[Core] [20% incumbents] Share research findings by writing scientific articles or by making presentations at scientific conferences.
  DWAs: Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Teach or advise undergraduate or graduate students or supervise their research.
  DWAs: Instruct college students in physical or life sciences.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Study physical principles of living cells or organisms and their electrical or mechanical energy, applying methods and knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry, or biology.
  DWAs: Research microbiological or chemical processes or structures.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Manage laboratory teams or monitor the quality of a team's work.
  DWAs: Supervise scientific or technical personnel.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Develop new methods to study the mechanisms of biological processes.
  DWAs: Develop biological research methods.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Write grant proposals to obtain funding for research.
  DWAs: Write grant proposals.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Design or perform experiments with equipment, such as lasers, accelerators, or mass spectrometers.
  DWAs: Design research studies to obtain scientific information.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Determine the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules.
  DWAs: Analyze biological samples.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Design or build laboratory equipment needed for special research projects.
  DWAs: Set up laboratory or field equipment.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Prepare reports or recommendations, based upon research outcomes.
  DWAs: Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Study spatial configurations of submicroscopic molecules, such as proteins, using x-rays or electron microscopes.
  DWAs: Research microbiological or chemical processes or structures.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Study the mutations in organisms that lead to cancer or other diseases.
  DWAs: Research diseases or parasites.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Research the chemical effects of substances, such as drugs, serums, hormones, or food, on tissues or vital processes.
  DWAs: Research microbiological or chemical processes or structures.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Research transformations of substances in cells, using atomic isotopes.
  DWAs: Research microbiological or chemical processes or structures.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Develop or execute tests to detect diseases, genetic disorders, or other abnormalities.
  DWAs: Research diseases or parasites. | Develop biological research methods.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Develop or test new drugs or medications intended for commercial distribution.
  DWAs: Develop new or advanced products or production methods.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Isolate, analyze, or synthesize vitamins, hormones, allergens, minerals, or enzymes and determine their effects on body functions.
  DWAs: Analyze biological samples.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Examine the molecular or chemical aspects of immune system functioning.
  DWAs: Research microbiological or chemical processes or structures.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Research how characteristics of plants or animals are carried through successive generations.
  DWAs: Research genetic characteristics or expression.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Prepare pharmaceutical compounds for commercial distribution.
  DWAs: Prepare compounds or solutions for products or testing.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Develop methods to process, store, or use foods, drugs, or chemical compounds.
  DWAs: Research methods to improve food products.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Investigate the nature, composition, or expression of genes or research how genetic engineering can impact these processes.
  DWAs: Research genetic characteristics or expression.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Produce pharmaceutically or industrially useful proteins, using recombinant DNA technology.
  DWAs: Prepare compounds or solutions for products or testing.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Study the chemistry of living processes, such as cell development, breathing and digestion, or living energy changes, such as growth, aging, or death.
  DWAs: Research microbiological or chemical processes or structures.

[EMERGING:New] Analyze biochemical or biophysical data.

