[Core] [21% incumbents] Provide scientific or technical guidance or expertise to scientists, engineers, technologists, technicians, or others, using knowledge of chemical, analytical, or biological processes as applied to micro and nanoscale systems.
  DWAs: Provide technical guidance to other personnel.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Supervise technologists or technicians engaged in nanotechnology research or production.
  DWAs: Supervise engineering or other technical personnel.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Conduct research related to a range of nanotechnology topics, such as packaging, heat transfer, fluorescence detection, nanoparticle dispersion, hybrid systems, liquid systems, nanocomposites, nanofabrication, optoelectronics, or nanolithography.
  DWAs: Research engineering applications of emerging technologies.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Synthesize, process, or characterize nanomaterials, using advanced tools or techniques.
  DWAs: Operate precision equipment to control microscopic or nanoscopic processes.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Prepare reports, deliver presentations, or participate in program review activities to communicate engineering results or recommendations.
  DWAs: Prepare operational reports. | Explain engineering drawings, specifications, or other technical information.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Design or conduct tests of new nanotechnology products, processes, or systems.
  DWAs: Test performance of electrical, electronic, mechanical, or integrated systems or equipment. | Devise research or testing protocols.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Create designs or prototypes for nanosystem applications, such as biomedical delivery systems or atomic force microscopes.
  DWAs: Design micro- or nano-scale materials, devices, or systems. | Create physical models or prototypes.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Write proposals to secure external funding or to partner with other companies.
  DWAs: Prepare proposal documents.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Generate high-resolution images or measure force-distance curves, using techniques such as atomic force microscopy.
  DWAs: Measure physical or chemical properties of materials or objects.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Develop processes or identify equipment needed for pilot or commercial nanoscale scale production.
  DWAs: Develop technical methods or processes.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Provide technical guidance or support to customers on topics such as nanosystem start-up, maintenance, or use.
  DWAs: Advise customers on the use of products or services.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Engineer production processes for specific nanotechnology applications, such as electroplating, nanofabrication, or epoxy.
  DWAs: Develop technical methods or processes.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Apply nanotechnology to improve the performance or reduce the environmental impact of energy products, such as fuel cells or solar cells.
  DWAs: Design alternative energy systems.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Identify new applications for existing nanotechnologies.
  DWAs: Identify new applications for existing technologies.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Design or engineer nanomaterials, nanodevices, nano-enabled products, or nanosystems, using three-dimensional computer-aided design (CAD) software.
  DWAs: Design materials for industrial or commercial applications.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Design nano-enabled products with reduced toxicity, increased durability, or improved energy efficiency.
  DWAs: Design micro- or nano-scale materials, devices, or systems.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Coordinate or supervise the work of suppliers or vendors in the designing, building, or testing of nanosystem devices, such as lenses or probes.
  DWAs: Coordinate activities with suppliers, contractors, clients, or other departments.

[Supplemental] [21% incumbents] Design nano-based manufacturing processes to minimize water, chemical, or energy use, as well as to reduce waste production.
  DWAs: Develop operational methods or processes that use green materials or emphasize sustainability.

[Supplemental] [21% incumbents] Design nanosystems with components such as nanocatalysts or nanofiltration devices to clean specific pollutants from hazardous waste sites.
  DWAs: Develop operational methods or processes that use green materials or emphasize sustainability.

[Supplemental] [21% incumbents] Prepare nanotechnology-related invention disclosures or patent applications.
  DWAs: Prepare contracts, disclosures, or applications.

[Supplemental] [21% incumbents] Reengineer nanomaterials to improve biodegradability.
  DWAs: Research engineering aspects of biological or chemical processes.

[Supplemental] [21% incumbents] Integrate nanotechnology with antimicrobial properties into products, such as household or medical appliances, to reduce the development of bacteria or other microbes.
  DWAs: Design micro- or nano-scale materials, devices, or systems.

