                  12  0.00219  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:75%  wikipedia:25%
objects                    12  0.00219  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
collection                 12  0.00219  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
question                   12  0.00219  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
model                      11  0.00201  wikipedia            wikipedia:91%  onet_tasks:9%