[Core] [58% incumbents] Specify and supervise well modification and stimulation programs to maximize oil and gas recovery.
  DWAs: Determine operational methods. | Direct energy production or management activities.

[Core] [58% incumbents] Monitor production rates, and plan rework processes to improve production.
  DWAs: Monitor the productivity or efficiency of industrial operations. | Develop technical methods or processes.

[Core] [58% incumbents] Maintain records of drilling and production operations.
  DWAs: Maintain operational records or records systems.

[Core] [58% incumbents] Analyze data to recommend placement of wells and supplementary processes to enhance production.
  DWAs: Analyze physical, survey, or geographic data.

[Core] [58% incumbents] Assist engineering and other personnel to solve operating problems.
  DWAs: Resolve operational performance problems.

[Core] [58% incumbents] Direct and monitor the completion and evaluation of wells, well testing, or well surveys.
  DWAs: Direct quality control activities.

[Core] [58% incumbents] Develop plans for oil and gas field drilling, and for product recovery and treatment.
  DWAs: Prepare detailed work plans.

[Core] [58% incumbents] Confer with scientific, engineering, and technical personnel to resolve design, research, and testing problems.
  DWAs: Confer with other personnel to resolve design or operational problems.

[Core] [58% incumbents] Interpret drilling and testing information for personnel.
  DWAs: Explain engineering drawings, specifications, or other technical information.

[Core] [58% incumbents] Coordinate activities of workers engaged in research, planning, and development.
  DWAs: Direct design or development activities.

[Core] [58% incumbents] Write technical reports for engineering and management personnel.
  DWAs: Prepare technical reports for internal use.

[Supplemental] [58% incumbents] Test machinery and equipment to ensure that it is safe and conforms to performance specifications.
  DWAs: Test performance of electrical, electronic, mechanical, or integrated systems or equipment.

[Supplemental] [58% incumbents] Assign work to staff to obtain maximum utilization of personnel.
  DWAs: Supervise engineering or other technical personnel.

[Supplemental] [58% incumbents] Simulate reservoir performance for different recovery techniques, using computer models.
  DWAs: Create models of engineering designs or methods.

[Supplemental] [58% incumbents] Design and implement environmental controls on oil and gas operations.
  DWAs: Design environmental control systems.

[Supplemental] [58% incumbents] Supervise the removal of drilling equipment, the removal of any waste, and the safe return of land to structural stability when wells or pockets are exhausted.
  DWAs: Direct energy production or management activities.

[Supplemental] [58% incumbents] Inspect oil and gas wells to determine that installations are completed.
  DWAs: Inspect equipment or systems.

[Supplemental] [58% incumbents] Coordinate the installation, maintenance, and operation of mining and oil field equipment.
  DWAs: Direct installation activities. | Direct equipment maintenance or repair activities. | Direct energy production or management activities.

[Supplemental] [58% incumbents] Take samples to assess the amount and quality of oil, the depth at which resources lie, and the equipment needed to properly extract them.
  DWAs: Collect samples of raw materials or finished products.

[Supplemental] [58% incumbents] Design or modify mining and oil field machinery and tools, applying engineering principles.
  DWAs: Design industrial equipment.

[Supplemental] [58% incumbents] Conduct engineering research experiments to improve or modify mining and oil machinery and operations.
  DWAs: Research advanced engineering designs or applications.

[Core] [57% incumbents] Assess costs and estimate the production capabilities and economic value of oil and gas wells, to evaluate the economic viability of potential drilling sites.
  DWAs: Analyze costs and benefits of proposed designs or projects.

[Core] [57% incumbents] Evaluate findings to develop, design, or test equipment or processes.
  DWAs: Interpret design or operational test results.

