[Core] [26% incumbents] Maintain accurate laboratory records and data.
  DWAs: Record research or operational data.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Design molecular or cellular laboratory experiments, oversee their execution, and interpret results.
  DWAs: Plan biological research.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Write grant applications to obtain funding.
  DWAs: Write grant proposals. | Prepare proposals or grant applications to obtain project funding.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Perform laboratory procedures following protocols including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing, cloning and extraction, ribonucleic acid (RNA) purification, or gel electrophoresis.
  DWAs: Analyze biological samples.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Conduct research on cell organization and function, including mechanisms of gene expression, cellular bioinformatics, cell signaling, or cell differentiation.
  DWAs: Research microbiological or chemical processes or structures.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Prepare or review reports, manuscripts, or meeting presentations.
  DWAs: Read documents to gather technical information. | Proofread documents, records, or other files to ensure accuracy. | Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Instruct undergraduate and graduate students within the areas of cellular or molecular biology.
  DWAs: Instruct college students in physical or life sciences.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Direct, coordinate, organize, or prioritize biological laboratory activities.
  DWAs: Direct scientific activities.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Compile and analyze molecular or cellular experimental data and adjust experimental designs as necessary.
  DWAs: Analyze biological samples.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Evaluate new technologies to enhance or complement current research.
  DWAs: Evaluate new technologies or methods.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Provide scientific direction for project teams regarding the evaluation or handling of devices, drugs, or cells for in vitro and in vivo disease models.
  DWAs: Direct medical science or healthcare programs.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Supervise technical personnel and postdoctoral research fellows.
  DWAs: Supervise scientific or technical personnel.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Monitor or operate specialized equipment, such as gas chromatographs and high pressure liquid chromatographs, electrophoresis units, thermocyclers, fluorescence activated cell sorters, and phosphorimagers.
  DWAs: Operate laboratory or field equipment.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Conduct applied research aimed at improvements in areas such as disease testing, crop quality, pharmaceuticals, and the harnessing of microbes to recycle waste.
  DWAs: Research crop management methods.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Develop guidelines for procedures such as the management of viruses.
  DWAs: Establish standards for medical care.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Develop assays that monitor cell characteristics.
  DWAs: Develop biological research methods.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Coordinate molecular or cellular research activities with scientists specializing in other fields.
  DWAs: Coordinate cross-disciplinary research programs.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Verify all financial, physical, and human resources assigned to research or development projects are used as planned.
  DWAs: Manage scientific or technical project resources.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Evaluate new supplies and equipment to ensure operability in specific laboratory settings.
  DWAs: Inspect equipment to ensure proper functioning.

[Supplemental] [26% incumbents] Participate in all levels of bioproduct development, including proposing new products, performing market analyses, designing and performing experiments, and collaborating with operations and quality control teams during product launches.
  DWAs: Develop new or advanced products or production methods.

[Supplemental] [26% incumbents] Confer with vendors to evaluate new equipment or reagents or to discuss the customization of product lines to meet user requirements.
  DWAs: Discuss design or technical features of products or services with technical personnel. | Collaborate with others to determine design specifications or details.

[Supplemental] [26% incumbents] Design databases, such as mutagenesis libraries.
  DWAs: Develop technical or scientific databases.