[Supplemental] [21% incumbents] Develop catalysis or other green chemistry methods to synthesize nanomaterials, such as nanotubes, nanocrystals, nanorods, or nanowires.
  DWAs: Develop operational methods or processes that use green materials or emphasize sustainability.

[Supplemental] [21% incumbents] Design nanoparticle catalysts to detect or remove chemical or other pollutants from water, soil, or air.
  DWAs: Design materials for industrial or commercial applications.

[Supplemental] [21% incumbents] Develop green building nanocoatings, such as self-cleaning, anti-stain, depolluting, anti-fogging, anti-icing, antimicrobial, moisture-resistant, or ultraviolet protectant coatings.
  DWAs: Design materials for industrial or commercial applications.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:5.00) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Speaking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Science (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Listening (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Writing (imp:3.88 lvl:4.62) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Mathematics (imp:3.88 lvl:4.75) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Active Learning (imp:3.88 lvl:4.88) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Monitoring (imp:3.50 lvl:4.00) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.00 lvl:3.50) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Engineering and Technology (imp:4.62 lvl:5.81) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Physics (imp:4.60 lvl:5.90) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Chemistry (imp:4.29 lvl:5.76) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Mathematics (imp:4.14 lvl:5.52) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.81 lvl:4.67) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  English Language (imp:3.52 lvl:4.24) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Education and Training (imp:3.43 lvl:4.71) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Production and Processing (imp:3.38 lvl:3.90) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Design (imp:3.38 lvl:4.38) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Mechanical (imp:3.10 lvl:4.24) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Administration and Management (imp:3.00 lvl:3.86) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Biology (imp:2.85 lvl:3.52) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:2.48 lvl:2.33) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Administrative (imp:2.43 lvl:3.29) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.38 lvl:2.71) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.25 lvl:2.57) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Communications and Media (imp:2.14 lvl:2.10) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Economics and Accounting (imp:2.05 lvl:2.00) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Sales and Marketing (imp:2.00 lvl:1.86) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.95 lvl:2.00) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Telecommunications (imp:1.86 lvl:1.52) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Building and Construction (imp:1.76 lvl:1.52) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Law and Government (imp:1.65 lvl:1.62) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Psychology (imp:1.62 lvl:1.10) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Foreign Language (imp:1.48 lvl:1.00) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Transportation (imp:1.29 lvl:0.48) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.24 lvl:0.62) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.24 lvl:0.67) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Food Production (imp:1.19 lvl:0.52) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Geography (imp:1.19 lvl:0.52) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  History and Archeology (imp:1.14 lvl:0.29) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.10 lvl:0.29) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Fine Arts (imp:1.05 lvl:0.10) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform

--- ABILITIES ---
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:5.38) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:5.38) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:5.00) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Near Vision (imp:4.00 lvl:4.62) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Written Expression (imp:3.88 lvl:5.00) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Information Ordering (imp:3.88 lvl:4.25) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.88 lvl:4.75) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Originality (imp:3.75 lvl:4.38) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.75 lvl:4.38) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:3.75 lvl:4.62) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.62 lvl:4.12) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.50 lvl:3.75) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Number Facility (imp:3.38 lvl:4.12) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Selective Attention (imp:3.25 lvl:3.25) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Visualization (imp:3.12 lvl:3.88) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Far Vision (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Memorization (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Finger Dexterity (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Control Precision (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.75 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:2.62 lvl:3.12) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Manual Dexterity (imp:2.25 lvl:2.62) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Time Sharing (imp:2.12 lvl:2.25) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Reaction Time (imp:2.12 lvl:1.25) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.12 lvl:2.12) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:2.00 lvl:2.00) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Static Strength (imp:2.00 lvl:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Trunk Strength (imp:2.00 lvl:1.62) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Extent Flexibility (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Depth Perception (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Rate Control (imp:1.88 lvl:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.75 lvl:0.75) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.62 lvl:6.00) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.48 lvl:5.14) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Getting Information (imp:4.33 lvl:4.90) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Thinking Creatively (imp:4.29 lvl:5.81) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Processing Information (imp:4.20 lvl:5.67) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Working with Computers (imp:4.20 lvl:4.29) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.14 lvl:5.29) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:4.10 lvl:5.29) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.10 lvl:5.62) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:4.05 lvl:5.38) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:4.00 lvl:4.76) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:3.95 lvl:5.40) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:3.95 lvl:5.05) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.90 lvl:4.48) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.90 lvl:5.10) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.81 lvl:4.90) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.76 lvl:5.24) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.62 lvl:4.19) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.52 lvl:5.10) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.48 lvl:4.81) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.48 lvl:4.57) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.43 lvl:3.86) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.33 lvl:4.14) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.33 lvl:4.24) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.24 lvl:4.38) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:3.24 lvl:4.43) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.24 lvl:4.57) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.05 lvl:3.86) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:2.95 lvl:4.10) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:2.90 lvl:3.95) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.90 lvl:4.10) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.85 lvl:3.45) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.67 lvl:3.00) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:2.57 lvl:2.81) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:2.52 lvl:3.38) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.52 lvl:3.14) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:2.50 lvl:3.48) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.43 lvl:3.10) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:2.29 lvl:2.38) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:2.19 lvl:2.29) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:2.10 lvl:2.14) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:9.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:8.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:7.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:6.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:5.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:4.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Perseverance (imp:3.00) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Attention to Detail (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Innovation (imp:2.77) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Dependability (imp:2.41) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Cautiousness (imp:2.35) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Adaptability (imp:2.30) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.24) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Perseverance (imp:2.08) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Integrity (imp:2.03) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Adaptability (imp:2.00) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.93) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative (imp:1.86) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.57) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Leadership Orientation (imp:1.45) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Cooperation (imp:1.08) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.07) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Innovation (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Self-Control (imp:1.00) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Social Orientation (imp:0.84) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Sincerity (imp:0.58) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Humility (imp:0.50) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Optimism (imp:0.47) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Empathy (imp:0.23) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.38 lvl:3.75) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Operations Analysis (imp:3.25 lvl:4.00) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Technology Design (imp:3.12 lvl:3.88) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:3.12 lvl:3.75) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.38) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Persuasion (imp:3.00 lvl:3.38) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Negotiation (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Instructing (imp:3.00 lvl:3.38) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Time Management (imp:3.00 lvl:3.62) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Service Orientation (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.88 lvl:3.12) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Equipment Selection (imp:2.50 lvl:3.38) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Operation and Control (imp:2.38 lvl:2.00) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Management of Material Resources (imp:2.38 lvl:2.25) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Programming (imp:2.25 lvl:2.88) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Troubleshooting (imp:2.25 lvl:2.62) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:2.25 lvl:2.25) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:2.12 lvl:2.25) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Repairing (imp:2.12 lvl:2.12) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 154,070
  annual_median    : $122,930
  annual_pct10     : $66,810
  annual_pct25     : $90,970
  annual_pct75     : $158,090
  annual_pct90     : $189,950
  annual_mean      : $125,330
  hourly_median    : $59.10

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : New Mexico ($162,070)
  lowest_state     : Kansas ($76,100)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.130x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (53 total) ---
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:   42,750  median: $ 112,380
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   38,780  median: $ 143,020
  Manufacturing                            emp:   34,400  median: $ 109,590
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    8,330  median: $ 127,800
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:    6,220  median: $ 100,760
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:    5,850  median: $  97,900
  Construction                             emp:    3,880  median: $  94,450
  Information                              emp:    2,880  median: $ 168,570
  Utilities                                emp:    2,820  median: $ 127,000
  Educational Services                     emp:    2,340  median: $ 103,430