[EMERGING:New] Use drone technology for aerial surveying and monitoring of drilling sites.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.38) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Listening (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Writing (imp:3.88 lvl:4.25) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Speaking (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Active Learning (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Monitoring (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Science (imp:3.38 lvl:4.00) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
  Mathematics (imp:3.25 lvl:4.00) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Engineering and Technology (imp:4.40 lvl:5.25) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Mathematics (imp:4.12 lvl:5.02) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Physics (imp:3.52 lvl:4.55) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.51 lvl:4.02) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Chemistry (imp:3.39 lvl:4.41) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Administration and Management (imp:3.35 lvl:4.12) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Economics and Accounting (imp:3.20 lvl:3.48) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Administrative (imp:3.19 lvl:3.76) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  English Language (imp:3.15 lvl:3.82) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Design (imp:3.14 lvl:3.72) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Law and Government (imp:3.14 lvl:3.30) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Mechanical (imp:2.81 lvl:3.29) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:2.63 lvl:3.08) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.37 lvl:2.18) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Education and Training (imp:2.33 lvl:3.13) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Geography (imp:2.22 lvl:3.02) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Sales and Marketing (imp:2.17 lvl:2.33) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Communications and Media (imp:2.17 lvl:1.98) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.13 lvl:2.43) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Production and Processing (imp:2.03 lvl:2.00) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Transportation (imp:2.03 lvl:2.00) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Telecommunications (imp:2.00) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Biology (imp:1.79 lvl:1.70) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Building and Construction (imp:1.69 lvl:1.14) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Foreign Language (imp:1.69) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Psychology (imp:1.46 lvl:1.12) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.18) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  History and Archeology (imp:1.13) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.13 lvl:0.44) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Food Production (imp:1.05) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.05) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.05) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Fine Arts (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform

--- ABILITIES ---
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.62) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.62) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Written Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.62) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.75 lvl:4.00) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Information Ordering (imp:3.75 lvl:4.00) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Near Vision (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.50 lvl:3.25) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.50 lvl:3.25) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Originality (imp:3.38 lvl:3.88) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:3.25 lvl:3.88) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Visualization (imp:3.25 lvl:3.25) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Number Facility (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Selective Attention (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Perceptual Speed (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Time Sharing (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Far Vision (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.75 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Memorization (imp:2.62 lvl:2.00) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.62 lvl:2.75) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:2.38 lvl:2.25) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Finger Dexterity (imp:2.12 lvl:1.50) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Depth Perception (imp:2.00 lvl:2.00) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.00 lvl:2.00) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Control Precision (imp:1.75 lvl:1.25) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.50 lvl:0.62) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Trunk Strength (imp:1.38 lvl:0.62) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Reaction Time (imp:1.12 lvl:0.25) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.12 lvl:0.25) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.58 lvl:5.32) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.49 lvl:5.26) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Working with Computers (imp:4.43 lvl:4.32) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Getting Information (imp:4.40 lvl:5.11) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:4.37 lvl:5.06) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Processing Information (imp:4.20 lvl:5.47) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:4.18 lvl:5.62) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Thinking Creatively (imp:4.11 lvl:5.39) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:4.10 lvl:4.64) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.10 lvl:5.26) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:4.10 lvl:4.46) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:4.01 lvl:4.82) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:3.95 lvl:5.27) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.77 lvl:4.31) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.77 lvl:4.08) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.74 lvl:4.58) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.74 lvl:4.83) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:3.72 lvl:4.54) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.69 lvl:4.50) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.67 lvl:5.44) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:3.56 lvl:4.55) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.41 lvl:4.21) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:3.39 lvl:3.92) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.37 lvl:3.63) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.33 lvl:4.79) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.22 lvl:3.75) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.83 lvl:3.44) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:2.82 lvl:3.90) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.78 lvl:3.33) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:2.72 lvl:3.09) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:2.63 lvl:3.16) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:2.51 lvl:2.71) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.42 lvl:2.58) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:2.10 lvl:2.37) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.56) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.54 lvl:1.13) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.53) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.41) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:1.39 lvl:2.29) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.36 lvl:0.93) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.36) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:8.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:7.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:6.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:5.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:4.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:3.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Attention to Detail (imp:2.57) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Cautiousness (imp:2.50) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Dependability (imp:2.47) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.20) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Innovation (imp:2.18) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.14) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Perseverance (imp:2.12) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Integrity (imp:2.03) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Perseverance (imp:2.00) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.80) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Adaptability (imp:1.79) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.73) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Initiative (imp:1.66) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.49) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Leadership Orientation (imp:1.42) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Self-Control (imp:1.31) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Cooperation (imp:1.08) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Innovation (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Social Orientation (imp:0.75) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Sincerity (imp:0.57) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Optimism (imp:0.47) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Humility (imp:0.17) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Empathy (imp:0.13) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.62 lvl:3.62) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Coordination (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Time Management (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Persuasion (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Instructing (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Service Orientation (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Negotiation (imp:2.88 lvl:3.38) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:2.88 lvl:3.12) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.88 lvl:3.50) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Management of Material Resources (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:2.62 lvl:2.62) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:2.50 lvl:2.50) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Operations Analysis (imp:2.25 lvl:1.75) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Technology Design (imp:2.25 lvl:2.25) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Troubleshooting (imp:2.25 lvl:2.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Operation and Control (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.88 lvl:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Programming (imp:1.88 lvl:1.12) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Installation (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.12 lvl:0.25) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 18,060
  annual_median    : $144,910
  annual_pct10     : $81,440
  annual_pct25     : $106,270
  annual_pct75     : $197,920
  annual_pct90     : $253,200
  annual_mean      : $157,150
  hourly_median    : $69.67