--- SKILLS ---
  Science (imp:4.75 lvl:5.00) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.38 lvl:5.62) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Writing (imp:4.25 lvl:5.00) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.12 lvl:4.88) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Listening (imp:4.00 lvl:4.62) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Speaking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Active Learning (imp:3.88 lvl:4.62) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.88 lvl:4.50) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Mathematics (imp:3.75 lvl:4.38) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Monitoring (imp:3.75 lvl:4.38) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Biology (imp:4.81 lvl:6.69) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  English Language (imp:4.44 lvl:5.24) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Chemistry (imp:4.12 lvl:5.15) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Mathematics (imp:3.81 lvl:4.96) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Education and Training (imp:3.58 lvl:5.23) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.38 lvl:4.27) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:3.08 lvl:3.19) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Administration and Management (imp:2.81 lvl:3.69) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Communications and Media (imp:2.77 lvl:2.84) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Administrative (imp:2.72 lvl:3.32) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Physics (imp:2.65 lvl:3.12) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.58 lvl:3.31) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.52 lvl:2.38) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Engineering and Technology (imp:2.38 lvl:2.62) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Mechanical (imp:2.27 lvl:2.42) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Design (imp:2.23 lvl:2.46) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Economics and Accounting (imp:2.08 lvl:1.88) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Psychology (imp:2.08 lvl:2.19) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Production and Processing (imp:2.00 lvl:1.96) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Law and Government (imp:1.96 lvl:1.96) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Telecommunications (imp:1.96 lvl:1.73) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.77 lvl:1.62) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.69 lvl:1.38) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.65 lvl:1.50) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Foreign Language (imp:1.62 lvl:1.38) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.58 lvl:1.23) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:1.58 lvl:0.96) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  History and Archeology (imp:1.46 lvl:0.92) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Geography (imp:1.42 lvl:1.15) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Fine Arts (imp:1.38 lvl:0.62) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  Building and Construction (imp:1.35 lvl:0.73) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Transportation (imp:1.28 lvl:0.77) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Food Production (imp:1.23 lvl:0.54) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food

--- ABILITIES ---
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.62 lvl:5.50) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.25 lvl:5.75) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Oral Expression (imp:4.12 lvl:5.62) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Written Expression (imp:4.12 lvl:5.38) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.12 lvl:5.38) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:4.00 lvl:4.62) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:5.00) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Category Flexibility (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Information Ordering (imp:3.88 lvl:4.50) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:3.88 lvl:4.50) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Near Vision (imp:3.88 lvl:4.50) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.88 lvl:4.25) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Originality (imp:3.75 lvl:4.50) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.62 lvl:3.88) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Number Facility (imp:3.50 lvl:4.12) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.25 lvl:3.75) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Selective Attention (imp:3.25 lvl:3.25) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Far Vision (imp:3.12 lvl:3.38) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Speed of Closure (imp:3.00 lvl:3.25) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Perceptual Speed (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Visualization (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Finger Dexterity (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:2.75 lvl:2.75) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Memorization (imp:2.62 lvl:2.75) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Time Sharing (imp:2.62 lvl:2.50) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Control Precision (imp:2.38 lvl:2.50) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Trunk Strength (imp:2.12 lvl:1.88) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Depth Perception (imp:2.12 lvl:1.88) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Manual Dexterity (imp:2.00 lvl:2.00) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:2.00 lvl:1.62) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Rate Control (imp:2.00 lvl:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:2.00 lvl:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:2.00 lvl:1.38) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Extent Flexibility (imp:2.00 lvl:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.00 lvl:1.62) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Static Strength (imp:1.88 lvl:0.88) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Response Orientation (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Stamina (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.52 lvl:5.31) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Getting Information (imp:4.50 lvl:5.54) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:4.50 lvl:4.81) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.40 lvl:5.88) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Processing Information (imp:4.38 lvl:5.96) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Working with Computers (imp:4.36 lvl:3.50) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.35 lvl:4.88) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Thinking Creatively (imp:4.27 lvl:5.62) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.27 lvl:4.92) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:4.19 lvl:6.04) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:4.08 lvl:5.23) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.92 lvl:4.23) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.92 lvl:5.15) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.80 lvl:4.84) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.73 lvl:4.80) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.72 lvl:4.00) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.65 lvl:4.58) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.58 lvl:4.00) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.58 lvl:4.85) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.56 lvl:4.31) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.56 lvl:4.77) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:3.46 lvl:3.85) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.46 lvl:4.15) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.40 lvl:4.00) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.27 lvl:3.38) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:3.23 lvl:3.85) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.19 lvl:4.00) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:3.04 lvl:3.50) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:2.96 lvl:3.15) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:2.96 lvl:3.27) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.77 lvl:3.62) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:2.62 lvl:3.12) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.62 lvl:3.38) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:2.58 lvl:2.73) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:2.38 lvl:2.42) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.12 lvl:2.08) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:2.08 lvl:1.81) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:2.08 lvl:2.38) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:2.04 lvl:2.58) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:2.00 lvl:2.08) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.65 lvl:0.85) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:7.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:6.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:5.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:4.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Attention to Detail (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Dependability (imp:2.59) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Innovation (imp:2.36) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Cautiousness (imp:2.28) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.14) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Integrity (imp:2.10) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Perseverance (imp:1.97) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Adaptability (imp:1.94) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Initiative (imp:1.75) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.62) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Leadership Orientation (imp:1.58) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.49) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.47) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Cooperation (imp:1.17) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Innovation (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Self-Control (imp:0.95) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Sincerity (imp:0.76) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Humility (imp:0.72) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Social Orientation (imp:0.65) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Optimism (imp:0.59) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Empathy (imp:0.15) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:4.00 lvl:4.62) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Instructing (imp:3.75 lvl:4.12) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.25 lvl:3.38) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Coordination (imp:3.12 lvl:3.62) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Persuasion (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Operations Analysis (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Time Management (imp:3.12 lvl:3.88) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Negotiation (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.00 lvl:3.75) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.00 lvl:3.88) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:3.00 lvl:3.25) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Operations Monitoring (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Management of Material Resources (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Service Orientation (imp:2.62 lvl:2.25) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Operation and Control (imp:2.62 lvl:2.50) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:2.62 lvl:2.62) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Programming (imp:2.12 lvl:2.50) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Technology Design (imp:2.00 lvl:2.00) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Troubleshooting (imp:2.00 lvl:1.50) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.88 lvl:1.50) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 55,850
  annual_median    : $98,920
  annual_pct10     : $60,430
  annual_pct25     : $76,800
  annual_pct75     : $127,670
  annual_pct90     : $168,010
  annual_mean      : $106,330
  hourly_median    : $47.56