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (18 total) ---
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:   42,750  median: $ 112,380
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   38,780  median: $ 143,020
  Manufacturing                            emp:   34,400  median: $ 109,590
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    8,330  median: $ 127,800
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:    6,220  median: $ 100,760
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:    5,850  median: $  97,900
  Construction                             emp:    3,880  median: $  94,450
  Information                              emp:    2,880  median: $ 168,570
  Utilities                                emp:    2,820  median: $ 127,000
  Educational Services                     emp:    2,340  median: $ 103,430

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Nanoengineering
match_score        : 0.6667
wikidata_qid       : Q2991990
word_count         : 664
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoengineering
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:36:45.708837Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
Nanoengineering is the practice of engineering on the nanoscale. It derives its name from the nanometre, a unit of measurement equalling one billionth of a meter.
Nanoengineering is a near-synonym for nanoscience, but the latter emphasizes the engineering rather than the pure science aspects of the field. Furthermore, it is a near-synonym of nanotechnology, which indicates all the nanoscale technologies produced as the final output.


== History ==
4th Century Rome: The Lycurgus Cup was crafted using dichroic glass which is a product of nanoengineering
6th-15th Centuries: Stained glass windows were created in European cathedrals which contained nanoparticles of gold chloride or other metal oxides or chlorides. These nanoparticles give the glass its vibrant colors.
9th-17th Centuries: A sparkling layer on the outside of ceramics was used containing silver, copper, or other metallic nanoparticles.
13th-18th Centuries: "Damascus" saber blades were crafted using techniques that resulted in nanotubes and cementite nanowires.
1950: Victor La Mer and Robert Dinegar created a process that was used to create specialized papers, paints, and thin films on an industrial level by growing monodisperse colloidal materials.
1959: Richard Feynman gave the first lecture on molecular technology and engineering or just nanoengineering.
1981: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer invented the first atomic level microscope called a scanning tunneling microscope that allowed scientists to see individual atoms
1991: The carbon nanotube was discovered by Sumio Iijima which became important due to their strength, and electrical and thermal conductivity
2004: SUNY Albany started the first college program that focused on nanoengineering in the United States. It was called the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering
2009-2010: Robotic nanoscale assembly devices were created by Nadrian Seeman and his colleagues. These devices would be used to create 3D DNA structures using DNA crystals


== Degree programs ==

The first nanoengineering program  was started at the University of Toronto within the Engineering Science program as one of the options of study in the final years. In 2003, the Lund Institute of Technology started a program in Nanoengineering. In 2004, the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering at the University at Albany, SUNY was founded as the first of its kind in the United States. The college later merged with SUNY Poly, but will rejoin the University at Albany in 2023. In 2005, the University of Waterloo established a unique program which offers a full degree in Nanotechnology Engineering. Louisiana Tech University started the first program in the U.S. in 2005. In 2006 the University of Duisburg-Essen started a Bachelor and a Master program NanoEngineering. Unlike early NanoEngineering programs, the first NanoEngineering Department in the world, offering both undergraduate and graduate degrees, was established by the  University of California, San Diego in 2007.
In 2009, the University of Toronto began offering all Options of study in Engineering Science as degrees, bringing the second nanoengineering degree to Canada. Rice University  established in 2016 a Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering (MSNE).
DTU Nanotech - the Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology - is a department at the Technical University of Denmark established in 1990.
In 2013, Wayne State University began offering a Nanoengineering Undergraduate Certificate Program, which is funded by a Nanoengineering Undergraduate Education (NUE) grant from the National Science Foundation. The primary goal is to offer specialized undergraduate training in nanotechnology. Other goals are: 1) to teach emerging technologies at the undergraduate level, 2) to train a new adaptive workforce, and 3) to retrain working engineers and professionals.


== Techniques ==
Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) - Can be used to both image, and to manipulate structures as small as a single atom.
Molecular self-assembly - Arbitrary sequences of DNA can now be synthesized cheaply in bulk, and used to create custom proteins or regular patterns of amino acids. Similarly, DNA strands can bind to other DNA strands, allowing simple structures to be created.