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Alaska ($206,290)
  lowest_state     : West Virginia ($93,360)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.210x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (16 total) ---
  Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction emp:    9,180  median: $ 166,450
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:    3,450  median: $  96,040
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    1,670  median: $ 171,710
  Manufacturing                            emp:    1,380  median: $ 165,030
  Transportation and Warehousing           emp:      990  median: $ 134,400
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:      610  median: $ 141,770
  Utilities                                emp:      380  median: $ 106,260
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:       60  median: $ 217,210
  Educational Services                     emp:       30  median: $ 100,470

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (9 total) ---
  Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction emp:    9,180  median: $ 166,450
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:    3,450  median: $  96,040
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    1,670  median: $ 171,710
  Manufacturing                            emp:    1,380  median: $ 165,030
  Transportation and Warehousing           emp:      990  median: $ 134,400
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:      610  median: $ 141,770
  Utilities                                emp:      380  median: $ 106,260
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:       60  median: $ 217,210
  Educational Services                     emp:       30  median: $ 100,470

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Petroleum engineering
match_score        : 0.9000
wikidata_qid       : Q1273174
word_count         : 1,384
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_engineering
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:35:15.532014Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
Petroleum engineering is a field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas or both. Exploration and production are deemed to fall within the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry. Exploration, by earth scientists, and petroleum engineering are the oil and gas industry's two main subsurface disciplines, which focus on maximizing economic recovery of hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs. Petroleum geology and geophysics focus on provision of a static description of the hydrocarbon reservoir rock, while petroleum engineering focuses on estimation of the recoverable volume of this resource using a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil, water and gas within porous rock at very high pressure.
The combined efforts of geologists and petroleum engineers throughout the life of a hydrocarbon accumulation determine the way in which a reservoir is developed and depleted, and usually they have the highest impact on field economics. Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many other related disciplines, such as geophysics, petroleum geology, formation evaluation (well logging), drilling, economics, reservoir simulation, reservoir engineering, well engineering, artificial lift systems, completions and petroleum production engineering.
Recruitment to the industry has historically been from the disciplines of physics, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering and mining engineering. Subsequent development training has usually been done within oil companies.


