[Core] [62% incumbents] Develop, improve, or customize products, equipment, formulas, processes, or analytical methods.
  DWAs: Develop new or advanced products or production methods.

[Core] [62% incumbents] Prepare test solutions, compounds, or reagents for laboratory personnel to conduct tests.
  DWAs: Prepare compounds or solutions for products or testing.

[Core] [62% incumbents] Compile and analyze test information to determine process or equipment operating efficiency or to diagnose malfunctions.
  DWAs: Analyze operational or research data. | Analyze test or performance data to assess equipment operation. | Diagnose equipment malfunctions.

[Core] [62% incumbents] Confer with scientists or engineers to conduct analyses of research projects, interpret test results, or develop nonstandard tests.
  DWAs: Collaborate on research activities with scientists or technical specialists.

[Core] [62% incumbents] Evaluate laboratory safety procedures to ensure compliance with standards or to make improvements as needed.
  DWAs: Monitor operational procedures in technical environments to ensure conformance to standards.

[Core] [61% incumbents] Analyze organic or inorganic compounds to determine chemical or physical properties, composition, structure, relationships, or reactions, using chromatography, spectroscopy, or spectrophotometry techniques.
  DWAs: Analyze chemical compounds or substances.

[Core] [61% incumbents] Induce changes in composition of substances by introducing heat, light, energy, or chemical catalysts for quantitative or qualitative analysis.
  DWAs: Analyze chemical compounds or substances.

[Core] [61% incumbents] Conduct quality control tests.
  DWAs: Test quality of materials or finished products.

[Core] [61% incumbents] Write technical papers or reports or prepare standards and specifications for processes, facilities, products, or tests.
  DWAs: Establish standards for products, processes, or procedures. | Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.

[Core] [61% incumbents] Maintain laboratory instruments to ensure proper working order and troubleshoot malfunctions when needed.
  DWAs: Maintain laboratory or technical equipment.

[Core] [61% incumbents] Direct, coordinate, or advise personnel in test procedures for analyzing components or physical properties of materials.
  DWAs: Supervise scientific or technical personnel.

[Core] [61% incumbents] Purchase laboratory supplies, such as chemicals, when supplies are low or near their expiration date.
  DWAs: Manage scientific or technical project resources.

--- SKILLS ---
  Science (imp:4.12 lvl:5.12) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:5.00) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Speaking (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Active Listening (imp:3.75 lvl:4.00) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Writing (imp:3.75 lvl:4.62) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Mathematics (imp:3.75 lvl:4.50) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Active Learning (imp:3.62 lvl:4.25) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Monitoring (imp:3.50 lvl:3.88) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Chemistry (imp:4.92 lvl:5.98) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  English Language (imp:4.01 lvl:4.12) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Mathematics (imp:3.79 lvl:4.55) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Production and Processing (imp:3.46 lvl:3.60) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Administration and Management (imp:3.39 lvl:3.49) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.39 lvl:4.31) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Administrative (imp:3.34 lvl:4.23) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Physics (imp:3.15 lvl:3.72) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Engineering and Technology (imp:2.98 lvl:3.39) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Mechanical (imp:2.70 lvl:2.73) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Education and Training (imp:2.69 lvl:3.87) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Law and Government (imp:2.64 lvl:3.23) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.59 lvl:2.72) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:2.57 lvl:2.46) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Biology (imp:2.42 lvl:2.97) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Design (imp:2.08 lvl:2.33) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Transportation (imp:2.05 lvl:2.00) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Economics and Accounting (imp:2.00 lvl:1.35) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.00 lvl:1.92) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Psychology (imp:1.94 lvl:2.29) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.81 lvl:1.50) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Communications and Media (imp:1.78 lvl:2.01) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Foreign Language (imp:1.65 lvl:1.68) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.62 lvl:1.17) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Geography (imp:1.59 lvl:1.49) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.47 lvl:1.02) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.45 lvl:0.66) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  History and Archeology (imp:1.39 lvl:0.79) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Telecommunications (imp:1.37 lvl:0.57) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Food Production (imp:1.35) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Building and Construction (imp:1.32 lvl:0.63) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.22) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Fine Arts (imp:1.14) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform

--- ABILITIES ---
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:5.00) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Written Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Information Ordering (imp:3.88 lvl:4.25) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.88 lvl:4.38) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Near Vision (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:3.75 lvl:4.12) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Number Facility (imp:3.62 lvl:4.12) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.38 lvl:3.50) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.25 lvl:3.50) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.12 lvl:3.62) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Perceptual Speed (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:3.12 lvl:3.50) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.12 lvl:3.62) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Originality (imp:3.00 lvl:3.38) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Visualization (imp:3.00 lvl:3.50) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Selective Attention (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Finger Dexterity (imp:3.00 lvl:3.25) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Memorization (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Time Sharing (imp:2.75 lvl:2.38) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Manual Dexterity (imp:2.75 lvl:2.62) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.62 lvl:2.88) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Control Precision (imp:2.62 lvl:2.88) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Far Vision (imp:2.62 lvl:2.88) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:2.25 lvl:2.12) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Trunk Strength (imp:2.25 lvl:2.25) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:2.12 lvl:2.25) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Depth Perception (imp:2.00 lvl:2.00) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.00 lvl:2.25) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Reaction Time (imp:1.88 lvl:1.38) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.88 lvl:1.12) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Response Orientation (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Static Strength (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Rate Control (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Stamina (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.38 lvl:0.50) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:4.39 lvl:4.95) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.19 lvl:4.76) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Getting Information (imp:4.10 lvl:4.50) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.09 lvl:4.75) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:4.08 lvl:4.56) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.04 lvl:5.57) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.95 lvl:4.25) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:3.91 lvl:4.91) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Processing Information (imp:3.88 lvl:4.86) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Working with Computers (imp:3.82 lvl:3.94) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.78 lvl:5.14) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.76 lvl:4.26) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.75 lvl:4.42) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:3.72 lvl:3.95) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.56 lvl:3.60) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.51 lvl:4.19) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.47 lvl:4.53) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.38 lvl:3.95) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.35 lvl:3.80) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.34 lvl:4.42) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:3.26 lvl:4.06) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.21 lvl:2.95) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.20 lvl:4.17) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.15 lvl:3.96) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.07 lvl:3.88) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:3.06 lvl:3.75) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:3.03 lvl:3.91) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:3.02 lvl:3.12) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.00 lvl:3.40) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.94 lvl:4.09) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:2.89 lvl:2.58) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:2.86 lvl:3.61) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:2.70 lvl:3.43) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.65 lvl:3.29) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:2.55 lvl:2.83) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:2.51 lvl:2.58) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.51 lvl:2.75) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.50 lvl:2.84) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:2.36 lvl:2.38) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:2.04 lvl:1.68) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:1.52 lvl:0.90) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:7.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:6.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:5.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:4.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Attention to Detail (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Dependability (imp:2.53) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Innovation (imp:2.39) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Cautiousness (imp:2.35) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.14) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Integrity (imp:2.10) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Perseverance (imp:1.61) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Adaptability (imp:1.51) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.43) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative (imp:1.41) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.22) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Cooperation (imp:1.08) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.07) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Innovation (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Self-Control (imp:0.95) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Leadership Orientation (imp:0.73) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Sincerity (imp:0.52) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Optimism (imp:0.34) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Humility (imp:0.29) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Social Orientation (imp:0.16) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Empathy (imp:-0.02) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.62 lvl:4.12) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:3.25 lvl:3.38) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.25 lvl:3.50) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.12 lvl:3.38) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.00 lvl:2.75) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Instructing (imp:3.00 lvl:3.50) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Time Management (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Troubleshooting (imp:2.88 lvl:2.62) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:2.75 lvl:2.50) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.75 lvl:3.00) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Persuasion (imp:2.50 lvl:2.38) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Service Orientation (imp:2.50 lvl:2.38) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Operations Analysis (imp:2.50 lvl:2.88) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Equipment Selection (imp:2.50 lvl:2.50) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Operation and Control (imp:2.25 lvl:2.12) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Management of Material Resources (imp:2.25 lvl:2.25) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Negotiation (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Programming (imp:2.12 lvl:1.88) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Repairing (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.88 lvl:1.50) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Technology Design (imp:1.62 lvl:1.00) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 82,770
  annual_median    : $91,240
  annual_pct10     : $58,460
  annual_pct25     : $69,460
  annual_pct75     : $125,550
  annual_pct90     : $160,830
  annual_mean      : $100,450
  hourly_median    : $43.87

