[Core] [20% incumbents] Develop or use mathematical or computer models for weather forecasting.
  DWAs: Develop theories or models of physical phenomena.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Interpret data, reports, maps, photographs, or charts to predict long- or short-range weather conditions, using computer models and knowledge of climate theory, physics, and mathematics.
  DWAs: Interpret research or operational data.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Conduct meteorological research into the processes or determinants of atmospheric phenomena, weather, or climate.
  DWAs: Conduct climatological research.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Formulate predictions by interpreting environmental data, such as meteorological, atmospheric, oceanic, paleoclimate, climate, or related information.
  DWAs: Analyze environmental data. | Develop theories or models of physical phenomena.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Broadcast weather conditions, forecasts, or severe weather warnings to the public via television, radio, or the Internet or provide this information to the news media.
  DWAs: Provide technical information or assistance to public.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Prepare forecasts or briefings to meet the needs of industry, business, government, or other groups.
  DWAs: Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Gather data from sources such as surface or upper air stations, satellites, weather bureaus, or radar for use in meteorological reports or forecasts.
  DWAs: Collect environmental data or samples.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Develop computer programs to collect meteorological data or to present meteorological information.
  DWAs: Test computer system operations to ensure proper functioning. | Analyze design requirements for computer or electronics systems. | Write computer programming code.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Prepare weather reports or maps for analysis, distribution, or use in weather broadcasts, using computer graphics.
  DWAs: Provide technical information or assistance to public.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Develop and deliver training on weather topics.
  DWAs: Develop training materials. | Present information to the public. | Teach classes in area of specialization.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Prepare scientific atmospheric or climate reports, articles, or texts.
  DWAs: Prepare research or technical reports on environmental issues.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Analyze climate data sets, using techniques such as geophysical fluid dynamics, data assimilation, or numerical modeling.
  DWAs: Conduct climatological research.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Analyze historical climate information, such as precipitation or temperature records, to help predict future weather or climate trends.
  DWAs: Conduct climatological research.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Consult with other offices, agencies, professionals, or researchers regarding the use and interpretation of climatological information for weather predictions and warnings.
  DWAs: Collaborate on research activities with scientists or technical specialists.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Speak to the public to discuss weather topics or answer questions.
  DWAs: Communicate with the public on environmental issues. | Provide educational information to the public.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Apply meteorological knowledge to issues such as global warming, pollution control, or ozone depletion.
  DWAs: Apply knowledge or research findings to address environmental problems.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Perform managerial duties, such as creating work schedules, creating or implementing staff training, matching staff expertise to situations, or analyzing performance of offices.
  DWAs: Coordinate training activities. | Manage human resources activities.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Measure wind, temperature, and humidity in the upper atmosphere, using weather balloons.
  DWAs: Measure environmental characteristics.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Direct forecasting services at weather stations or at radio or television broadcasting facilities.
  DWAs: Direct technical activities or operations.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Collect air samples from planes or ships over land or sea to study atmospheric composition.
  DWAs: Collect environmental data or samples.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Teach college-level courses on topics such as atmospheric and space science, meteorology, or global climate change.
  DWAs: Instruct college students in physical or life sciences.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Design or develop new equipment or methods for meteorological data collection, remote sensing, or related applications.
  DWAs: Develop environmental research methods.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Research the impact of industrial projects or pollution on climate, air quality, or weather phenomena.
  DWAs: Research environmental impact of industrial or development activities.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Conduct wind assessment, integration, or validation studies.
  DWAs: Conduct climatological research.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Conduct numerical simulations of climate conditions to understand and predict global or regional weather patterns.
  DWAs: Develop mathematical models of environmental conditions.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Estimate or predict the effects of global warming over time for specific geographic regions.
  DWAs: Research environmental impact of industrial or development activities.