== Overview ==
The profession got its start in 1914 within the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME).  The first Petroleum Engineering degree was conferred in 1915 by the University of Pittsburgh. Since then, the profession has evolved to solve increasingly difficult situations. Improvements in computer modeling, materials and the application of statistics, probability analysis, and new technologies like horizontal drilling and enhanced oil recovery, have drastically improved the toolbox of the petroleum engineer in recent decades. Automation, sensors, and robots are being used to propel the industry to more efficiency and safety.
Deep-water, arctic and desert conditions are usually contended with. High temperature and high pressure (HTHP) environments have become increasingly commonplace in operations and require the petroleum engineer to be savvy in topics as wide-ranging as thermo-hydraulics, geomechanics, and intelligent systems.
The Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) is the largest professional society for petroleum engineers and publishes much technical information and other resources to support the oil and gas industry. It provides free online education (webinars), mentoring, and access to SPE Connect, an exclusive platform for members to discuss technical issues, best practices, and other topics. SPE members also are able to access the SPE Competency Management Tool to find knowledge and skill strengths and opportunities for growth. SPE publishes peer-reviewed journals, books, and magazines. SPE members receive a complimentary subscription to the Journal of Petroleum Technology and discounts on SPE's other publications. SPE members also receive discounts on registration fees for SPE organized events and training courses. SPE provides scholarships and fellowships to undergraduate and graduate students.
According to the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics, petroleum engineers are required to have a bachelor's degree in engineering, generally a degree focused on petroleum engineering is preferred, but degrees in mechanical, chemical, and civil engineering are satisfactory as well. Petroleum engineering education is available at many universities in the United States and throughout the world - primarily in oil producing regions. U.S. News & World Report maintains a list of the Best Undergraduate Petroleum Engineering Programs. SPE and some private companies offer training courses. Some oil companies have considerable in-house petroleum engineering training classes.


=== Petroleum engineering salaries ===
Petroleum engineering has historically been one of the highest-paid engineering disciplines, although there is a tendency for mass layoffs when oil prices decline and waves of hiring as prices rise. In 2020, the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported the median pay for petroleum engineers was US$137,330, or roughly $66.02 per hour. The same summary projects there will be 3% job growth in this field from 2019 to 2029.
SPE annually conducts a salary survey. In 2017, SPE reported that the average SPE professional member reported earning US$194,649 (including salary and bonus).  The average base pay reported in 2016 was $143,006. Base pay and other compensation was on average was highest in the United States where the base pay was US$174,283. Drilling and production engineers tended to make the best base pay, US$160,026 for drilling engineers and US$158,964 for production engineers. Average base pay ranged from US$96,382-174,283. There are still significant gender pay gaps, plus or minus 5% of the US average pay gap which was 18% difference in 2017.
Also in 2016, U.S. News & World Report named petroleum engineering the top college major in terms of highest median annual wages of college-educated workers (age 25–59). The 2010 National Association of Colleges and Employers survey showed petroleum engineers as the highest paid 2010 graduates, at an average annual salary of $125,220. For individuals with experience, salaries can range from $170,000 to $260,000. They make an average of $112,000 a year and about $53.75 per hour. In a 2007 article, Forbes.com reported that petroleum engineering was the 24th best paying job in the United States.


== Sub-disciplines ==
Petroleum engineers divide themselves into several types:

Reservoir engineers work to optimize production of oil and gas via proper placement, production rates, and enhanced oil recovery techniques.
Drilling engineers manage the technical aspects of drilling exploratory, production and injection wells.
Drilling fluid engineers A mud engineer (correctly called a Drilling Fluids Engineer, but most often referred to as the "Mud Man") works on an oil well or gas well drilling rig, and is responsible ensuring the properties of the drilling fluid, also known as drilling mud, are within designed specifications.
Completion engineers (also known as subsurface engineers) work to design and oversee the implementation of techniques aimed at ensuring wells are drilled stably and with the maximum opportunity for oil and gas production.
Production engineers manage the interface between the reservoir and the well, including perforations, sand control, downhole flow control, and downhole monitoring equipment; evaluate artificial lift methods; and select surface equipment that separates the produced fluids (oil, natural gas, and water).
Petrophysicists gather information about subsurface properties to build wellbore stability models and study rock properties


== Education ==
Petroleum Engineering, like most forms of engineering, requires a strong foundation in physics, chemistry, and mathematics. Other fields pertinent to petroleum engineering include geology, formation evaluation, fluid flow in porous media, well drilling technology, economics, geostatistics, etc.


