[Core] [19% incumbents] Communicate research findings on various types of diseases to health practitioners, policy makers, and the public.
  DWAs: Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations. | Communicate with government agencies.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Oversee public health programs, including statistical analysis, health care planning, surveillance systems, and public health improvement.
  DWAs: Direct medical science or healthcare programs.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Investigate diseases or parasites to determine cause and risk factors, progress, life cycle, or mode of transmission.
  DWAs: Research diseases or parasites.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Educate healthcare workers, patients, and the public about infectious and communicable diseases, including disease transmission and prevention.
  DWAs: Train personnel in technical or scientific procedures.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Monitor and report incidents of infectious diseases to local and state health agencies.
  DWAs: Communicate with government agencies.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Plan and direct studies to investigate human or animal disease, preventive methods, and treatments for disease.
  DWAs: Plan biological research. | Direct medical science or healthcare programs.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Provide expertise in the design, management and evaluation of study protocols and health status questionnaires, sample selection, and analysis.
  DWAs: Develop methods of social or economic research.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Write articles for publication in professional journals.
  DWAs: Write articles, books or other original materials in area of expertise.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Identify and analyze public health issues related to foodborne parasitic diseases and their impact on public policies, scientific studies, or surveys.
  DWAs: Analyze health-related data.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Write grant applications to fund epidemiologic research.
  DWAs: Write grant proposals. | Prepare proposals or grant applications to obtain project funding.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Plan, administer and evaluate health safety standards and programs to improve public health, conferring with health department, industry personnel, physicians, and others.
  DWAs: Establish standards for products, processes, or procedures. | Direct medical science or healthcare programs.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Conduct research to develop methodologies, instrumentation, and procedures for medical application, analyzing data and presenting findings.
  DWAs: Research diseases or parasites. | Analyze health-related data. | Research topics in area of expertise.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Consult with and advise physicians, educators, researchers, government health officials and others regarding medical applications of sciences, such as physics, biology, and chemistry.
  DWAs: Advise others on healthcare matters.

[Core] [19% incumbents] Supervise professional, technical, and clerical personnel.
  DWAs: Supervise scientific or technical personnel.

[Supplemental] [19% incumbents] Teach principles of medicine and medical and laboratory procedures to physicians, residents, students, and technicians.
  DWAs: Instruct college students in physical or life sciences.

[Supplemental] [19% incumbents] Prepare and analyze samples to study effects of drugs, gases, pesticides, or microorganisms on cell structure and tissue.
  DWAs: Analyze biological samples.

[EMERGING:New] Teach epidemiology to students in public health programs.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.25 lvl:5.12) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.25 lvl:4.62) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Listening (imp:4.12 lvl:4.75) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Writing (imp:4.12 lvl:4.62) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Speaking (imp:4.12 lvl:4.75) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Science (imp:4.12 lvl:5.00) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
  Active Learning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Mathematics (imp:3.75 lvl:4.12) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Monitoring (imp:3.62 lvl:4.25) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.50 lvl:3.88) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Mathematics (imp:4.50 lvl:5.32) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Biology (imp:4.26 lvl:5.63) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:4.00 lvl:4.11) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  English Language (imp:4.00 lvl:4.63) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.53 lvl:4.89) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Communications and Media (imp:3.47 lvl:3.89) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Education and Training (imp:3.42 lvl:4.84) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:3.16 lvl:4.32) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Administration and Management (imp:3.00 lvl:4.11) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.79 lvl:3.11) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Psychology (imp:2.63 lvl:3.37) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:2.58 lvl:3.42) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Law and Government (imp:2.58 lvl:2.74) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Geography (imp:2.39 lvl:3.42) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.37 lvl:2.84) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Administrative (imp:2.32 lvl:3.53) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Chemistry (imp:2.21 lvl:2.74) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Telecommunications (imp:2.21 lvl:1.89) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Economics and Accounting (imp:2.05 lvl:2.16) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.95 lvl:2.00) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.79 lvl:1.58) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.79 lvl:1.53) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.74 lvl:1.63) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Production and Processing (imp:1.74 lvl:1.42) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  History and Archeology (imp:1.74 lvl:1.68) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Design (imp:1.63 lvl:1.26) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Foreign Language (imp:1.56 lvl:1.44) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Food Production (imp:1.47 lvl:0.95) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Physics (imp:1.47 lvl:1.05) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Transportation (imp:1.47 lvl:1.32) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Building and Construction (imp:1.26 lvl:0.53) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Mechanical (imp:1.21 lvl:0.42) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Fine Arts (imp:1.11 lvl:0.21) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform

--- ABILITIES ---
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.38 lvl:5.25) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.38 lvl:5.25) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.38 lvl:5.00) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Oral Expression (imp:4.25 lvl:5.12) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Written Expression (imp:4.25 lvl:5.00) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:4.25 lvl:4.75) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.12 lvl:5.00) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Category Flexibility (imp:4.00 lvl:4.50) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Speech Clarity (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Originality (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Information Ordering (imp:3.75 lvl:4.12) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Near Vision (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:3.62 lvl:4.00) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Number Facility (imp:3.38 lvl:3.75) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Selective Attention (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Speed of Closure (imp:3.00 lvl:3.25) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Perceptual Speed (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Visualization (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Memorization (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Far Vision (imp:2.88 lvl:3.12) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Time Sharing (imp:2.75 lvl:2.50) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.50 lvl:2.50) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Auditory Attention (imp:1.75 lvl:1.25) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Trunk Strength (imp:1.62 lvl:1.12) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.50 lvl:0.62) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Depth Perception (imp:1.38 lvl:0.50) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Control Precision (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.95 lvl:6.68) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.63 lvl:5.78) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Processing Information (imp:4.58 lvl:6.17) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Working with Computers (imp:4.58 lvl:4.37) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:4.58 lvl:6.05) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Getting Information (imp:4.53 lvl:5.68) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.53 lvl:6.05) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:4.42 lvl:5.63) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.28 lvl:5.44) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Thinking Creatively (imp:4.11 lvl:5.42) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:4.11 lvl:4.79) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:4.06 lvl:5.22) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:4.00 lvl:5.68) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:4.00 lvl:5.58) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.89 lvl:4.56) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.78 lvl:4.67) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.78 lvl:5.22) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.72 lvl:4.33) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.68 lvl:5.11) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.56 lvl:4.47) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.50 lvl:4.63) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.47 lvl:4.67) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.44 lvl:3.83) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.33 lvl:4.22) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.26 lvl:4.26) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:3.22 lvl:4.00) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.94 lvl:3.63) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.94 lvl:4.11) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.78 lvl:3.63) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.68 lvl:3.32) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:2.67 lvl:3.00) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.63 lvl:3.16) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:2.42 lvl:2.42) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:1.84 lvl:1.95) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.37 lvl:0.84) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.33 lvl:0.74) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.32 lvl:0.53) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.32 lvl:0.47) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.32 lvl:0.68) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.21 lvl:0.37) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.11 lvl:0.21) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:8.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:7.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:6.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:5.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:4.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Cooperation (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Attention to Detail (imp:2.70) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.67) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Dependability (imp:2.59) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Integrity (imp:2.47) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:2.28) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Adaptability (imp:2.21) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.14) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Cooperation (imp:2.14) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.95) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Perseverance (imp:1.90) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Innovation (imp:1.80) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.80) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control (imp:1.80) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Initiative (imp:1.79) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Sincerity (imp:1.60) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.50) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Leadership Orientation (imp:1.50) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Social Orientation (imp:1.45) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Empathy (imp:1.30) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Humility (imp:1.09) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Adaptability (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Optimism (imp:0.59) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:4.25 lvl:4.50) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:4.25 lvl:4.38) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Systems Analysis (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Coordination (imp:3.75 lvl:4.12) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Instructing (imp:3.25 lvl:3.88) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Service Orientation (imp:3.25 lvl:3.62) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Time Management (imp:3.25 lvl:3.75) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Persuasion (imp:3.12 lvl:3.62) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:3.12 lvl:3.50) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Operations Analysis (imp:3.00 lvl:3.50) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Negotiation (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:2.12 lvl:1.88) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Management of Material Resources (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Programming (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:1.50 lvl:0.62) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.50 lvl:0.62) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Technology Design (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.12 lvl:0.25) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.00) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 12,090
  annual_median    : $87,220
  annual_pct10     : $61,270
  annual_pct25     : $71,090
  annual_pct75     : $112,640
  annual_pct90     : $138,800
  annual_mean      : $97,890
  hourly_median    : $41.93