--- SKILLS ---
  Science (imp:4.75 lvl:5.12) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.38 lvl:5.25) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Writing (imp:4.25 lvl:5.12) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.25 lvl:5.12) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Listening (imp:4.12 lvl:4.38) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Speaking (imp:4.12 lvl:4.62) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Active Learning (imp:4.12 lvl:5.25) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Learning Strategies (imp:4.00 lvl:4.38) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Mathematics (imp:3.88 lvl:4.75) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Monitoring (imp:3.88 lvl:4.25) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Biology (imp:4.65 lvl:6.45) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Chemistry (imp:4.35 lvl:5.65) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Mathematics (imp:4.30 lvl:5.80) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  English Language (imp:4.30 lvl:5.30) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Physics (imp:4.05 lvl:5.60) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Education and Training (imp:3.70 lvl:4.85) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.55 lvl:5.10) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Engineering and Technology (imp:3.37 lvl:4.10) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Administration and Management (imp:2.95 lvl:3.95) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:2.90 lvl:3.30) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Mechanical (imp:2.55 lvl:3.40) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Design (imp:2.45 lvl:3.10) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Administrative (imp:2.15 lvl:2.65) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Communications and Media (imp:2.15 lvl:2.40) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.05 lvl:2.55) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.05 lvl:1.95) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Telecommunications (imp:2.00 lvl:1.55) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Production and Processing (imp:1.90 lvl:1.90) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Law and Government (imp:1.85 lvl:1.80) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Building and Construction (imp:1.80 lvl:1.70) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Economics and Accounting (imp:1.70 lvl:1.40) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Psychology (imp:1.70 lvl:1.80) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.50 lvl:1.55) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.45 lvl:1.05) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:1.45 lvl:1.10) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Foreign Language (imp:1.45 lvl:0.85) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.45 lvl:0.95) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.40 lvl:1.05) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Transportation (imp:1.40 lvl:0.90) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Food Production (imp:1.30 lvl:0.40) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  History and Archeology (imp:1.30 lvl:0.65) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Fine Arts (imp:1.25 lvl:0.80) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  Geography (imp:1.10 lvl:0.50) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an

--- ABILITIES ---
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.25 lvl:5.25) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Written Expression (imp:4.25 lvl:5.38) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.25 lvl:5.25) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:5.88) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Oral Expression (imp:4.12 lvl:5.50) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:5.00) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Information Ordering (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Category Flexibility (imp:4.00 lvl:5.12) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Near Vision (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.88 lvl:4.62) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.75 lvl:4.75) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Originality (imp:3.75 lvl:4.62) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.75 lvl:5.00) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.62 lvl:3.88) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Number Facility (imp:3.50 lvl:4.12) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Visualization (imp:3.25 lvl:3.38) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Perceptual Speed (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Memorization (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Speed of Closure (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Selective Attention (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Far Vision (imp:2.88 lvl:3.12) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Finger Dexterity (imp:2.62 lvl:2.75) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Time Sharing (imp:2.25 lvl:2.00) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Manual Dexterity (imp:2.25 lvl:2.12) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Control Precision (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:2.12 lvl:1.75) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Trunk Strength (imp:2.12 lvl:1.75) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Depth Perception (imp:1.88 lvl:1.75) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.88 lvl:1.75) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.75 lvl:1.12) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Reaction Time (imp:1.75 lvl:0.75) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Static Strength (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Rate Control (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Response Orientation (imp:1.50 lvl:0.62) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.38 lvl:0.62) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.95 lvl:6.50) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Thinking Creatively (imp:4.75 lvl:6.35) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.75 lvl:6.47) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:4.75 lvl:5.45) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Getting Information (imp:4.70 lvl:6.15) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Processing Information (imp:4.70 lvl:6.45) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.70 lvl:6.20) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Working with Computers (imp:4.67 lvl:4.70) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:4.55 lvl:6.30) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:4.50 lvl:5.70) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:4.35 lvl:5.85) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.35 lvl:5.45) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:4.32 lvl:5.32) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:4.30 lvl:5.60) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:4.15 lvl:5.30) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:4.10 lvl:5.30) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:4.00 lvl:5.20) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.95 lvl:5.15) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.85 lvl:4.85) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.75 lvl:5.10) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.60 lvl:4.65) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.55 lvl:4.60) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.53 lvl:4.40) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.47 lvl:4.95) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:3.45 lvl:4.32) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:3.42 lvl:4.37) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.35 lvl:5.05) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.32 lvl:3.85) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:3.32 lvl:4.40) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.26 lvl:4.10) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:3.25 lvl:3.95) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:3.10 lvl:4.20) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:2.75 lvl:3.40) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.65 lvl:3.60) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.65 lvl:3.65) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:2.60 lvl:2.80) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.58 lvl:3.26) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:2.55 lvl:3.35) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:2.35 lvl:2.40) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:2.15 lvl:1.75) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:1.95 lvl:2.20) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:6.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:5.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:4.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Attention to Detail (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Innovation (imp:2.61) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Dependability (imp:2.36) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Integrity (imp:2.21) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.14) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Initiative (imp:1.82) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Cautiousness (imp:1.82) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Adaptability (imp:1.79) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Perseverance (imp:1.58) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.32) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.26) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.24) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Leadership Orientation (imp:1.24) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Cooperation (imp:1.20) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Innovation (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Sincerity (imp:0.84) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Humility (imp:0.72) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Social Orientation (imp:0.70) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Self-Control (imp:0.59) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Optimism (imp:0.56) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Empathy (imp:0.27) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Cautiousness () — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:4.12 lvl:4.25) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Instructing (imp:3.62 lvl:4.38) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.38 lvl:4.00) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Operations Analysis (imp:3.12 lvl:3.62) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.12 lvl:4.00) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Persuasion (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:3.00 lvl:3.25) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Time Management (imp:2.88 lvl:3.50) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:2.75 lvl:2.75) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Negotiation (imp:2.50 lvl:2.25) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Service Orientation (imp:2.50 lvl:2.62) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Equipment Selection (imp:2.25 lvl:2.38) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Programming (imp:2.25 lvl:2.75) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Technology Design (imp:2.12 lvl:2.88) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Operation and Control (imp:2.12 lvl:2.12) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Management of Material Resources (imp:2.00 lvl:2.00) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.88 lvl:1.12) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.88 lvl:1.38) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.88 lvl:1.62) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Repairing (imp:1.75 lvl:1.12) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
  Installation (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 33,830
  annual_median    : $127,410
  annual_pct10     : $74,290
  annual_pct25     : $95,000
  annual_pct75     : $163,460
  annual_pct90     : $201,110
  annual_mean      : $129,840
  hourly_median    : $61.26