=== Petroleum Geostatistics ===
Geostatistics as applied to petroleum engineering uses statistical analysis to characterize reservoirs and create flow simulations that quantify uncertainties of the location of oil and gas.


=== Petroleum Geology ===
Petroleum geology is an interdisciplinary field composed of geophysics, geochemistry, and paleontology. The main focus of petroleum geology is the exploration and appraisal of reservoirs containing hydrocarbons via technical forms of 

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (similarity: 0.4368)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Mining%2C_Metallurgical%2C_and_Petroleum_Engineers
  QID: Q4744151
  Extract: The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME) is a professional association for mining and metallurgy, with over 145,000 members. The association was founded in 1871 by 22 mining engineers in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, and was one of the first national engineering 

  Title: List of oil exploration and production companies (similarity: 0.1791)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oil_exploration_and_production_companies
  QID: Q1356889
  Extract: 
The following is a list of notable companies in the petroleum industry that are engaged in petroleum exploration and production. The list is in alphabetical order by continent and then by country. This list does not include companies only involved in refining and marketing.

  Title: Emily Warren Roebling (similarity: 0.3000)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Warren_Roebling
  QID: Q49902
  Extract: Emily Warren Roebling was an engineer known for her contributions over a period of more than 10 years to the completion of the Brooklyn Bridge after her husband Washington Roebling developed caisson disease and became bedridden. She served as a liaison and supervisor of construction through communic

  Title: Engineer (similarity: 0.5926)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer
  QID: Q81096
  Extract: An engineer is a practitioner of engineering. The word engineer is derived from the Latin words ingeniare and ingenium ("cleverness"). The foundational qualifications of a licensed professional engineer typically include a four-year bachelor's degree in an engineering discipline, or in some jurisdic

  Title: Subsurface engineer (similarity: 0.5263)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_engineer
  QID: Q7632178
  Extract: Subsurface engineers are a subset within Petroleum Engineering and typically work closely with Drilling engineers. The job of a Subsurface Engineer is to effectively select equipment that will best suit the subsurface environment in order to best produce the hydrocarbon reserves. Once the hardware h