[Supplemental] [20% incumbents] Create visualizations to illustrate historical or future changes in the Earth's climate, using paleoclimate or climate geographic information systems (GIS) databases.
  DWAs: Create images or other visual displays.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:4.88) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Active Listening (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Speaking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.38) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Science (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Learning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Writing (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Mathematics (imp:3.38 lvl:4.00) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.12 lvl:3.38) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Monitoring (imp:3.12 lvl:3.50) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Mathematics (imp:4.44 lvl:6.00) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Physics (imp:4.42 lvl:5.35) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Geography (imp:4.40 lvl:5.65) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Computers and Electronics (imp:4.15 lvl:5.65) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  English Language (imp:3.80 lvl:4.45) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Communications and Media (imp:3.22 lvl:3.53) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:3.00 lvl:4.10) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Chemistry (imp:3.00 lvl:4.00) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Education and Training (imp:2.90 lvl:4.00) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Engineering and Technology (imp:2.79 lvl:3.85) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.60 lvl:2.45) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Administration and Management (imp:2.58 lvl:3.80) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Telecommunications (imp:2.55 lvl:2.60) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Administrative (imp:2.45 lvl:3.25) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.25 lvl:2.25) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Design (imp:2.05 lvl:2.25) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Economics and Accounting (imp:1.90 lvl:2.00) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Law and Government (imp:1.89 lvl:2.05) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Production and Processing (imp:1.85 lvl:1.50) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Biology (imp:1.85 lvl:2.35) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Psychology (imp:1.85 lvl:1.80) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.75 lvl:1.95) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.70 lvl:1.35) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Transportation (imp:1.60 lvl:1.05) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Mechanical (imp:1.47 lvl:1.15) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  History and Archeology (imp:1.45 lvl:1.45) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Foreign Language (imp:1.40 lvl:0.95) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Building and Construction (imp:1.15 lvl:0.40) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.15 lvl:0.25) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Fine Arts (imp:1.10 lvl:0.10) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  Food Production (imp:1.05 lvl:0.11) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r

--- ABILITIES ---
  Oral Expression (imp:4.25 lvl:5.00) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:5.00) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:5.00) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.12 lvl:4.25) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Written Expression (imp:3.88 lvl:4.75) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Information Ordering (imp:3.75 lvl:4.00) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Near Vision (imp:3.75 lvl:4.00) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.75 lvl:3.50) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:3.50 lvl:4.00) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.38 lvl:3.88) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.38 lvl:3.88) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.25 lvl:3.50) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Originality (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Number Facility (imp:3.00 lvl:3.38) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Far Vision (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Memorization (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Selective Attention (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Visualization (imp:2.62 lvl:2.50) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Time Sharing (imp:2.62 lvl:2.88) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.88 lvl:1.62) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Auditory Attention (imp:1.88 lvl:1.75) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Trunk Strength (imp:1.75 lvl:1.12) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Depth Perception (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Control Precision (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Working with Computers (imp:4.79 lvl:5.15) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.75 lvl:6.15) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Getting Information (imp:4.60 lvl:5.50) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Processing Information (imp:4.25 lvl:5.70) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.25 lvl:5.40) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:4.21 lvl:5.25) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.10 lvl:5.30) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:4.00 lvl:5.25) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:3.85 lvl:4.85) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.84 lvl:5.20) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.80 lvl:4.80) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:3.70 lvl:4.10) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.55 lvl:4.35) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:3.45 lvl:4.45) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.45 lvl:4.35) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.40 lvl:3.90) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.30 lvl:3.75) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.26 lvl:4.15) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.20 lvl:4.15) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.20 lvl:4.15) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.16 lvl:4.16) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.11 lvl:3.80) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.10 lvl:3.95) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.10 lvl:3.85) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.05 lvl:3.80) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.05 lvl:3.85) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:2.80 lvl:3.40) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.55 lvl:3.15) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.45 lvl:3.25) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:2.30 lvl:2.30) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.30 lvl:3.10) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.16 lvl:2.75) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:2.00 lvl:2.45) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.95 lvl:2.10) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.90 lvl:1.75) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:1.80 lvl:1.70) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.79 lvl:1.75) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.63 lvl:1.50) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.50 lvl:1.10) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.40 lvl:1.00) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.30 lvl:0.65) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:5.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:4.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Attention to Detail (imp:2.67) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Dependability (imp:2.47) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.45) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.14) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:2.01) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Adaptability (imp:1.98) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Innovation (imp:1.97) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Integrity (imp:1.92) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:1.79) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Perseverance (imp:1.74) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.52) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.50) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Self-Control (imp:1.22) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Initiative (imp:1.10) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Cooperation (imp:0.87) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Leadership Orientation (imp:0.73) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Sincerity (imp:0.70) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Social Orientation (imp:0.63) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Humility (imp:0.32) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Optimism (imp:0.28) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Empathy (imp:0.16) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Cautiousness () — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Integrity () — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.12 lvl:3.62) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Instructing (imp:3.00 lvl:3.50) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Time Management (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Persuasion (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Service Orientation (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Systems Evaluation (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Operations Analysis (imp:2.62 lvl:2.75) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Negotiation (imp:2.50 lvl:2.75) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Programming (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Technology Design (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.75 lvl:1.25) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Management of Material Resources (imp:1.75 lvl:1.25) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Operation and Control (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 10,000
  annual_median    : $99,070
  annual_pct10     : $53,060
  annual_pct25     : $73,350
  annual_pct75     : $129,960
  annual_pct90     : $161,890
  annual_mean      : $106,110
  hourly_median    : $47.63