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Maryland ($121,680)
  lowest_state     : Missouri ($63,290)
  dispersion_ratio : 1.923x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (52 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   21,690  median: $  97,470
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:   20,310  median: $ 102,490
  Educational Services                     emp:    5,010  median: $  77,450
  Manufacturing                            emp:    3,430  median: $ 124,280
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    2,410  median: $  98,810
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      900  median: $  97,990
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:      690  median: $ 135,910
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:      610  median: $ 107,830
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:      250  median: $  96,610
  Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting emp:      210  median: $  60,370

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (12 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   21,690  median: $  97,470
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:   20,310  median: $ 102,490
  Educational Services                     emp:    5,010  median: $  77,450
  Manufacturing                            emp:    3,430  median: $ 124,280
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    2,410  median: $  98,810
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      900  median: $  97,990
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:      690  median: $ 135,910
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:      610  median: $ 107,830
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:      250  median: $  96,610
  Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting emp:      210  median: $  60,370

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Molecular biology
match_score        : 0.6400
wikidata_qid       : Q7202
word_count         : 3,967
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:44:12.614287Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
Molecular biology  is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular structures and chemical processes that are the basis of biological activity within and between cells. It is centered largely on the study of nucleic acids (such as DNA and RNA) and proteins. It examines the structure, function, and interactions of these macromolecules as they orchestrate processes such as replication, transcription, translation, protein synthesis, and complex biomolecular interactions. The field of molecular biology is multi-disciplinary, relying on principles from genetics, biochemistry, physics, mathematics, and more recently computer science (bioinformatics).
Though cells and other microscopic structures had been observed in organisms as early as the 18th century, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms and interactions governing their behavior did not emerge until the 20th century, when technologies used in physics and chemistry had advanced sufficiently to permit their application in the biological sciences. The term 'molecular biology' was first used in 1945 by the English physicist William Astbury, who described it as an approach focused on discerning the underpinnings of biological phenomena—i.e. uncovering the physical and chemical structures and properties of biological molecules, as well as their interactions with other molecules and how these interactions explain observations of so-called classical biology, which instead studies biological processes at larger scales and higher levels of organization. In 1953, Francis Crick, James Watson, Rosalind Franklin, and their colleagues at the Medical Research Council Unit, Cavendish Laboratory, were the first to describe the double helix model for the chemical structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is often considered a landmark event for the nascent field because it provided a physico-chemical basis by which to understand the previously nebulous idea of nucleic acids as the primary substance of biological inheritance. They proposed this structure based on previous research done by Franklin, which was conveyed to them by Maurice Wilkins and Max Perutz. Their work led to the discovery of DNA in other microorganisms, plants, and animals.
The field of molecular biology includes techniques which enable scientists to learn about molecular processes. These techniques are used to efficiently target new drugs, diagnose disease, and better understand cell physiology. Some clinical research and medical therapies arising from molecular biology are covered under gene therapy, whereas the use of molecular biology or molecular cell biology in medicine is now referred to as molecular medicine.