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong data consistency across O*NET work activities, BLS wage data, and task descriptions. Wikipedia exact match provides authoritative domain validation. Geographic wage patterns and industry employment distribution align with known energy sector characteristics.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T14:51:37.136599+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,524
tokens_output        : 4,250
cost_usd             : $0.046647
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Petroleum engineering
wikipedia_note       : Wikipedia confirms petroleum engineering as a specialized field focused on hydrocarbon production activities within the upstream oil and gas sector. The match validates the occupation's core focus on exploration and production engineering as distinct from other engineering disciplines.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Petroleum engineers design and implement methods to extract oil and natural gas from underground reservoirs, combining advanced engineering principles with geology and physics to optimize hydrocarbon production. They oversee drilling operations, analyze production data, and develop technical solutions to maximize resource recovery while ensuring operational safety and efficiency. These engineers serve as technical leaders in the energy sector, making critical decisions that impact both project economics and environmental stewardship.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
A petroleum engineer begins by analyzing overnight production reports and drilling data, identifying any operational issues or optimization opportunities across active wells. They spend time reviewing geological surveys and reservoir models using specialized software like AutoCAD to plan new drilling locations or modify existing well completions. Mid-morning involves collaborating with drilling crews and geologists to resolve technical challenges, interpreting test results, and making real-time decisions about drilling parameters. Afternoons are often dedicated to developing comprehensive field development plans, coordinating with cross-functional teams on research projects, and preparing technical reports that guide multimillion-dollar investment decisions. They conclude by updating operational records and planning the next day's well monitoring and stimulation activities.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel in petroleum engineering possess strong analytical and logical thinking abilities, as evidenced by the role's emphasis on realistic and investigative work styles with high problem-solving demands. They demonstrate exceptional attention to detail and dependability, crucial traits when making decisions that affect expensive equipment and personnel safety in challenging environments. Successful petroleum engineers exhibit intellectual curiosity and cautious decision-making, allowing them to navigate complex technical problems while managing significant operational risks. These professionals thrive on translating theoretical engineering principles into practical solutions, often working independently while maintaining strong communication skills to coordinate with diverse technical teams.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry into petroleum engineering typically requires a bachelor's degree in petroleum engineering, chemical engineering, or mechanical engineering, with 71.6% of practitioners holding bachelor's degrees according to O*NET data. Many positions prefer candidates with internship experience in oil and gas operations, as the role demands considerable preparation reflected in its Job Zone 4 classification. New graduates often begin as junior engineers supporting senior staff on drilling projects, gradually gaining hands-on experience with reservoir analysis, production optimization, and field operations. Professional engineering licensure and continuing education are increasingly important for career advancement and regulatory compliance.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Petroleum engineers advance along technical and management pathways, progressing from field engineers to senior technical specialists or project managers overseeing large-scale drilling operations. Many transition into specialized roles such as reservoir engineers, drilling engineers, or production engineers, while others move into management positions like production managers or engineering directors. The strong foundation in systems analysis and complex problem-solving enables lateral moves into related engineering disciplines or consulting roles. Senior professionals often become subject matter experts, leading research initiatives or establishing independent consulting practices serving the global energy industry.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
Petroleum engineers command strong compensation with a median annual salary of $144,910 according to BLS OEWS May 2025 data, ranging from $81,440 to $253,200 reflecting experience and geographic location. Employment of 18,060 professionals is concentrated in Alaska ($206,290 median) and traditional energy states, with significant geographic wage variation (2.21x ratio between highest and lowest states). The field shows demand concentration in Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction (9,180 employed) and Professional Services (3,450 employed), indicating both direct industry employment and consulting opportunities. Market conditions fluctuate with oil prices and energy policy changes, but the ongoing need for efficient extraction technologies and emerging areas like enhanced oil recovery maintain steady demand. Remote work capabilities are limited due to the hands-on nature of field operations, though data analysis and planning tasks offer some flexibility.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Petroleum engineering faces moderate automation pressure in data analysis and routine monitoring tasks, but core activities requiring complex decision-making and field oversight remain largely human-dependent. The role's emphasis on analyzing data (importance 4.6), making decisions and solving problems (importance 4.5), and thinking creatively (importance 4.1) positions engineers to leverage automation tools while maintaining critical oversight responsibilities. Emerging technologies like drone surveying and AI-enhanced reservoir modeling will augment rather than replace petroleum engineers, creating opportunities for those who adapt to new technological tools.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [knowledge_overlap] Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers (17-2151.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share core knowledge in Engineering and Technology (importance 4.4) and Physics, with similar work activities in analyzing data and solving complex problems.
    data: Engineering and Technology knowledge overlap
    data: Physics knowledge shared
    data: Primary-Short O*NET relationship
  [skill_overlap] Chemical Engineers (17-2041.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles emphasize Complex Problem Solving (importance 3.9), Systems Analysis, and share strong Chemistry knowledge foundations.
    data: Complex Problem Solving transferable skill
    data: Chemistry knowledge overlap
    data: Primary-Short O*NET relationship
  [task_similarity] Geothermal Production Managers (11-3051.02) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles involve monitoring production rates, planning development processes, and directing energy production operations in subsurface resource extraction.
    data: Production monitoring tasks
    data: Energy extraction focus
    data: Primary-Short O*NET relationship
  [transferable_skill] Industrial Engineers (17-2112.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Shared emphasis on Systems Analysis (importance 3.9), Systems Evaluation, and Organizing/Planning work activities with similar problem-solving approaches.
    data: Systems Analysis transferable skill
    data: Organizing and Planning work activities
    data: Primary-Short O*NET relationship
  [job_zone] Mechanical Engineers (17-2141.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both occupations require Job Zone 4 preparation with similar educational backgrounds and share fundamental engineering knowledge in Mathematics and Physics.
    data: Job Zone 4 classification
    data: Mathematics knowledge overlap
    data: Primary-Long O*NET relationship