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Maryland ($128,800)
  lowest_state     : New Hampshire ($42,820)
  dispersion_ratio : 3.008x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (48 total) ---
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:    3,630  median: $  85,050
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    2,920  median: $ 120,580
  Information                              emp:    1,590  median: $  81,240
  Educational Services                     emp:    1,370  median: $ 103,970
  Transportation and Warehousing           emp:      110  median: $  78,950
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:      100  median: $ 103,380
  Utilities                                emp:       40  median: $ 134,440

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (7 total) ---
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:    3,630  median: $  85,050
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    2,920  median: $ 120,580
  Information                              emp:    1,590  median: $  81,240
  Educational Services                     emp:    1,370  median: $ 103,970
  Transportation and Warehousing           emp:      110  median: $  78,950
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:      100  median: $ 103,380
  Utilities                                emp:       40  median: $ 134,440

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Atmospheric science
match_score        : 0.6667
wikidata_qid       : Q757520
word_count         : 1,785
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_science
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:46:54.925534Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
Atmospheric science is the study of the Earth's atmosphere and its various inner-working physical processes. Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with a major focus on weather forecasting. Climatology is the study of atmospheric conditions over timescales longer than those of weather, focusing on average climate conditions and their variability over time. Aeronomy is the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important. Atmospheric science has been extended to the field of planetary science and the study of the atmospheres of the planets and natural satellites of the Solar System.
Experimental instruments used in atmospheric science include satellites, rocketsondes, radiosondes, weather balloons, radars, and lasers.
The term aerology (from Greek ἀήρ, aēr, "air"; and -λογία, -logia) is sometimes used as an alternative term for the study of Earth's atmosphere; in other definitions, aerology is restricted to the free atmosphere, the region above the planetary boundary layer.
Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann.