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : District of Columbia ($149,860)
  lowest_state     : Montana ($61,890)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.421x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (52 total) ---
  Manufacturing                            emp:   34,670  median: $  90,750
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:   24,680  median: $  85,070
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    9,850  median: $ 107,330
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:    3,460  median: $  93,960
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:    2,700  median: $  64,320
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    2,690  median: $ 112,840
  Educational Services                     emp:    2,330  median: $  74,860
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:      760  median: $  83,290
  Utilities                                emp:      610  median: $ 123,380
  Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction emp:      190  median: $ 109,990

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (14 total) ---
  Manufacturing                            emp:   34,670  median: $  90,750
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:   24,680  median: $  85,070
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    9,850  median: $ 107,330
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:    3,460  median: $  93,960
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:    2,700  median: $  64,320
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    2,690  median: $ 112,840
  Educational Services                     emp:    2,330  median: $  74,860
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:      760  median: $  83,290
  Utilities                                emp:      610  median: $ 123,380
  Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction emp:      190  median: $ 109,990

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Chemist
match_score        : 0.9333
wikidata_qid       : Q593644
word_count         : 2,395
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemist
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:47:08.943570Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
A chemist (from Greek chēm(ía) alchemy; replacing chymist from Medieval Latin alchemist) is a graduated scientist trained in the study of chemistry, or an officially enrolled student in the field. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, chemical reaction rates, and other chemical properties. In Commonwealth English, pharmacists are often called chemists.
Chemists use their knowledge to learn the composition and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes. Chemists may specialize in any number of subdisciplines of chemistry. Materials scientists and metallurgists share much of the same education and skills with chemists. The work of chemists is often related to the work of chemical engineers, who are primarily concerned with the proper design, construction and evaluation of the most cost-effective large-scale chemical plants and work closely with industrial chemists on the development of new processes and methods for the commercial-scale manufacture of chemicals and related products.


== History of chemistry ==

The roots of chemistry can be traced to the phenomenon of burning. Fire was a mystical force that transformed one substance into another and thus was of primary interest to mankind. It was fire that led to the discovery of iron and glasses. After gold was discovered and became a precious metal, many people were interested to find a method that could convert other substances into gold. This led to the protoscience called alchemy. The word chemist is derived from the Neo-Latin noun chimista, an abbreviation of alchimista (alchemist). Alchemists discovered many chemical processes that led to the development of modern chemistry.
Chemistry as we know it today, was invented by Antoine Lavoisier with his law of conservation of mass in 1783. The discoveries of the chemical elements has a long history culminating in the creation of the periodic table by Dmitri Mendeleev. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry created in 1901 gives an excellent overview of chemical discovery since the start of the 20th century.
At the Washington Academy of Sciences during World War I, it was said that the side with the best chemists would win the war.


== Education ==


=== Formal education ===
Jobs for chemists generally require at least a bachelor's degree in chemistry, which takes four years. However, many positions, especially those in research, require a Master of Science or a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.). Most undergraduate programs emphasize mathematics and physics as well as chemistry, partly because chemistry is also known as "the central science", thus chemists ought to have a well-rounded knowledge about science. At the Master's level and higher, students tend to specialize in a particular field. Fields of specialization include biochemistry, nuclear chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, polymer chemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, quantum chemistry, environmental chemistry, and thermochemistry. Postdoctoral experience may be required for certain positions.
Workers whose work involves chemistry, but not at a complexity requiring an education with a chemistry degree, are commonly referred to as chemical technicians. Such technicians commonly do such work as simpler, routine analyses for quality control or in clinical laboratories, having an associate degree. A chemical technologist has more education or experience than a chemical technician but less than a chemist, often having a bachelor's degree in a different field of science with also an associate degree in chemistry (or many credits related to chemistry) or having the same education as a chemical technician but more experience. There are also degrees specific to become a chemical technologist, which are somewhat distinct from those required when a student is interested in becoming a professional chemist. A Chemical technologist is more involved in the management and operation of the equipment and instrumentation necessary to perform chemical analyzes than a chemical technician. They are part of the team of a chemical laboratory in which the quality of the raw material, intermediate products and finished products is analyzed. They also perform functions in the areas of environmental quality control and the operational phase of a chemical plant.