== History of molecular biology ==

Molecular biology sits at the intersection of biochemistry and genetics; as these scientific disciplines emerged and evolved in the 20th century, it became clear that they both sought to determine the molecular mechanisms that underlie vital cellular functions. Advances in molecular biology have been closely related to the development of new technologies and their optimization.
The field of genetics arose from attempts to understand the set of rules underlying reproduction and heredity, and the nature of the hypothetical units of heredity known as genes. Gregor Mendel pioneered this work in 1866, when he first described the laws of inheritance he observed in his studies of mating crosses in pea plants. One such law of genetic inheritance is the law of segregation, which states that diploid individuals with two alleles for a particular gene will pass one of these alleles to their offspring. Because of his critical work, the study of genetic inheritance is commonly referred to as Mendelian genetics.
A major milestone in molecular biology was the discovery of the structure of DNA. This work began in 1869 by Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss biochemist who first proposed a structure called nuclein, which we now know to be (deoxyribonucleic acid), or DNA. He discovered this unique substance by studying the components of pus-filled bandages, and noting the unique properties of the "phosphorus-containing substances". Another notable contributor to the DNA model was Phoebus Levene, who proposed the "polynucleotide model" of DNA in 1919 as a result of his biochemical experiments on yeast. In 1950, Erwin Chargaff expanded on the work of Levene and elucidated a few critical properties of nucleic acids: first, the sequence of nucleic acids varies across species. Second, the total concentration of purines (adenine and guanine) is always equal to the total concentration of pyrimidines (cytosine and thymine). This is now known as Chargaff's rule. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick published the double helical structure of DNA, based on the X-ray crystallography work done by Rosalind Franklin which was conveyed to them by Maurice Wilkins and Max Perutz. Watson and Crick described the structure of DNA and conjectured about the implications of this unique structure for possible mechanisms of DNA replication. Watson and Crick were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962, along with Wilkins, for proposing a model of the structure of DNA.
In 1961, it was demonstrated that when a gene encodes a protein, three sequential bases of a gene's DNA specify each successive amino acid of the protein. Thus the genetic code is a triplet code, where each triplet (called a codon) specifies a particular amino acid. Furthermore, it was shown that the codons do not overlap with each other in the DNA sequence encoding a protein, and that each sequence is read from a fixed starting point.
During 1962–1964, through the use of conditional lethal mutants of a bacterial virus, fundamental advances were made in our understanding of the functions and interactions of the proteins employed in the machinery of DNA replication, DNA repair, DNA recombination, and in the assembly of molecular structures.


== Griffith's experiment ==

In 1928, Frederick Griffith, encountered a virulence property in pneumococcus bacteria, which was killing lab rats. According to Mendel, prevalent at that time, gene transfer could occur only from parent to daughter cells. Griffith advanced another theory, stating that gene transfer occurring in members of the same generation is known as horizontal gene transfer (HGT). This phenomenon is now referred to as genetic transformation.
Griffith's experiment addressed the pneumococcus bacteria, which had two different strains, one virulent and smooth and one avirulent and rough. The smooth strain had a glistering appearance owing to the presence of a type of specific polysaccharide – a polymer of glucose and glucuronic acid capsule. Due to this polysaccharide layer of bacteria, a host's immune system cannot recognize the bacteria and it kills the host. The rough strain lacks this polysaccharide capsule, resulting in a dull, rough colony appearance and making it avirulent because it is more readily recognized and destroyed by the host immune system.
The presence or absence of a capsule in the strain, is known to be genetically determined. Smooth and rough strains occur in several different type such as S-I, S-II, S-III, etc. and R-I, R-II, R-III, etc., respectively. All these subtypes of S and R bacteria differ with each other in antigen type they produce.


== Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment ==

The Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment was an experimental demonstration by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty that, in 1944, reported that DNA is the substance that causes bacterial transformation, in an era when it had been widely believed that it was proteins that served the function of carrying genetic information (with the very word protein itself coined to indicate a belief that its function was primary). It was the culmination of research in the 1930s and early 20th century at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research to purify and characterize the "transforming principle

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Cell biology (similarity: 0.4889)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology
  QID: Q7141
  Extract: Cell biology, cellular biology, or cytology, is the branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of the cells. All organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living and functioning of an organism. Cell biology encompasses both pr

  Title: Lydia Villa-Komaroff (similarity: 0.2264)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Villa-Komaroff
  QID: Q15989718
  Extract: Lydia Villa-Komaroff is a molecular and cellular biologist who has been an academic laboratory scientist, a university administrator, and a business woman. She was the third Mexican-American woman in the United States to receive a doctorate degree in the sciences (1975) and is a co-founding member o

  Title: Biology (similarity: 0.3000)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology
  QID: Q420
  Extract: Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms. It is a broad natural science that encompasses a wide range of fields and unifying principles that explain the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of life. Central to biology are five fundamental themes: the c

  Title: Patrick Hogan (biologist) (similarity: 0.4483)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Hogan_(biologist)
  QID: Q90391260
  Extract: Patrick G. Hogan is a cellular and molecular biologist who studies how cellular signaling leads to gene expression. He obtained his bachelor’s degree from Harvard University and a PhD in neurobiology from Harvard Medical School. In 2010, he moved to the La Jolla Institute for Immunology in San Diego

  Title: Wildlife biologist (similarity: 0.4706)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_biologist
  QID: Q8001342
  Extract: A wildlife biologist is a biologist who studies animals, their behavior, and the role each plays in its natural habitat. A wildlife biologist typically studies "whole animals", as distinct from a microbiologist, who studies microorganisms, or cellular biologist who studies life at the cellular level

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong confidence supported by comprehensive O*NET data, clear Wikipedia match, robust wage data from BLS OEWS May 2025, and well-defined educational requirements with Job Zone 5 classification indicating extensive preparation needed.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T15:26:29.313236+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,499
tokens_output        : 4,388
cost_usd             : $0.047800
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Molecular biology
wikipedia_note       : Wikipedia confirms molecular biology as the branch of biology studying molecular structures and chemical processes underlying biological activity within and between cells. The definition aligns perfectly with the O*NET occupation description focusing on cellular molecules and organelles research.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Molecular and Cellular Biologists research and study cellular molecules and organelles to understand cell function and organization, conducting experiments that examine the molecular structures and chemical processes underlying biological activity. They design laboratory experiments, oversee execution, and interpret results to advance understanding of gene expression, cellular bioinformatics, and molecular mechanisms. These scientists contribute to fundamental biological knowledge that supports advances in medicine, biotechnology, and therapeutic development.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
Molecular and Cellular Biologists spend their days designing and conducting sophisticated laboratory experiments involving DNA sequencing, cloning, and molecular extraction procedures. They maintain meticulous laboratory records, document experimental data, and analyze molecular or cellular experimental results using computational tools and statistical methods. Much of their time involves working with advanced laboratory equipment, following strict protocols for sample preparation and analysis, and adjusting experimental designs based on preliminary findings. They regularly prepare research reports and manuscripts, write grant applications to secure funding, and evaluate new technologies that could enhance their research capabilities. Many also instruct undergraduate and graduate students while directing and coordinating laboratory activities to ensure research objectives are met.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel as Molecular and Cellular Biologists possess exceptionally strong analytical minds with high intellectual curiosity and investigative tendencies, as evidenced by the dominant RIASEC profile showing investigative (6.66) and conventional (5.10) orientations. They demonstrate outstanding attention to detail and dependability, critical for maintaining accurate laboratory records and following complex experimental protocols. Successful professionals in this field combine advanced scientific reasoning abilities with excellent written and oral communication skills, enabling them to publish research findings and present complex biological concepts clearly. They thrive on solving intricate biological puzzles through systematic experimentation and possess the patience and persistence required for long-term research projects that may span months or years.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry into this field requires extensive preparation, with 34.6% holding post-doctoral training and 23.1% holding doctoral degrees, reflecting the Job Zone 5 classification requiring the highest level of education and preparation. Most professionals begin with a bachelor's degree in biology, biochemistry, or related fields, followed by graduate studies focusing on molecular or cellular biology. Post-doctoral research experience is commonly expected, providing specialized training in advanced laboratory techniques and independent research methodology. The extensive education requirements reflect the complex knowledge base needed in biology (level 6.7), chemistry (level 5.2), and mathematics (level 5.0).