== Atmospheric chemistry ==

Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary field of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines. Research is increasingly connected with other areas of study such as climatology.
The composition and chemistry of the atmosphere is of importance for several reasons, but primarily because of the interactions between the atmosphere and living organisms. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere has been changed by human activity and some of these changes are harmful to human health, crops and ecosystems. Examples of problems which have been addressed by atmospheric chemistry include acid rain, photochemical smog and global warming. Atmospheric chemistry seeks to understand the causes of these problems, and by obtaining a theoretical understanding of them, allow possible solutions to be tested and the effects of changes in government policy evaluated. 
Atmospheric chemistry plays a major role in understanding the concentration of gases in our atmosphere that contribute to climate change. More specifically, when combined with atmospheric physics and biogeochemistry, it is useful in terms of studying the influence of greenhouse gases like CO2, N2O, and CH4, on Earth's radiative balance. According to UNEP, CO2 emissions increased to a new record of 57.1 GtCO2e, up 1.3% from the previous year. Previous GHG emissions growth from 2010-2019 averaged only +0.8% yearly, illustrating the dramatic increase in global emissions. The Global Nitrous Oxide Budget cited that atmospheric N2O has increased by roughly 25% between 1750 and 2022, having the fasted annual growth rate in 2020 and 2021. Atmospheric chemistry is critical in understanding what contributes to our changing climate. The warming of our climate is caused when CO2 emissions, constrained by biogeochemistry, are above a 0% increase. In order to stop temperatures from rising, there must be no CO2 emissions. By understanding the chemical composition and emission rates in our atmosphere alongside economic factors, researchers are able to trace back emissions back to their sources. About 26% of the 2023 GtCO2e was used for power, 15% for transportation, 11% in industry, 11% in agriculture, etc. In order to successfully reverse the human-driven damage contributing to global climate change, cuts of nearly 42% are needed by 2030 and are to be implementing using government intervention. This is one example of how atmospheric chemistry goes hand-in-hand with social and political policy, biogeochemistry, and economic factors. 


== Atmospheric dynamics ==

Atmospheric dynamics is the study of motion systems of meteorological importance, integrating observations at multiple locations and times and theories. Common topics studied include diverse phenomena such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, gravity waves, tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones, jet streams, and global-scale circulations. The goal of dynamical studies is to explain the observed circulations on the basis of fundamental principles from physics. The objectives of such studies incorporate improving weather forecasting, developing methods for predicting seasonal and interannual climate fluctuations, and understanding the implications of human-induced perturbations (e.g., increased carbon dioxide concentrations or depletion of the ozone layer) on the global climate. 


== Atmospheric physics ==

Atmospheric physics is the application of physics to the study of the atmosphere. Atmospheric physicists attempt to model Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of the other planets using fluid flow equations, chemical models, radiation balancing, and energy transfer processes in the atmosphere and underlying oceans and land. In order to model weather systems, atmospheric physicists employ elements of scattering theory, wave propagation models, cloud physics, statistical mechanics and spatial statistics, each of which incorporate high levels of mathematics and physics. Atmospheric physics has close links to meteorology and climatology and also covers the design and construction of instruments for studying the atmosphere and the interpretation of the data they provide, including remote sensing instruments.
In the United Kingdom, atmospheric studies are underpinned by the Meteorological Office. Divisions of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) oversee research projects and weather modeling involving atmospheric physics. The U.S. National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center also carries out studies of the high atmosphere.
The Earth's magnetic field and the solar wind interact with the atmosphere, creating the ionosphere, Van Allen radiation belts, telluric currents, and radiant energy.

Recent studies in atmospheric physics often rely on satellite-based observation. One example includes CALIPSO, or the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation. The CALIPSO mission, engineered by NASA and the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales/CNES, studies how clouds and airborne particles play a role in regulating the weather, climate, and quality of Earth's atmosphere. According to NASA, this mission uses methods like retrieval algorithm development, climatology development, spectroscopy, weather and climate model evaluation, and cloudy radiative transfer models in addition to atmospheric physics concepts to understand the physics involved in Earth atmospheric regulation.