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Florida ($157,390)
  lowest_state     : Alabama ($48,510)
  dispersion_ratio : 3.244x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (36 total) ---
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:   23,380  median: $ 131,050
  Manufacturing                            emp:    6,930  median: $ 108,360
  Educational Services                     emp:    1,640  median: $  74,190
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:      730  median: $ 145,050
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      290  median: $ 111,220
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:      210  median: $  85,400
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:      120  median: $  90,750

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (7 total) ---
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:   23,380  median: $ 131,050
  Manufacturing                            emp:    6,930  median: $ 108,360
  Educational Services                     emp:    1,640  median: $  74,190
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:      730  median: $ 145,050
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      290  median: $ 111,220
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:      210  median: $  85,400
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:      120  median: $  90,750

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : List of biophysicists
match_score        : 0.7200
wikidata_qid       : Q6607580
word_count         : 2,570
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biophysicists
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:42:52.625584Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
This is a list of notable people known for their research in biophysics.


== A ==
Gary Ackers (American, 1939–2011) — thermodynamics of protein assembly into complexes, protein-DNA interactions and enzyme subunit interactions
David A. Agard, Protein chemist at the  University of California, San Francisco.
Christian B. Anfinsen (American, 1916–1995) — author of the postulate about spontaneous protein folding, for which he received a Nobel Prize


== B ==

David Baker (American, 1962–) — Protein structure prediction; protein design; Rosetta software
Adriaan (Ad) Bax (Dutch-born American, 1956–) — development of methodology for NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy
Georg von Békésy (Hungarian, 1899–1972) — research on the human ear
Boris Pavlovich Belousov (Soviet, 1893–1970) — known for discovery of Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction
Howard Berg (American, 1934–2021) — characterized properties of bacterial chemotaxis
Helen M. Berman (American, 1943–) — pioneer in study of nucleic acid structure; head of the worldwide Protein Data Bank
John Desmond Bernal (Irish-born English, 1901–1971) — X-ray crystallography of plant viruses and proteins
Pamela J. Bjorkman (American, 1956–) — first X-ray crystallography of human histocompatibility complex; studies immune recognition, homologs of MHC proteins, and improved antibodies against HIV
Steven Block (American, 1952–) — observed the motions of enzymes such as kinesin and RNA polymerase with optical tweezers
Tom Blundell (British, 1942–) — crystal structures of HIV protease, renin, insulin and other hormones, growth factors, receptors, and proteins important in cell signalling and DNA repair; developed structure-guided and fragment-based approaches to drug design
Jagadish Chandra Bose (Indian, 1858–1937). Known for research on microwaves and plant growth
Detlev Wulf Bronk (American, 1897–1975). Administrator known also for research on nerve conduction. 
Axel Brunger (German American, 1956–) — developed the free R cross-validation index and the X-PLOR/CNS software for macromolecular crystallography
Carlos Bustamante (Peruvian-born American, 1951–) —  known for single-molecule biophysics of molecular motors and biological polymer physics