=== Training ===

In addition to all the training usually given to chemical technologists in their respective degree (or one given via an associate degree), a chemist is also trained to understand more details related to chemical phenomena so that the chemist can be capable of more planning on the steps to achieve a distinct goal via a chemistry-related endeavor. The higher the competency level achieved in the field of chemistry (as assessed via a combination of education, experience and personal achievements), the higher the responsibility given to that chemist and the more complicated the task might be. Chemistry, as a field, has so many applications that different tasks and objectives can be given to workers or scientists with these different levels of education or experience. The specific title of each job varies from position to position, depending on factors such as the kind of industry, the routine level of the task, the current needs of a particular enterprise, the size of the enterprise or hiring firm, the philosophy and management principles of the hiring firm, the visibility of the competency and individual achievements of the one seeking employment, economic factors such as recession or economic depression, among other factors, so this makes it difficult to categorize the exact roles of these chemistry-related workers as standard for that given level of education. Because of these factors affecting exact job titles with distinct responsibilities, some chemists might begin doing technician tasks while other chemists might begin doing more complicated tasks than those of a technician, such as tasks that also involve formal applied research, management, or supervision included within the responsibilities of that same job title. The level of supervision given to that chemist also varies in a similar manner, with factors similar to those that affect the tasks demanded for a particular chemist.

It is important that those interested in a Chemistry degree understand the variety of roles available to them (on average), which vary depending on education and job experience. Those Chemists who hold a bachelor's degree are most commonly involved in positions related to either research assistance (working under the guidance of senior chemists in a research-oriented activity), or, alternatively, they may work on distinct (chemistry-related) aspects of a business, organization or enterprise including aspects that involve quality control, quality assurance, manufacturing, production, formulation, inspection, method validation, visitation for troubleshooting of chemistry-related instruments, regulatory affairs, "on-demand" technical services, chemical analysis for non-research purposes (e.g., as a legal request, for testing purposes, or for government or non-profit agencies); chemists may also work in environmental evaluation and assessment. Other jobs or roles may include sales and marketing of chemical products and chemistry-related instruments or technical writing. The more experience obtained, the more independence and leadership or management roles these chemists may perform in those organizations. Some chemists with relatively higher experience might change jobs or job position to become a manager of a chemistry-related enterprise, a supervisor, an entrepreneur or

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Indoor air quality (similarity: 0.1538)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_air_quality
  QID: Q905504
  Extract: Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the air quality within buildings and structures. Poor indoor air quality due to indoor air pollution is known to affect the health, comfort, and well-being of building occupants. It has also been linked to sick building syndrome, respiratory issues, reduced productivity, 

  Title: Air Quality Expert Group (similarity: 0.1250)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Quality_Expert_Group
  QID: Q104763160
  Extract: Air Quality Expert Group (AQEG) is an official committee of scientific advisers who provide independent advice on air pollutants to the UK government's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). The group is drawn mostly from academia and consists of about a dozen atmospheric chemis

  Title: Eloise Marais (similarity: 0.3810)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloise_Marais
  QID: Q46975394
  Extract: Eloise Ann Marais is a British/South African Atmospheric Chemist who is a professor at University College London. She leads the UCL Atmospheric Composition and Air Quality group, which develop complex models to understand human influence on air quality.

  Title: Air pollution in the United Kingdom (similarity: 0.1395)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_the_United_Kingdom
  QID: Q4698359
  Extract: Air pollution in the United Kingdom has long been considered a significant health issue, and it causes numerous other environmental problems such as damage to buildings, forests, and crops. Many areas, including major cities like London, are found to be significantly and regularly above legal and re

  Title: Analytical chemistry (similarity: 0.5000)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry
  QID: Q2346
  Extract: Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the development and application of methods to identify the chemical composition of materials and quantify the amounts of components in mixtures. It focuses on methods to identify unknown compounds, possibly in a mixture or solution, and 