== Climatology ==

Climatology is a science that derives knowledge and practices from the more specialized disciplines of meteorology, oceanography, geology, biology, and astronomy to study climate. In contrast to meteorology, which studies short-term weather systems lasting up to a few weeks, climatology studies the frequency and trends of those systems. It studies the periodicity of weather events over timescales ranging from years to millennia, as well as changes in long-term average weather patterns. Climatologists, those who practice climatology, study both the nature of climates – local, regional or global – and the natural or human-induced factors that cause climate variability and current ongoing global warming. Additionally, the occurrence of past climates on Earth, such as those arising from glacial periods and interglacials, can be used to predict future changes in climate.
Oftentimes, climatology is studied in conjunction with another specialized discipline. One recent scientific study that utilizes topics in climatology, oceanology, and even economics is entitled "Concerns about El Nino-Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation with an Increasing

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Jonathan H. Jiang (similarity: 0.3265)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_H._Jiang
  QID: Q58066268
  Extract: Jonathan Hongtao Jiang (蒋红涛) is a Chinese-American atmospheric and space scientist and astrophysicist. He was a Senior Research Scientist and Principal Scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, where he led the Aerosol and Cloud Research Group. His work

  Title: Atmosphere of Earth (similarity: 0.5098)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth
  QID: Q3230
  Extract: The atmosphere of Earth consists of a layer of mixed gas that is retained by gravity, surrounding the Earth's surface. It contains variable quantities of suspended aerosols and particulates that create weather features such as clouds and hazes. The atmosphere serves as a protective buffer between th

  Title: STEVE (similarity: 0.1081)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEVE
  QID: Q29564079
  Extract: STEVE is an atmospheric optical phenomenon that appears as a purple and green light ribbon in the night sky, named in late 2016 by aurora watchers from Alberta, Canada. The backronym later adopted for the phenomenon is the Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement. According to analysis of satell

  Title: Meteorology (similarity: 0.1395)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology
  QID: Q25261
  Extract: Meteorology is the scientific study of the Earth's atmosphere and short-term atmospheric phenomena, with a focus on weather forecasting. It has applications in the military, aviation, energy production, transport, agriculture, construction, weather warnings, and disaster management.

  Title: Ginger Zee (similarity: 0.2381)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Zee
  QID: Q5563073
  Extract: Ginger Renée Colonomos, known by her pseudonym Ginger Zee, is an American television personality. She is the chief meteorologist for ABC News, after having been the network's weekend meteorologist.

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong data foundation with detailed O*NET work activities, clear wage data from BLS OEWS May 2025, and comprehensive skill/knowledge profiles. Wikipedia match validates field definition and scope.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T15:37:39.366994+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,601
tokens_output        : 4,259
cost_usd             : $0.047731
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Atmospheric science
wikipedia_note       : Wikipedia confirms atmospheric science encompasses meteorology, climatology, and atmospheric physics with focus on weather forecasting and atmospheric chemistry. The field matches the O*NET description of investigating atmospheric phenomena and interpreting meteorological data.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Atmospheric and Space Scientists investigate atmospheric phenomena and interpret meteorological data from surface stations, satellites, and radar to prepare weather reports and forecasts for public and specialized uses. They conduct research into atmospheric processes, develop mathematical models for weather prediction, and communicate weather information through various media channels. These scientists combine expertise in physics, mathematics, and computer science to understand and predict Earth's atmospheric behavior.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
A typical day involves developing and running mathematical or computer models for weather forecasting, interpreting complex data from satellites, radar, and weather stations to predict short and long-range conditions. They spend significant time working with computers analyzing meteorological data at importance level 4.8 and analyzing data or information at level 6.2. Scientists prepare detailed weather reports and maps using computer graphics, conduct meteorological research into atmospheric phenomena, and formulate predictions by interpreting environmental data including oceanic and paleoclimate information. They frequently communicate findings through briefings to industry, government, or the public, and may broadcast weather conditions via television, radio, or internet platforms.