== C ==

Charles Cantor (1942–)  — Director, Center for Advanced Biotechnology, Boston University. Cantor is a molecular geneticist who developed pulse field electrophoresis for very large DNA molecules with David C. Schwartz in 1984, by adding an alternating voltage gradient to standard gel electrophoresis.
Carlos Chagas Filho (Brazilian, 1910–2000) Neuroscientist
Donald Caspar (American, 1927–2021)  — theory of quasi-equivalence in icosahedral viruses
Alexander Chizhevsky (Soviet, 1897–1964) — founder of heliobiology
Wah Chiu (Hong Kong-born American, 1947–) — cryo electron microscopy; virus structure; high-resolution cryoEM
Steven Chu (American, 1948–) — Nobel laureate who helped develop optical trapping techniques used by many biophysicists
G. Marius Clore  FRS (British and American) — pioneer of multidimensional macromolecular NMR spectroscopy laying foundations of 3D structure determination of proteins in solution, and discovery of rare, invisible conformational states of macromolecules
Carolyn Cohen (American, 1929–2017} — in 1969, Cohen codiscovered the molecular structure of tropomyosin as a polar coiled coil, also being the first protein crystal structure determined with a  20Å resolution via x-ray crystallography. On the route to this discovery, she also discovered a novel crystal structure, termed the Cohen-Longley paracrystal with 400Å periodicity, in 1966.
Robert Corey (American, 1897–1971) — co-discoverer (with Linus Pauling) of the α helix and β sheet structures in proteins
Allan McLeod Cormack — development (with Godfrey Hounsfield) of computer assisted tomography
Christoph Cremer — overcoming the conventional limit of resolution that applies to light based investigations (the Abbe limit) by a range of different methods like SPDM and SMI
Francis Crick — co-discoverer of the structure of DNA. Later participated in the Crick, Brenner et al. experiment which established the basis for understanding the genetic code.


== D ==
Johann Deisenhofer (German and American, 1943–) — solved first three-dimensional structure of membrane protein
Max Delbrück (German, American, 1906–1981) — discovered that bacteria become resistant to phages as a result of genetic mutations. Delbrück, Salvador Luria, and Alfred Hershey shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
Emilio Del Giudice (Italian, 1940–2014) — water research
Friedrich Dessauer (German, 1881–1963) — research on radiation, especially X-rays
Ken A. Dill (American, 1947–) — research on folding pathways of proteins.
Christopher Dobson (British, 1949–2019) — protein folding and misfolding
Jennifer Doudna (American, 1964–) — structures of large RNAs; pioneer in CRISPR research
Leslie Dutton (British and American) — Oxidoreductase function and design.


== E ==
Richard H. Ebright (American, 1959–) — single-molecule enzymology; structure and function of RNA polymerases
Gerald M. Edelman (American, 1929–2014) — Nobel laureate, structure of antibodies
David Eisenberg (American, 1939–) Biochemist and biophysicist working on structural biology and computational molecular biology
Donald Engelman (American, 1941–) Biophysics working on biological membranes
Richard R. Ernst (Swiss, 1933–2021) — developer of two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy