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['petroleum', 'drilling', 'oil', 'gas', 'reservoir', 'extraction', 'production', 'hydrocarbon']
  exclude_keywords : ['mining', 'chemical', 'mechanical', 'environmental', 'civil']
  title_patterns   : ['petroleum engineer', 'drilling engineer', 'completion engineer', 'gas engineer', 'oil engineer']
  common_variations: ['completions engineer', 'exploration engineer', 'gas distribution engineer', 'logging engineer', 'mud engineer', 'certification engineer', 'design engineer', 'gas turbine engineer']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['engineering', 'petroleum', 'tendency', 'engineers', 'drilling', 'others', 'equipment', 'production', 'oil', 'technical', 'activities', 'gas', 'principles', 'design', 'operations', 'control', 'problems', 'spe', 'management', 'personnel']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
engineering                65  0.01779  wikipedia            wikipedia:62%  inference:22%  onet_tasks:8%
petroleum                  65  0.01779  wikipedia            wikipedia:83%  inference:17%
tendency                   43  0.01177  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:98%  wikipedia:2%
engineers                  41  0.01122  wikipedia            wikipedia:71%  inference:29%
drilling                   40  0.01095  wikipedia            wikipedia:65%  inference:20%  onet_tasks:15%
others                     39  0.01068  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:97%  inference:3%
equipment                  37  0.01013  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:62%  onet_tasks:14%  dwas:11%
production                 35  0.00958  wikipedia            wikipedia:31%  onet_dimensions:23%  inference:23%
oil                        32  0.00876  wikipedia            wikipedia:53%  onet_tasks:28%  inference:19%
technical                  21  0.00575  inference            inference:38%  dwas:19%  wikipedia:19%
activities                 21  0.00575  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:43%  dwas:33%  inference:14%
gas                        20  0.00547  wikipedia            wikipedia:55%  onet_tasks:25%  inference:20%
principles                 19  0.00520  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:84%  inference:11%  onet_tasks:5%
design                     17  0.00465  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:35%  dwas:29%  onet_tasks:24%
operations                 16  0.00438  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:38%  inference:31%  onet_tasks:19%
control                    16  0.00438  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:75%  dwas:12%  wikipedia:12%
problems                   15  0.00411  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:60%  onet_tasks:13%  dwas:13%
spe                        15  0.00411  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
management                 14  0.00383  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:50%  dwas:21%  inference:14%
personnel                  13  0.00356  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:38%  onet_dimensions:31%  dwas:15%
techniques                 13  0.00356  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:77%  wikipedia:15%  onet_tasks:8%
reservoir                  12  0.00329  wikipedia            wikipedia:58%  inference:33%  onet_tasks:8%
monitoring                 12  0.00329  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:67%  inference:17%  onet_tasks:8%
includes                   12  0.00329  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
materials                  12  0.00329  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:83%  dwas:8%  wikipedia:8%
objects                    12  0.00329  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
engineer                   12  0.00329  wikipedia            wikipedia:92%  inference:8%
performance                11  0.00301  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:64%  onet_tasks:18%  dwas:18%
resources                  11  0.00301  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:82%  onet_tasks:9%  wikipedia:9%
analysis                   11  0.00301  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:36%  inference:36%  wikipedia:27%
ideas                      11  0.00301  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
direct                     10  0.00274  dwas                 dwas:70%  onet_tasks:10%  onet_dimensions:10%
mining                     10  0.00274  wikipedia            wikipedia:60%  onet_tasks:30%  inference:10%
body                       10  0.00274  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
technology                  9  0.00246  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:44%  wikipedia:44%  onet_tasks:11%
problem                     9  0.00246  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:78%  inference:22%
mechanical                  9  0.00246  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:56%  wikipedia:22%  dwas:11%
events                      9  0.00246  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:89%  wikipedia:11%
quickly                     9  0.00246  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
orientation                 9  0.00246  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%