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong data consistency across O*NET metrics, clear wage data from BLS OEWS May 2025, and comprehensive task descriptions provide robust foundation for intelligence record.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T15:38:33.468425+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,588
tokens_output        : 4,134
cost_usd             : $0.045742
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Chemist
wikipedia_note       : Wikipedia confirms chemists are graduated scientists trained in chemistry who study matter composition and properties. The definition aligns with O*NET's focus on qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Chemists conduct qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses and experiments in laboratories for quality control, process improvement, or new product development. They analyze organic and inorganic compounds to determine chemical properties, composition, and structure using advanced analytical methods. With a median annual wage of $91,240 according to BLS OEWS May 2025, chemists work primarily in manufacturing, professional services, and government settings.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
Chemists begin their day by preparing test solutions, compounds, or reagents for laboratory analysis and ensuring equipment is properly calibrated. They conduct experiments to analyze chemical compounds, induce changes in substance composition using heat, light, or catalysts, and perform quality control tests on materials and products. Throughout the day, they document findings meticulously, compile and analyze test data to determine process efficiency or diagnose equipment malfunctions. They collaborate with scientists and engineers to interpret results and develop non-standard analytical methods. The day concludes with writing technical reports, updating laboratory safety procedures, and maintaining instruments to ensure proper working order.

WHO THRIVES:
Successful chemists combine exceptional attention to detail with strong analytical thinking capabilities, as evidenced by the high importance ratings for dependability (7.0) and attention to detail (6.0). They excel at deductive and inductive reasoning, with the ability to identify patterns and solve complex problems methodically. The Investigative-Realistic RIASEC profile (I:6.71, R:5.67) indicates individuals who thrive on systematic inquiry and hands-on experimentation. Strong communication skills are essential for documenting findings and collaborating with multidisciplinary teams. Intellectual curiosity drives their pursuit of new knowledge and process improvements, while cautiousness ensures safe and accurate laboratory practices.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry into the chemistry profession typically requires a bachelor's degree in chemistry or related field, representing 55.9% of practitioners according to the education distribution. Many positions, especially in research and development, prefer advanced degrees, with 30.0% holding doctoral degrees and 9.9% master's degrees. Job Zone 4 classification indicates considerable preparation is needed, including laboratory experience and familiarity with analytical instrumentation. New graduates often start in quality control or analytical roles before advancing to research positions.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Career advancement for chemists often leads to senior research scientist positions, project management roles, or specialization in areas like materials science or biochemistry. Many progress to Natural Sciences Manager positions (11-9121.00) overseeing laboratory operations and research teams. Others transition to related engineering fields such as Chemical Engineering (17-2041.00) or pursue specialized roles in biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, or environmental consulting. Advanced degree holders frequently move into academic research or high-level industrial R&D positions.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The chemistry field employs 82,770 professionals with a median annual wage of $91,240, ranging from $58,460 to $160,830 according to BLS OEWS May 2025. Geographic wage variation is significant, with the District of Columbia offering the highest wages at $149,860 compared to Montana's $61,890, representing a 2.42x ratio. Manufacturing leads employment with 34,670 positions, followed by professional services (24,680) and government (9,850). The field shows steady demand driven by pharmaceutical development, environmental monitoring, and advanced materials research. Career stability is enhanced by the diverse application of chemistry across multiple industries.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Chemistry roles face moderate automation risk in routine analytical tasks, but complex problem-solving and experimental design remain human-centered. While instruments increasingly automate data collection and basic analysis, the high-level activities of developing new analytical methods, interpreting complex results, and designing experiments require human expertise. The emphasis on critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and collaborative research positions chemists favorably against automation trends.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [skill_overlap] Chemical Engineers (17-2041.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share high-level science skills (4.1 importance) and chemistry knowledge (4.9 importance for chemists), with similar analytical and problem-solving focus.
    data: Science skill importance 4.1
    data: Chemistry knowledge 4.9
    data: Related occupation designation
  [knowledge_overlap] Biochemists and Biophysicists (19-1021.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Shared chemistry knowledge base (6.0 level for chemists) and similar analytical work activities including analyzing data (4.2 importance).
    data: Chemistry knowledge level 6.0
    data: Analyzing Data work activity 4.2
    data: Related occupation designation
  [task_similarity] Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists (29-2011.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both conduct quality control tests and analyze chemical compounds, with shared emphasis on laboratory procedures and analytical methods.
    data: Conduct quality control tests task
    data: Analyze chemical compounds task
    data: Related occupation designation
  [riasec_cluster] Materials Scientists (19-2032.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles show strong Investigative-Realistic RIASEC patterns focused on systematic inquiry and hands-on experimentation with materials.
    data: RIASEC I:6.71 R:5.67
    data: Related occupation designation
    data: Materials analysis focus
  [career_pathway] Natural Sciences Managers (11-9121.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Common advancement path from chemist to management roles overseeing laboratory operations, supported by administration knowledge (3.4 importance).
    data: Administration and Management knowledge 3.4
    data: Related occupation designation
    data: Job Zone 4 preparation level