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Career advancement typically progresses from post-doctoral researcher to independent research scientist, with opportunities in academia, government laboratories, or biotechnology companies. Many professionals advance to principal investigator roles, leading research teams and securing major grant funding for multi-year projects. Academic career paths lead to professorship positions combining research with teaching responsibilities, while industry careers may advance to research director or chief scientist roles overseeing product development and innovation initiatives.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The field employs 55,850 professionals with a median annual salary of $98,920 according to BLS OEWS May 2025, ranging from $60,430 at the 10th percentile to $168,010 at the 90th percentile. Geographic variation is significant, with Maryland offering the highest median wages at $121,680 compared to Missouri's $63,290, representing a 1.92x ratio difference. Major employment concentrations exist in federal, state, and local government positions (21,690 employed), professional and scientific services (20,310 employed), and educational institutions (5,010 employed). The field benefits from sustained government investment in biological research and growing private sector demand for biotechnology applications, particularly in pharmaceutical development and personalized medicine.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Molecular and Cellular Biologists face moderate automation risk in routine laboratory procedures, but their roles remain largely secure due to the high-level analytical thinking, creative problem-solving, and interpretive skills required for experimental design and data interpretation. While laboratory automation may streamline data collection and processing tasks, the core activities of hypothesis generation, experimental design, and scientific reasoning cannot be easily automated and require human expertise and judgment.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [skill_overlap] Biochemists and Biophysicists (19-1021.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share identical top skill requirements in Science (4.8 importance), Reading Comprehension (4.4), and Critical Thinking (4.1) with similar proficiency levels.
    data: Science skill importance 4.8
    data: Reading Comprehension 4.4
    data: Biology knowledge level 6.7
  [knowledge_overlap] Geneticists (19-1029.03) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both require advanced Biology knowledge (level 6.7) and Chemistry knowledge (level 5.2) with overlapping research focus on molecular mechanisms.
    data: Biology knowledge level 6.7
    data: Chemistry knowledge 5.2
    data: DNA sequencing tasks
  [career_pathway] Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary (25-1042.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Many molecular biologists transition to academic roles, with instructing students being a top work activity (importance 3.8) and Education/Training knowledge requirement (importance 3.6).
    data: Instructing work activity 3.8
    data: Education and Training knowledge 3.6
    data: Academic career trajectory
  [task_similarity] Bioinformatics Scientists (19-1029.01) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles involve analyzing molecular experimental data and cellular bioinformatics, with shared emphasis on data analysis activities (importance 4.5).
    data: Analyzing Data work activity 4.5
    data: Cellular bioinformatics tasks
    data: Computational data analysis
  [riasec_cluster] Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists (19-1042.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both share investigative orientation with high emphasis on scientific research, laboratory experimentation, and analytical problem-solving.
    data: Investigative RIASEC 6.66
    data: Science skill 4.8
    data: Research methodology focus