== F ==
George Feher (American, 1924–2017)  — photosynthesis mechanisms for plants and bacteria
Julio M. Fernandez (Chilean) – interplay between mechanics and biology
Alan Fersht (British, 1943–) — pioneered work on protein folding
Adolf Eugen Fick (German, 1828–1901) — responsible for Fick's law of diffusion and a method to determine cardiac output
Joachim Frank (German and American, 1940–) — pioneered single-particle reconstruction in electron microscopy; studied structure and dynamics of ribosomes.
Rosalind Franklin (British, 1920–1958)  — pioneer of DNA crystallography and co-discoverer of the structure of DNA
Clara Franzini-Armstrong  (Italian and American, 1938–) Electron microscopy of muscles
Hans Frauenfelder (American, 1922–2022)  — pioneering work on experiment and theory to understand dynamic behavior in protein structure


== G ==

Luigi Galvani (Italian, 1737–1798) —  discoverer of bioelectricity
Walter Gilbert (American, 1932–)  — Nobel laureate; introduced intron/exon concept, proposed RNA world hypothesis
Martin Gruebele (German and American, 1964–) —  Protein Folding


== H ==
Taekjip Ha (South-Korean-born American, 1968–) — single-molecule biophysics
Hermann von Helmholtz (Prussian-born German, 1821–1894) — first to measure the velocity of nerve impulses; studied hearing and vision
Stefan Hell (Romanian and German, 1962–) —  developed the principle of STED microscopy
Richard Henderson (British, 1945–) —  scientist at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, developed the use of cryo-EM to study membrane protein structures.
Wayne Hendrickson (American, 1941–) — developed robust methods of phasing and refinement for protein crystallography
A.V. Hill (English, 1886–1977) — Nobel laureate, Hill coefficient for cooperativity in enzyme kinetics, physics of nerves and muscles
Alan Hodgkin (British, 1914–1998) — mathematical theory of how ion fluxes produce nerve impulses (with Andrew Huxley)
Dorothy Hodgkin (English, 1910–1994) — winner of the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, known for determining the structures of penicillin, vitamin B12, and insulin
Alexander Hollaender (American, 1898–1986) — founded the science of radiation biology; early evidence for nucleic acid as the genetic material
Barry H. Honig (American, 1941–) — pioneered theory and computation for electrostatics in biological macromolecules
John J. Hopfield (American, 1933–) —  worked on 

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Biochemist (similarity: 0.5128)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemist
  QID: Q2919046
  Extract: Biochemists are scientists who are trained in biochemistry. They study chemical processes and chemical transformations in living organisms. Biochemists study DNA, proteins and cell parts. The word "biochemist" is a portmanteau of "biological chemist."

  Title: List of biochemists (similarity: 0.4583)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biochemists
  QID: Q6607560
  Extract: 


This is a list of biochemists. It should include those who have been important to the development or practice of biochemistry. Their research or applications have made significant contributions in the area of basic or applied biochemistry.

  Title: List of geneticists (similarity: 0.4583)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geneticists
  QID: Q1009208
  Extract: This is a list of people who have made notable contributions to genetics. The growth and development of genetics represents the work of many people. This list of geneticists is therefore by no means complete. Contributors of great distinction to genetics are not yet on the list.

  Title: Eric Gouaux (similarity: 0.1500)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Gouaux
  QID: Q28050907
  Extract: Eric Gouaux is an American biochemist and biophysicist who holds the Jennifer and Bernard Lacroute Term Chair at the Vollum Institute at the Oregon Health & Science University.

  Title: List of chemists (similarity: 0.4444)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemists
  QID: Q816854
  Extract: 
This is a list of chemists. It should include those who have been important to the development or practice of chemistry. Their research or application has made significant contributions in the area of basic or applied chemistry.