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Massachusetts ($115,890)
  lowest_state     : Puerto Rico ($48,380)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.395x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (43 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    6,690  median: $  82,460
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    1,820  median: $  99,150
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:    1,680  median: $ 110,920
  Educational Services                     emp:      880  median: $  83,890
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:      410  median: $  79,730
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      290  median: $  81,620
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:      210  median: $       0
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:       70  median: $ 131,910
  Manufacturing                            emp:       40  median: $ 106,460

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (9 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    6,690  median: $  82,460
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    1,820  median: $  99,150
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:    1,680  median: $ 110,920
  Educational Services                     emp:      880  median: $  83,890
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:      410  median: $  79,730
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      290  median: $  81,620
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:      210  median: $       0
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:       70  median: $ 131,910
  Manufacturing                            emp:       40  median: $ 106,460

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Epidemiology
match_score        : 0.8148
wikidata_qid       : Q133805
word_count         : 5,956
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:45:49.502663Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population, and application of this knowledge to prevent diseases.
It is a cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences.
Major areas of epidemiological study include disease causation, transmission, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance, environmental epidemiology, forensic epidemiology, occupational epidemiology, screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines like biology to better understand disease processes, statistics to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions, social sciences to better understand proximate and distal causes, and engineering for exposure assessment.
Epidemiology, literally meaning 'the study of what is upon the people', is derived from Greek  epi 'upon, among';  demos 'people' and  logos 'study', referring to the study of human populations. However, the term is widely used in studies of zoological populations (veterinary epidemiology), although the term 'epizootiology' was historically used. 'Epidemiology' has also been applied to studies of plant populations (botanical or plant disease epidemiology).
The distinction between "epidemic" and "endemic" was first drawn by Hippocrates, The term "epidemiology" appears to have first been used to describe the study of epidemics in 1802 by the Spanish physician Joaquín de Villalba in Epidemiología Española. Epidemiologists also study the interaction of diseases in a population, a condition known as a syndemic.
The term epidemiology is now widely applied to cover the description and causation of not only epidemic, infectious disease, but of disease in general, including related conditions and, especially since the 20th century, chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Some examples of topics examined through epidemiology include high blood pressure, mental illness and obesity. Therefore, this epidemiology is based upon how the pattern of the disease causes change in the function of human beings.


== History ==
The Greek physician Hippocrates, taught by Democritus, was known as the father of medicine, sought a logic to sickness; he is the first person known to have examined the relationships between the occurrence of disease and environmental influences. Hippocrates believed sickness of the human body to be caused by an imbalance of the four humors (black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm). The cure to the sickness was to remove or add the humor in question to balance the body. This belief led to the application of bloodletting and dieting in medicine. He coined the terms endemic (for diseases usually found in some places but not in others) and epidemic (for diseases that are seen at some times but not others).


=== Modern era ===

In the middle of the 16th century, a doctor from Verona named Girolamo Fracastoro was the first to propose a theory that the very small, unseeable, particles that cause disease were alive. They were considered to be able to spread by air, multiply by themselves and to be destroyable by fire. In this way he refuted Galen's miasma theory (poison gas in sick people). In 1543 he wrote a book De contagione et contagiosis morbis, in which he was the first to promote personal and environmental hygiene to prevent disease. The development of a sufficiently powerful microscope by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1675 provided visual evidence of living particles consistent with a germ theory of disease.
During the Ming dynasty, Wu Youke (1582–1652) developed the idea that some diseases were caused by transmissible agents, which he called Li Qi (戾气 or pestilential factors) when he observed various epidemics rage around him between 1641 and 1644. His book Wen Yi Lun (瘟疫论, Treatise on Pestilence/Treatise of Epidemic Diseases) can be regarded as the main etiological work that brought forward the concept. His concepts were still being considered in analysing SARS outbreak by WHO in 2004 in the context of traditional Chinese medicine.
Another pioneer, Thomas Sydenham (1624–1689), was the first to distinguish the fevers of Londoners in the later 1600s. His theories on cures of fevers met with much resistance from traditional physicians at the time. He was not able to find the initial cause of the smallpox fever he researched and treated.
John Graunt, a haberdasher and amateur statistician, published Natural and Political Observations ... upon the Bills of Mortality in 1662. In it, he analysed the mortality rolls in London before the Great Plague, presented one of the first life tables, and reported time trends for many diseases, new and old. He provided statistical evidence for many theories on disease, and also refuted some widespread ideas on them.