== See also ==
List of nanoengineering topics
Nanotechnology
Picoengineering
Molecular engineering


== References ==


== External links ==

Nanoengineering
Alliance of the Fraunhofer Society

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Vantablack (similarity: 0.1935)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack
  QID: Q17394326
  Extract: Vantablack is a class of super-black coatings with total hemispherical reflectances (THR) below 1% in the visible spectrum. The name is a compound of the acronym VANTA and black.

  Title: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part N (similarity: 0.3133)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers%2C_Part_N
  QID: Q7247192
  Extract: The Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part N: Journal of Nanoengineering and Nanosystems is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering nanoscale engineering, nanoscience, and nanotechnology. It was established in 2004 and is published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the Inst

  Title: Molecular nanotechnology (similarity: 0.3556)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology
  QID: Q819115
  Extract: Molecular nanotechnology (MNT) is a technology based on the ability to build structures to complex, atomic specifications by means of mechanosynthesis. This is distinct from nanoscale materials.

  Title: Software development process (similarity: 0.2857)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_process
  QID: Q2904257
  Extract: A software development process prescribes a process for developing software. It typically divides an overall effort into smaller steps or sub-processes that are intended to ensure high-quality results. The process may describe specific deliverables – artifacts to be created and completed.

  Title: Personal software process (similarity: 0.1304)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_software_process
  QID: Q1702721
  Extract: The Personal Software Process (PSP) is a structured software development process that is designed to help software engineers better understand and improve their performance by bringing discipline to the way they develop software and tracking their predicted and actual development of the code. It cle

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong confidence supported by detailed O*NET data, clear task definitions, robust wage data from BLS OEWS May 2025, and direct Wikipedia match. The specialized nature of nanotechnology provides clear differentiation from other engineering roles.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T14:58:06.909349+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,690
tokens_output        : 4,555
cost_usd             : $0.051071
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Nanoengineering
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia entry for Nanoengineering directly relates to this occupation, defining it as engineering practice at the nanoscale with measurements in nanometers. This provides foundational context for understanding the scale and scope of nanosystems engineering work.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Nanosystems Engineers design, develop, and supervise the production of materials, devices, and systems at the molecular scale, applying principles of nanoscale physics and multidisciplinary engineering. They conduct cutting-edge research in nanotechnology applications ranging from biomedical delivery systems to quantum materials, requiring expertise in physics, chemistry, and advanced engineering. These professionals operate at the forefront of technological innovation, bridging fundamental science with practical engineering applications.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
Nanosystems Engineers analyze complex data sets from nanoscale experiments and make critical decisions about product development and research directions. They synthesize and characterize nanomaterials using advanced tools like atomic force microscopy to generate high-resolution images and measure material properties. Much of their time involves conducting research on nanotechnology topics such as packaging, heat transfer, and fluorescence detection while working extensively with computers for modeling and analysis. They regularly prepare technical reports, deliver presentations to communicate engineering results, and provide scientific guidance to other engineers and technicians. Design work includes creating prototypes for nanosystem applications and developing processes for pilot or commercial nanoscale production.