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong data foundation with comprehensive O*NET profiles, specific wage data from BLS OEWS May 2025, clear educational requirements, and well-documented related occupations providing robust inference support.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T15:21:47.623046+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,455
tokens_output        : 4,227
cost_usd             : $0.045574
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : List of biophysicists
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia match provides a list of notable biophysicists, confirming the professional recognition of this scientific discipline. Related entries for biochemists and geneticists indicate the interconnected nature of these biological research fields.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Biochemists and Biophysicists study the chemical composition and physical principles of living cells and organisms, investigating their electrical and mechanical energy systems. They conduct research to understand complex chemical combinations and reactions involved in metabolism, reproduction, growth, and heredity. These scientists combine expertise in biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics to advance our understanding of life at the molecular level.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
A typical day involves analyzing complex biological data using specialized equipment such as lasers, accelerators, or mass spectrometers to determine the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules. They spend significant time documenting research findings, writing scientific articles, and preparing presentations for conferences. Laboratory management duties include supervising research teams and ensuring quality control of experiments. They also develop new experimental methods to study biological processes, write grant proposals to secure research funding, and may teach undergraduate or graduate students while supervising their research projects.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel in this field demonstrate exceptional analytical thinking and investigative skills, with a strong foundation in multiple scientific disciplines. They possess high intellectual curiosity and attention to detail, as evidenced by the importance ratings for these work styles. Strong written and oral communication abilities are essential for publishing research and presenting findings to scientific communities. Those who succeed typically enjoy creative problem-solving and have the patience for extensive preparation and methodical research, as this is a Job Zone 5 occupation requiring the highest level of education and training.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry requires extensive education, with 40% holding post-doctoral training, 25% having doctoral degrees, and 25% holding bachelor's degrees according to the education distribution data. A strong foundation in biology, chemistry, mathematics, and physics is essential, often requiring advanced coursework in these areas. Most positions require several years of research experience, typically gained through graduate studies, post-doctoral fellowships, or research assistant roles. The extensive preparation needed reflects the complex nature of analyzing biological systems at the molecular level.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Career advancement typically progresses from research associate to senior scientist, with opportunities to lead research teams and manage laboratory operations as indicated by the supervisory tasks. Many advance to become principal investigators leading independent research programs, while others transition to teaching positions at universities or move into biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry roles. Senior professionals often become department heads, research directors, or start their own biotech companies, leveraging their expertise in biological systems and research methodologies.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The field employs 33,830 professionals with a median annual wage of $127,410 according to BLS OEWS May 2025 data, ranging from $74,290 to $201,110. Geographic wage variation is significant, with Florida offering the highest wages at $157,390 compared to Alabama's $48,510, representing a 3.24x ratio. Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services represents the largest employment sector with 23,380 positions, followed by Manufacturing with 6,930 jobs. The concentration in these high-tech industries reflects strong demand for biochemical expertise in drug development, biotechnology, and advanced materials research.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
The role faces moderate automation risk as AI and machine learning increasingly automate data analysis and pattern recognition tasks. However, the creative thinking component (importance 4.8, level 6.3) and complex problem-solving aspects provide significant protection against automation. The need for experimental design, hypothesis formation, and interpretation of novel biological phenomena requires human expertise that current technology cannot replicate.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [skill_overlap] Molecular and Cellular Biologists (19-1029.02) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share identical high-level Science skills (4.8 importance) and Biology knowledge (4.7 importance), indicating substantial technical overlap in biological research methodologies.
    data: Science skill importance 4.8
    data: Biology knowledge importance 4.7
    data: Primary-Short O*NET relationship
  [knowledge_overlap] Chemists (19-2031.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Chemistry knowledge is critical for both roles (4.3 importance for biochemists), with shared analytical data analysis work activities (5.0 importance) and laboratory-based research methods.
    data: Chemistry knowledge importance 4.3
    data: Analyzing Data work activity 5.0
    data: Primary-Short O*NET relationship
  [riasec_cluster] Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists (19-1042.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both occupations cluster in the Investigative RIASEC type, sharing systematic investigation approaches and research-oriented work environments typical of scientific inquiry.
    data: Investigative RIASEC score 7.00
    data: Primary-Short O*NET relationship
    data: Job Zone 5 extensive preparation
  [career_pathway] Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers (17-2031.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Engineering and Technology knowledge (3.4 importance) and equipment design tasks create pathways between biochemistry research and bioengineering applications in medical device development.
    data: Engineering and Technology knowledge 3.4
    data: Design laboratory equipment task
    data: Primary-Long O*NET relationship
  [task_similarity] Bioinformatics Scientists (19-1029.01) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles involve analyzing biochemical data and working with computers (4.7 importance), with emerging tasks specifically including biochemical data analysis.
    data: Working with Computers 4.7 importance
    data: Emerging task: Analyze biochemical data
    data: Primary-Long O*NET relationship