John Snow is famous for his investigations into the causes of the 19th-century cholera epidemics, and is also known as the father of (modern) Epidemiology. He began with noticing the significantly higher death rates in two areas supplied by Southwark Company. His identification of the Broad Street pump as the cause of the Soho epidemic is considered the classic example of epidemiology. Snow used chlorine in an attempt to clean the water and removed the handle; this ended the outbreak. This has been perceived as a major event in the history of public health and regarded as the founding event of the science of epidemiology, having helped shape public health policies around the world. However, Snow's research and preventive measures to avoid further outbreaks were not fully accepted or put into practice until after his death due to the prevailing Miasma Theory of the time, a model of disease in which poor air quality was blamed for illness. This was used to rationalize high rates of infection in impoverished areas instead of addressing the underlying issues of poor nutrition and sanitation, and was proven false by his work.
Other pioneers include Danish physician Peter Anton Schleisner, who in 1849 related his work on the prevention of the epidemic of neonatal tetanus on the Vestmanna Islands in Iceland. Another important pioneer was Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis, who in 1847 brought down infant mortality at a Vienna hospital by instituting a disinfection procedure. His findings were published in 1850, but his work was ill-received by his colleagues, who discontinued the procedure. Disinfection did not become widely practiced until British surgeon Joseph Lister, aided by his colleague, chemist Thomas Anderson, was able to "discover" antiseptics in 1865 based on the earlier work of Louis Pasteur.
In the early 20th century, mathematical methods were introduced into epidemiology by Ronald Ross, Janet Lane-Claypon, Anderson Gray McKendrick, and others. In 1927, William Ogilvy Kermack and Anderson Gray McKendrick published the foundational SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) model, applying mass-action kinetics from chemistry to disease transmission in populations. In a parallel development during the 1920s, German-Swiss pathologist Max Askanazy and others founded the International Society for Geographical Pathology to systematically investigate the geographical pathology of cancer and other non-infectious diseases across populations in different regions. After World War II, Richard Doll and other non-pathologists joined the field and advanced methods to stud

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (similarity: 0.4762)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_and_Territorial_Epidemiologists
  QID: Q5176508
  Extract: The Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) is a 501(c)(6) non-profit organization originally organized in 1955, founded in 1992, and based in Atlanta, Georgia. CSTE works to advance public health policy and workforce capacity for applied public health epidemiologists in all localiti

  Title: Men who have sex with men (similarity: 0.1500)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men
  QID: Q853451
  Extract: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are men who engage in sexual activity with other men, regardless of their sexual orientation or sexual identity. The term was created by epidemiologists in the 1990s, to better study and communicate the spread of sexually transmitted infections such as HIV/AIDS betwee

  Title: Chronic condition (similarity: 0.2500)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_condition
  QID: Q383126
  Extract: 

A chronic condition, also known as chronic disease or chronic illness, is a health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects. The term chronic is often applied when the course of the disease lasts for more than three months. Common chronic diseases include di

  Title: Lyme disease (similarity: 0.3704)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease
  QID: Q201989
  Extract: Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is a tick-borne disease caused by species of Borrelia bacteria, transmitted by blood-feeding ticks in the genus Ixodes. It is the most common disease spread by ticks in the Northern Hemisphere. Infections are most common in the spring and early summer. I

  Title: Disease (similarity: 0.3636)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease
  QID: Q12136
  Extract: A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific signs and symptoms. A disease may be caus