WHO THRIVES:
This role attracts individuals with exceptional intellectual curiosity and strong investigative tendencies, as evidenced by the high investigative RIASEC score of 6.10. Successful professionals demonstrate extraordinary attention to detail and dependability, essential when working with materials at the molecular scale where precision is critical. They possess advanced deductive and inductive reasoning abilities, enabling them to solve complex problems and think creatively about novel applications. Strong communication skills are vital for explaining complex technical concepts and collaborating across multidisciplinary teams. The cautiousness and integrity required reflect the high-stakes nature of nanotechnology development, where safety and accuracy are paramount.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry requires extensive preparation with 57.1% of professionals holding doctoral degrees and 14.3% entering with bachelor's degrees according to O*NET data. Educational backgrounds typically span physics, chemistry, materials science, or engineering disciplines with specialized nanotechnology coursework. Many professionals complete post-baccalaureate certificates (9.5%) to gain specialized nanotechnology expertise after their initial degree. Prior research experience through graduate studies, internships, or laboratory work is essential for developing the advanced technical skills needed for nanoscale engineering.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Nanosystems Engineers can advance into senior research positions, project management roles, or specialized consulting positions in emerging nanotechnology applications. Many transition into leadership roles supervising nanotechnology research teams or become principal investigators leading grant-funded research programs. The expertise gained provides pathways into related fields such as biomedical engineering, materials science, or quantum technology development. Some professionals move into entrepreneurial ventures, leveraging their technical expertise to commercialize nanotechnology innovations or join startups developing next-generation nanoscale products.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The field employs 154,070 professionals with a median annual wage of $122,930, reflecting strong compensation for this specialized expertise according to BLS OEWS May 2025 data. Wages range from $66,810 to $189,950, with significant geographic variation from Kansas ($76,100) to New Mexico ($162,070), indicating concentration in regions with government research facilities and high-tech manufacturing. Employment is concentrated in Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services (42,750), Government (38,780), and Manufacturing (34,400) sectors. The specialized nature of nanotechnology and its applications across industries from healthcare to electronics suggests continued demand growth. Geographic clustering around research institutions and technology hubs creates competitive regional markets for talent.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Nanosystems Engineers face low automation risk due to the creative thinking, complex problem-solving, and advanced reasoning required in their work activities. While computational tools and automated characterization equipment enhance their capabilities, the fundamental need for human judgment in experimental design, data interpretation, and innovative application development remains irreplaceable. The high-level cognitive work involving novel research and development of unprecedented technologies requires human creativity and scientific intuition that current automation cannot replicate.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [knowledge_overlap] Materials Scientists (19-2032.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share advanced knowledge in physics, chemistry, and materials characterization with similar knowledge levels in engineering and technology.
    data: Physics knowledge level 5.9 for nanosystems vs materials focus
    data: Chemistry knowledge importance 4.3
    data: Shared materials synthesis and characterization tasks
  [skill_overlap] Chemical Engineers (17-2041.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles require advanced science skills (4.0 importance, 4.8 level), mathematics (3.9 importance, 4.8 level), and process development capabilities.
    data: Science skill levels 4.8
    data: Mathematics skill levels 4.8
    data: Process development tasks overlap
  [task_similarity] Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers (17-2031.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles design prototypes for biomedical applications and conduct research on biological systems integration.
    data: Biomedical delivery systems design task
    data: Research methodology overlap
    data: Similar creative thinking requirements
  [career_pathway] Nanotechnology Engineering Technologists and Technicians (17-3026.01) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Direct supervisory relationship with nanosystems engineers providing guidance to technologists in nanotechnology research and production.
    data: Supervision of technologists task
    data: Shared nanotechnology focus
    data: Technical guidance provision
  [riasec_cluster] Microsystems Engineers (17-2199.06) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles show high investigative orientation and realistic tendencies, working with precision engineering at small scales.
    data: Investigative RIASEC profile similarity
    data: Precision equipment operation
    data: Similar scale engineering challenges
  [knowledge_overlap] Chemists (19-2031.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Strong chemistry knowledge overlap (4.3 importance, 5.8 level) and shared materials synthesis and characterization work.
    data: Chemistry knowledge level 5.8
    data: Materials synthesis tasks
    data: Advanced analytical techniques
  [wage_band] Materials Engineers (17-2131.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles operate in similar engineering wage ranges with comparable education requirements and technical complexity.
    data: Similar engineering wage levels
    data: Comparable technical skill requirements
    data: Related materials focus