WHO THRIVES:
This role attracts individuals with strong investigative interests (RIASEC I:6.26) who excel at analytical thinking and complex problem-solving. Professionals who thrive demonstrate exceptional dependability (importance 5.0) and attention to detail (importance 4.0), as accurate weather prediction directly impacts public safety and economic decisions. The work requires individuals comfortable with advanced mathematics (knowledge level 6.0), physics (level 5.3), and computer systems (level 5.7), combined with strong oral and written communication abilities (level 5.0) to translate complex scientific findings for diverse audiences. Intellectual curiosity drives success in this field, as scientists must continuously update their knowledge and adapt to evolving atmospheric research and technology.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry typically requires a bachelor's degree (60% of practitioners), with many positions preferring advanced degrees - 20% hold master's degrees and 15% doctoral degrees according to education distribution data. Strong foundations in mathematics, physics, geography, and computer science are essential, reflecting the top knowledge requirements. Many professionals gain experience through internships at the National Weather Service, private meteorological companies, or research institutions before securing full-time positions.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Career progression often leads to specialized roles in research meteorology, broadcast meteorology, or climate science leadership positions. Advanced practitioners may transition into related fields such as data science, remote sensing technology, or climate change policy analysis. The Job Zone 4 classification indicates considerable preparation is needed, with opportunities advancing to senior research positions, management roles in meteorological organizations, or academic positions requiring doctoral-level expertise.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The field employs approximately 10,000 professionals nationwide with a median annual salary of $99,070 according to BLS OEWS May 2025 data. Wages range from $53,060 at the 10th percentile to $161,890 at the 90th percentile, with significant geographic variation - Maryland offers the highest wages at $128,800 while New Hampshire shows the lowest at $42,820, representing a 3.01x ratio. Employment concentrates in Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services (3,630 employed), Federal/State/Local Government (2,920 employed), and Information sectors (1,590 employed). The geographic dispersion and government employment concentration reflect the critical role of weather services in public safety and national infrastructure.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
The role shows moderate automation risk given the high importance of working with computers (4.8) and analyzing data (4.8), but human expertise remains critical for interpreting complex atmospheric patterns and communicating findings. Advanced modeling and data processing tasks may become increasingly automated, but the need for professional judgment in interpreting results, conducting original research, and communicating with diverse stakeholders will likely preserve significant human involvement in this field.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [knowledge_overlap] Hydrologists (19-2043.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles require high-level mathematics knowledge (6.0 vs similar levels) and geography expertise for studying water-atmosphere interactions.
    data: Mathematics knowledge level 6.0
    data: Geography knowledge level 5.7
    data: O*NET declared Primary-Short relationship
  [task_similarity] Data Scientists (15-2051.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles emphasize analyzing data or information at high levels (6.2) and working with computers for predictive modeling.
    data: Analyzing Data or Information importance 4.8
    data: Working with Computers importance 4.8
    data: Mathematical modeling tasks
  [riasec_cluster] Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers (19-2042.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both are investigative-oriented scientific roles with similar analytical and research focus in earth sciences.
    data: RIASEC I:6.26 investigative profile
    data: Job Zone 4 considerable preparation
    data: Scientific research tasks
  [skill_overlap] Remote Sensing Scientists and Technologists (19-2099.01) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both require advanced computer and electronics knowledge (5.7) for interpreting satellite and remote sensing data.
    data: Computers and Electronics knowledge level 5.7
    data: Satellite data interpretation tasks
    data: Geographic analysis
  [career_pathway] Climate Change Policy Analysts (19-2041.01) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Atmospheric scientists studying long-term climate patterns naturally progress to policy analysis roles requiring similar environmental data interpretation skills.
    data: Climate and paleoclimate data analysis tasks
    data: Environmental data interpretation
    data: Job Zone 4 educational preparation
  [transferable_skill] Geographic Information Systems Technologists and Technicians (15-1299.02) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Geographic knowledge (5.7) and computer systems expertise transfer well to GIS technology applications.
    data: Geography knowledge level 5.7
    data: Computers and Electronics knowledge level 5.7
    data: Data analysis and mapping tasks