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong confidence supported by comprehensive O*NET data including detailed task descriptions, extensive skill/knowledge profiles, clear educational requirements, and robust wage data from BLS OEWS May 2025. The Wikipedia match provides additional validation of the field definition.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T15:33:05.624096+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,569
tokens_output        : 4,256
cost_usd             : $0.046993
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Epidemiology
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia entry confirms epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations for prevention purposes, directly aligning with the O*NET occupation description. The semantic neighbors include relevant professional organizations like CSTE and disease conditions epidemiologists commonly study.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Epidemiologists are public health scientists who investigate disease patterns, causes, and prevention strategies across populations. They conduct statistical analyses to identify health trends, evaluate disease outbreaks, and develop evidence-based interventions to protect community health. Their research directly informs healthcare policies and disease prevention programs at local, state, and federal levels.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
Epidemiologists spend significant time analyzing complex health data using statistical software like SPSS and ArcGIS to identify disease patterns and risk factors. They design and oversee research studies, collecting and interpreting data on disease transmission, environmental factors, and population health outcomes. Much of their work involves communicating findings through scientific reports, presentations to policymakers, and educational materials for healthcare workers and the public. They collaborate with government health agencies to monitor infectious disease outbreaks and coordinate surveillance systems. Research activities include writing grant proposals to fund studies and publishing findings in professional journals to advance the field.

WHO THRIVES:
Successful epidemiologists possess strong analytical minds with exceptional attention to detail, as evidenced by the critical importance of dependability and precision in their work. They excel at both inductive and deductive reasoning, allowing them to identify patterns in complex datasets and draw logical conclusions about disease causation. Strong communication skills are essential for translating technical findings into actionable recommendations for diverse audiences including healthcare workers, policymakers, and the general public. The work attracts individuals with high intellectual curiosity who are motivated by solving complex public health puzzles and protecting community wellbeing.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry into epidemiology typically requires a master's degree in public health, epidemiology, or a related field, with 66.7% of practitioners holding master's degrees and 22.2% completing post-doctoral training. Many positions prefer candidates with coursework in biostatistics, research methods, and disease surveillance systems. Entry-level roles often begin in government health departments or research institutions where new epidemiologists gain experience in data analysis, surveillance systems, and research methodology under senior supervision.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Epidemiologists advance from research assistant roles to senior investigator positions, potentially leading major public health studies and directing surveillance programs. Career progression often involves specialization in areas like infectious diseases, environmental health, or chronic disease prevention. Advanced practitioners may become chief epidemiologists for health departments, lead research teams at academic institutions, or transition into policy advisory roles at national health organizations.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The epidemiology field employs 12,090 professionals nationally with a median annual salary of $87,220 according to BLS OEWS May 2025 data. Wages range from $61,270 at the 10th percentile to $138,800 at the 90th percentile, with significant geographic variation from $48,380 in Puerto Rico to $115,890 in Massachusetts. Government employment dominates the field with 6,690 positions in federal, state, and local agencies, followed by healthcare organizations (1,820) and consulting firms (1,680). The extensive preparation required (Job Zone 5) and specialized skill set suggest strong job security and competitive compensation for qualified professionals.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Epidemiologists face moderate automation risk as data analysis and pattern recognition technologies advance, but their work remains largely protected by the need for scientific interpretation and policy communication. While statistical analysis tools may become more sophisticated, the core activities of study design, causal inference, and translating findings into public health recommendations require human expertise and judgment that current AI cannot replicate.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [skill_overlap] Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists (19-1042.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share identical top skills in reading comprehension (4.2), critical thinking (4.2), and science (4.1) with similar emphasis on research methodology.
    data: reading comprehension imp:4.2
    data: critical thinking imp:4.2
    data: science imp:4.1
  [knowledge_overlap] Preventive Medicine Physicians (29-1229.05) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Strong overlap in medicine and dentistry knowledge (4.0) and biology (4.3), with both focused on disease prevention and population health outcomes.
    data: medicine and dentistry imp:4.0
    data: biology imp:4.3
    data: disease prevention focus
  [task_similarity] Microbiologists (19-1022.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both investigate diseases and parasites to determine causes and transmission modes, sharing research methodologies in biological systems.
    data: investigate diseases or parasites task
    data: biology knowledge imp:4.3
  [riasec_cluster] Geneticists (19-1029.03) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both occupations show strong investigative orientation (I:7.00 for epidemiologists) with emphasis on scientific research and data analysis.
    data: RIASEC I:7.00
    data: analyzing data imp:5.0
    data: science imp:4.1
  [career_pathway] Clinical Nurse Specialists (29-1141.04) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Epidemiologists with clinical backgrounds may transition to specialized nursing roles focusing on infection control and population health management.
    data: infection control coordinator job title
    data: healthcare worker education task
  [wage_band] Clinical Neuropsychologists (19-3039.03) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both require extensive preparation (Job Zone 5) and doctoral-level training, likely placing them in similar compensation ranges.
    data: job zone 5
    data: doctoral degree 11.1%
    data: post-doctoral training 22.2%