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['nanosystems', 'nanotechnology', 'nanoscale', 'nanomaterials', 'nanoengineering', 'molecular', 'nanofabrication', 'nanoindentation']
  exclude_keywords : ['macro', 'bulk', 'traditional', 'mechanical', 'civil']
  title_patterns   : ['*nano*engineer*', '*nanosystems*', '*nanofabrication*', '*nanoelectronics*', '*nanomaterials*']
  common_variations: ['Nanoengineering', 'Nano Engineer', 'Nanotechnology Engineer', 'Nanofabrication Engineer', 'Nanoelectronics Engineer', 'Nanomaterials Engineer', 'Quantum Materials Engineer', 'Nanotechnology Specialist']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['tendency', 'others', 'materials', 'engineering', 'equipment', 'nanotechnology', 'design', 'applications', 'principles', 'nanoengineering', 'technical', 'research', 'nanoscale', 'production', 'techniques', 'software', 'products', 'devices', 'includes', 'control']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
tendency                   42  0.01285  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
others                     39  0.01193  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:97%  onet_tasks:3%
materials                  28  0.00857  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:36%  dwas:36%  inference:18%
engineering                27  0.00826  wikipedia            wikipedia:41%  inference:33%  dwas:15%
equipment                  27  0.00826  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:85%  dwas:7%  onet_tasks:4%
nanotechnology             23  0.00704  inference            inference:39%  onet_tasks:30%  wikipedia:30%
design                     23  0.00704  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:30%  dwas:30%  onet_dimensions:26%
applications               20  0.00612  dwas                 dwas:30%  inference:30%  onet_tasks:20%
principles                 18  0.00551  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:89%  wikipedia:6%  inference:6%
nanoengineering            18  0.00551  wikipedia            wikipedia:94%  inference:6%
technical                  16  0.00490  dwas                 dwas:31%  inference:31%  onet_dimensions:19%
research                   16  0.00490  inference            inference:62%  dwas:19%  onet_tasks:12%
nanoscale                  15  0.00459  wikipedia            wikipedia:47%  inference:40%  onet_tasks:13%
production                 14  0.00428  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:57%  onet_tasks:29%  inference:14%
techniques                 14  0.00428  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:71%  onet_tasks:14%  wikipedia:14%
software                   14  0.00428  wikipedia            wikipedia:71%  onet_dimensions:21%  onet_tasks:7%
products                   13  0.00398  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:38%  onet_dimensions:38%  dwas:8%
devices                    13  0.00398  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:38%  dwas:23%  onet_tasks:15%
includes                   13  0.00398  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  inference:8%
control                    13  0.00398  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  dwas:8%
objects                    13  0.00398  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  dwas:8%
activities                 12  0.00367  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:75%  onet_tasks:8%  dwas:8%
science                    12  0.00367  wikipedia            wikipedia:58%  inference:25%  onet_dimensions:17%
developing                 12  0.00367  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:67%  inference:25%  wikipedia:8%
engineers                  11  0.00337  wikipedia            wikipedia:45%  inference:45%  onet_tasks:9%
development                11  0.00337  wikipedia            wikipedia:45%  inference:45%  onet_tasks:9%
ideas                      11  0.00337  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
university                 11  0.00337  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
program                    10  0.00306  wikipedia            wikipedia:80%  onet_tasks:10%  onet_dimensions:10%
performance                10  0.00306  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:70%  onet_tasks:10%  dwas:10%
problems                   10  0.00306  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  inference:10%
body                       10  0.00306  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
needed                      9  0.00275  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:78%  onet_tasks:11%  inference:11%
technology                  9  0.00275  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:44%  wikipedia:33%  inference:22%
structures                  9  0.00275  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:56%  wikipedia:44%
human                       9  0.00275  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:78%  inference:22%
resources                   9  0.00275  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
quickly                     9  0.00275  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
orientation                 9  0.00275  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
tools                       8  0.00245  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:62%  inference:25%  onet_tasks:12%