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['biochemist', 'biophysicist', 'biochemistry', 'biophysics', 'molecular biology', 'cell biology', 'biological chemistry', 'biomolecular research']
  exclude_keywords : ['medical technician', 'laboratory technician', 'clinical assistant', 'research assistant', 'undergraduate']
  title_patterns   : ['biochemist', 'biophysicist', 'biochemistry scientist', 'biophysics researcher', 'biological chemist']
  common_variations: ['analytical research chemist', 'biochemistry scientist', 'biological chemist', 'biophysicist', 'biophysics researcher', 'molecular biologist', 'pharmaceutical scientist', 'clinical biochemist']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['american', 'research', 'tendency', 'structure', 'others', 'protein', 'equipment', 'british', 'biological', 'structures', 'principles', 'proteins', 'chemistry', 'chemical', 'dna', 'development', 'molecular', 'biology', 'german', 'nobel']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
american                   87  0.02018  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
research                   54  0.01252  inference            inference:30%  dwas:26%  wikipedia:26%
tendency                   42  0.00974  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
structure                  40  0.00928  wikipedia            wikipedia:88%  onet_dimensions:8%  onet_tasks:2%
others                     39  0.00904  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:97%  inference:3%
protein                    32  0.00742  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
equipment                  27  0.00626  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:85%  onet_tasks:7%  dwas:4%
british                    24  0.00557  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
biological                 21  0.00487  wikipedia            wikipedia:38%  inference:33%  dwas:19%
structures                 19  0.00441  wikipedia            wikipedia:42%  dwas:32%  onet_dimensions:26%
principles                 18  0.00417  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:89%  onet_tasks:6%  inference:6%
proteins                   18  0.00417  wikipedia            wikipedia:89%  onet_tasks:11%
chemistry                  17  0.00394  wikipedia            wikipedia:71%  onet_tasks:12%  inference:12%
chemical                   17  0.00394  dwas                 dwas:35%  wikipedia:24%  onet_tasks:18%
dna                        17  0.00394  wikipedia            wikipedia:94%  onet_tasks:6%
development                17  0.00394  wikipedia            wikipedia:88%  onet_tasks:6%  inference:6%
molecular                  16  0.00371  wikipedia            wikipedia:81%  inference:12%  onet_tasks:6%
biology                    15  0.00348  wikipedia            wikipedia:73%  inference:13%  onet_tasks:7%
german                     15  0.00348  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
nobel                      14  0.00325  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
study                      13  0.00301  wikipedia            wikipedia:46%  onet_tasks:38%  inference:15%
design                     13  0.00301  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:46%  wikipedia:23%  onet_tasks:15%
control                    13  0.00301  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  inference:8%
born                       13  0.00301  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
scientific                 12  0.00278  inference            inference:42%  dwas:33%  onet_tasks:17%
includes                   12  0.00278  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
techniques                 12  0.00278  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:83%  wikipedia:17%
objects                    12  0.00278  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
biophysics                 12  0.00278  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
crystallography            12  0.00278  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
body                       11  0.00255  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:91%  onet_tasks:9%
understanding              11  0.00255  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:55%  wikipedia:36%  inference:9%
materials                  11  0.00255  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:91%  inference:9%
ideas                      11  0.00255  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
understand                 10  0.00232  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:70%  wikipedia:20%  inference:10%
human                      10  0.00232  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:70%  wikipedia:20%  inference:10%
developed                  10  0.00232  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
physical                    9  0.00209  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:67%  onet_tasks:11%  dwas:11%
needed                      9  0.00209  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:78%  onet_tasks:11%  inference:11%
genetic                     9  0.00209  wikipedia            wikipedia:56%  onet_tasks:22%  dwas:22%