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['epidemiologist', 'disease investigation', 'public health research', 'surveillance systems', 'outbreak investigation', 'population health', 'biostatistics', 'infectious diseases']
  exclude_keywords : ['clinical care', 'patient treatment', 'surgery', 'diagnostic imaging', 'pharmacy']
  title_patterns   : ['epidemiologist', 'epidemiology analyst', 'disease investigator', 'public health researcher', 'surveillance specialist']
  common_variations: ['chronic disease epidemiologist', 'environmental epidemiologist', 'clinical epidemiologist', 'infection control epidemiologist', 'epidemiology researcher', 'field epidemiologist', 'applied epidemiologist', 'surveillance epidemiologist']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['disease', 'health', 'epidemiology', 'study', 'others', 'tendency', 'studies', 'control', 'population', 'public', 'diseases', 'research', 'risk', 'epidemiologists', 'equipment', 'error', 'cases', 'case', 'bias', 'effect']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
disease                    98  0.01690  wikipedia            wikipedia:86%  inference:11%  onet_tasks:3%
health                     80  0.01380  wikipedia            wikipedia:64%  inference:18%  onet_tasks:15%
epidemiology               61  0.01052  wikipedia            wikipedia:92%  inference:7%  onet_tasks:2%
study                      54  0.00931  wikipedia            wikipedia:91%  inference:6%  onet_tasks:4%
others                     47  0.00811  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:81%  wikipedia:11%  onet_tasks:4%
tendency                   43  0.00742  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:98%  wikipedia:2%
studies                    38  0.00655  wikipedia            wikipedia:87%  inference:8%  onet_tasks:5%
control                    36  0.00621  wikipedia            wikipedia:67%  onet_dimensions:33%
population                 35  0.00604  wikipedia            wikipedia:97%  inference:3%
public                     34  0.00586  wikipedia            wikipedia:44%  onet_tasks:24%  inference:21%
diseases                   30  0.00517  wikipedia            wikipedia:70%  onet_tasks:17%  dwas:7%
research                   29  0.00500  wikipedia            wikipedia:38%  inference:28%  dwas:21%
risk                       24  0.00414  wikipedia            wikipedia:79%  onet_dimensions:8%  inference:8%
epidemiologists            24  0.00414  wikipedia            wikipedia:67%  inference:33%
equipment                  23  0.00397  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
error                      22  0.00379  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
cases                      21  0.00362  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
case                       20  0.00345  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
bias                       20  0.00345  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
effect                     20  0.00345  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
epidemiological            18  0.00311  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
management                 17  0.00293  wikipedia            wikipedia:53%  onet_dimensions:41%  onet_tasks:6%
principles                 17  0.00293  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:94%  onet_tasks:6%
exposure                   17  0.00293  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
programs                   16  0.00276  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:25%  wikipedia:25%  onet_tasks:19%
analysis                   16  0.00276  wikipedia            wikipedia:44%  onet_dimensions:25%  inference:19%
cause                      15  0.00259  wikipedia            wikipedia:87%  onet_tasks:7%  onet_dimensions:7%
factors                    15  0.00259  wikipedia            wikipedia:80%  inference:13%  onet_tasks:7%
group                      15  0.00259  wikipedia            wikipedia:87%  onet_dimensions:13%
causal                     15  0.00259  wikipedia            wikipedia:93%  inference:7%
term                       14  0.00242  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
procedures                 13  0.00224  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:62%  onet_tasks:15%  dwas:15%
ideas                      13  0.00224  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:85%  wikipedia:15%
random                     13  0.00224  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
findings                   12  0.00207  wikipedia            wikipedia:50%  inference:33%  onet_tasks:17%
statistical                12  0.00207  wikipedia            wikipedia:67%  inference:25%  onet_tasks:8%
healthcare                 12  0.00207  dwas                 dwas:33%  inference:33%  wikipedia:25%
human                      12  0.00207  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:58%  wikipedia:25%  onet_tasks:8%
design                     12  0.00207  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:50%  wikipedia:25%  inference:17%
medical                    12  0.00207  wikipedia            wikipedia:42%  onet_tasks:25%  dwas:25%