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['atmospheric scientist', 'meteorologist', 'weather forecaster', 'climatologist', 'atmospheric physicist', 'weather analyst', 'broadcast meteorologist', 'atmospheric chemist']
  exclude_keywords : ['astronomer', 'geologist', 'oceanographer', 'seismologist', 'cartographer']
  title_patterns   : ['*meteorologist*', '*atmospheric*', '*weather*', '*climate*', '*forecaster*']
  common_variations: ['Meteorologist', 'Weather Forecaster', 'Climatologist', 'Atmospheric Physicist', 'Weather Analyst', 'Broadcast Meteorologist', 'Storm Tracker', 'Climate Scientist']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['atmospheric', 'weather', 'tendency', 'others', 'atmosphere', 'climate', 'research', 'equipment', 'physics', 'earth', 'principles', 'science', 'computer', 'meteorological', 'public', 'study', 'human', 'chemistry', 'activities', 'environmental']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
atmospheric                59  0.01521  wikipedia            wikipedia:71%  inference:19%  onet_tasks:8%
weather                    44  0.01135  wikipedia            wikipedia:39%  onet_tasks:36%  inference:25%
tendency                   42  0.01083  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
others                     38  0.00980  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
atmosphere                 35  0.00903  wikipedia            wikipedia:97%  onet_tasks:3%
climate                    33  0.00851  wikipedia            wikipedia:58%  onet_tasks:36%  inference:6%
research                   29  0.00748  dwas                 dwas:38%  wikipedia:28%  inference:24%
equipment                  24  0.00619  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:96%  onet_tasks:4%
physics                    23  0.00593  wikipedia            wikipedia:74%  inference:17%  onet_tasks:4%
earth                      23  0.00593  wikipedia            wikipedia:91%  onet_tasks:4%  inference:4%
principles                 18  0.00464  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:89%  wikipedia:11%
science                    17  0.00438  wikipedia            wikipedia:53%  inference:29%  onet_dimensions:12%
computer                   16  0.00413  inference            inference:31%  onet_tasks:25%  onet_dimensions:19%
meteorological             15  0.00387  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:47%  inference:40%  wikipedia:13%
public                     15  0.00387  dwas                 dwas:33%  onet_dimensions:27%  inference:27%
study                      15  0.00387  wikipedia            wikipedia:93%  onet_tasks:7%
human                      15  0.00387  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:47%  wikipedia:33%  inference:13%
chemistry                  15  0.00387  wikipedia            wikipedia:87%  onet_dimensions:7%  inference:7%
activities                 15  0.00387  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:60%  dwas:40%
environmental              14  0.00361  dwas                 dwas:79%  onet_tasks:7%  wikipedia:7%
includes                   14  0.00361  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:86%  wikipedia:14%
control                    13  0.00335  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  onet_tasks:8%
climatology                13  0.00335  wikipedia            wikipedia:92%  inference:8%
models                     12  0.00309  wikipedia            wikipedia:33%  dwas:25%  onet_tasks:17%
global                     12  0.00309  wikipedia            wikipedia:67%  onet_tasks:33%
understanding              12  0.00309  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:50%  wikipedia:50%
problems                   12  0.00309  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:75%  wikipedia:17%  dwas:8%
physical                   12  0.00309  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:50%  dwas:25%  wikipedia:25%
objects                    12  0.00309  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
phenomena                  11  0.00284  wikipedia            wikipedia:36%  inference:27%  onet_tasks:18%
techniques                 11  0.00284  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:91%  onet_tasks:9%
meteorology                11  0.00284  wikipedia            wikipedia:64%  inference:27%  onet_tasks:9%
understand                 11  0.00284  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:64%  wikipedia:18%  onet_tasks:9%
materials                  11  0.00284  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:91%  dwas:9%
events                     11  0.00284  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  wikipedia:27%
ideas                      11  0.00284  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
studies                    10  0.00258  wikipedia            wikipedia:90%  onet_tasks:10%
resources                  10  0.00258  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  dwas:10%
technical                  10  0.00258  dwas                 dwas:60%  onet_dimensions:30%  inference:10%
body                       10  0.00258  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%