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['molecular biologist', 'cellular biologist', 'cell biology', 'molecular biology', 'DNA sequencing', 'gene expression', 'laboratory research', 'biological research']
  exclude_keywords : ['clinical', 'technician', 'technologist', 'assistant', 'coordinator']
  title_patterns   : ['Molecular Biologist', 'Cell Biologist', 'Molecular Biology Researcher', 'Cellular Biology Scientist', 'Molecular Research Scientist']
  common_variations: ['molecular and cellular biologist', 'cell biology scientist', 'molecular biology specialist', 'cellular biology researcher', 'molecular research biologist', 'DNA research scientist', 'gene expression researcher', 'cellular biologist']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['dna', 'molecular', 'biology', 'tendency', 'others', 'research', 'equipment', 'protein', 'cell', 'techniques', 'cellular', 'biological', 'gene', 'cells', 'laboratory', 'principles', 'structure', 'expression', 'technique', 'molecules']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
dna                        74  0.01494  wikipedia            wikipedia:97%  onet_tasks:1%  inference:1%
molecular                  58  0.01171  wikipedia            wikipedia:74%  inference:19%  onet_tasks:7%
biology                    47  0.00949  wikipedia            wikipedia:85%  inference:11%  onet_tasks:2%
tendency                   42  0.00848  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
others                     39  0.00787  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:97%  dwas:3%
research                   33  0.00666  inference            inference:42%  onet_tasks:18%  dwas:18%
equipment                  30  0.00606  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:77%  onet_tasks:10%  dwas:7%
protein                    26  0.00525  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
cell                       24  0.00485  wikipedia            wikipedia:75%  onet_tasks:21%  inference:4%
techniques                 22  0.00444  wikipedia            wikipedia:50%  onet_dimensions:45%  inference:5%
cellular                   21  0.00424  inference            inference:43%  wikipedia:33%  onet_tasks:24%
biological                 21  0.00424  wikipedia            wikipedia:48%  inference:29%  dwas:19%
gene                       20  0.00404  wikipedia            wikipedia:90%  onet_tasks:5%  inference:5%
cells                      19  0.00384  wikipedia            wikipedia:84%  onet_tasks:5%  onet_dimensions:5%
laboratory                 18  0.00363  inference            inference:50%  onet_tasks:28%  wikipedia:17%
principles                 18  0.00363  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:89%  wikipedia:11%
structure                  17  0.00343  wikipedia            wikipedia:82%  onet_dimensions:18%
expression                 16  0.00323  wikipedia            wikipedia:75%  onet_dimensions:12%  onet_tasks:6%
technique                  16  0.00323  wikipedia            wikipedia:94%  onet_dimensions:6%
molecules                  15  0.00303  wikipedia            wikipedia:87%  inference:13%
experiment                 15  0.00303  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
gel                        14  0.00283  wikipedia            wikipedia:93%  onet_tasks:7%
activities                 14  0.00283  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:64%  onet_tasks:14%  inference:14%
scientific                 14  0.00283  dwas                 dwas:36%  wikipedia:29%  inference:21%
control                    14  0.00283  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:86%  onet_tasks:7%  wikipedia:7%
interactions               14  0.00283  wikipedia            wikipedia:64%  onet_dimensions:36%
proteins                   14  0.00283  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
design                     13  0.00263  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:46%  inference:23%  onet_tasks:15%
procedures                 13  0.00263  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:62%  onet_tasks:15%  inference:15%
rna                        13  0.00263  wikipedia            wikipedia:92%  onet_tasks:8%
includes                   13  0.00263  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  wikipedia:8%
blotting                   13  0.00263  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
technical                  12  0.00242  dwas                 dwas:58%  onet_dimensions:25%  onet_tasks:8%
understand                 12  0.00242  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:58%  wikipedia:33%  inference:8%
chemical                   12  0.00242  wikipedia            wikipedia:58%  onet_dimensions:17%  inference:17%
structures                 12  0.00242  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:42%  wikipedia:33%  inference:17%
objects                    12  0.00242  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
study                      12  0.00242  wikipedia            wikipedia:92%  inference:8%
pcr                        12  0.00242  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
applications               11  0.00222  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:36%  wikipedia:27%  inference:18%