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['chemist', 'chemical analyst', 'analytical chemist', 'bench chemist', 'laboratory chemist', 'research chemist', 'analytical scientist', 'chemical scientist']
  exclude_keywords : ['engineer', 'technician', 'manager', 'teacher', 'sales']
  title_patterns   : ['*chemist*', '*chemical analyst*', '*analytical scientist*', '*bench scientist*', '*chemistry scientist*']
  common_variations: ['Agricultural Chemist', 'Air Quality Chemist', 'Analytical Chemist', 'Bench Chemist', 'Chemical Analyst', 'Chemistry Scientist', 'Research Chemist', 'Industrial Chemist']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['chemistry', 'chemists', 'chemical', 'tendency', 'others', 'equipment', 'research', 'quality', 'materials', 'control', 'principles', 'air', 'products', 'physical', 'compounds', 'composition', 'science', 'analytical', 'procedures', 'standards']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
chemistry                  92  0.02342  wikipedia            wikipedia:92%  inference:7%  onet_dimensions:1%
chemists                   56  0.01426  wikipedia            wikipedia:88%  inference:12%
chemical                   53  0.01349  wikipedia            wikipedia:79%  inference:9%  onet_tasks:4%
tendency                   42  0.01069  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
others                     39  0.00993  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:97%  inference:3%
equipment                  32  0.00815  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:72%  dwas:9%  onet_tasks:6%
research                   27  0.00687  wikipedia            wikipedia:59%  inference:26%  dwas:7%
quality                    25  0.00636  wikipedia            wikipedia:56%  onet_dimensions:24%  inference:12%
materials                  20  0.00509  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:50%  wikipedia:25%  inference:15%
control                    19  0.00484  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:63%  wikipedia:16%  inference:16%
principles                 18  0.00458  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:89%  wikipedia:11%
air                        17  0.00433  wikipedia            wikipedia:88%  onet_dimensions:12%
products                   16  0.00407  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:31%  dwas:25%  wikipedia:25%
physical                   15  0.00382  wikipedia            wikipedia:47%  onet_dimensions:40%  onet_tasks:13%
compounds                  14  0.00356  wikipedia            wikipedia:43%  dwas:21%  inference:21%
composition                14  0.00356  wikipedia            wikipedia:43%  onet_dimensions:21%  inference:21%
science                    14  0.00356  wikipedia            wikipedia:79%  onet_dimensions:14%  inference:7%
analytical                 13  0.00331  inference            inference:54%  wikipedia:38%  onet_tasks:8%
procedures                 13  0.00331  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:62%  onet_tasks:15%  dwas:15%
standards                  13  0.00331  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:62%  onet_tasks:15%  dwas:15%
properties                 13  0.00331  wikipedia            wikipedia:54%  onet_tasks:15%  onet_dimensions:15%
technical                  13  0.00331  dwas                 dwas:46%  onet_dimensions:23%  wikipedia:15%
problems                   13  0.00331  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:69%  wikipedia:23%  inference:8%
includes                   13  0.00331  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  wikipedia:8%
chemist                    13  0.00331  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
management                 12  0.00305  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:58%  wikipedia:33%  inference:8%
objects                    12  0.00305  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
study                      12  0.00305  wikipedia            wikipedia:92%  inference:8%
development                12  0.00305  wikipedia            wikipedia:75%  inference:25%
many                       12  0.00305  wikipedia            wikipedia:83%  inference:17%
laboratory                 11  0.00280  inference            inference:45%  onet_tasks:36%  dwas:9%
techniques                 11  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:91%  onet_tasks:9%
resources                  11  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:82%  dwas:9%  wikipedia:9%
ideas                      11  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
activities                 11  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:82%  dwas:9%  inference:9%
developing                 11  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  wikipedia:18%  inference:9%
needed                     10  0.00255  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:70%  onet_tasks:20%  inference:10%
scientific                 10  0.00255  wikipedia            wikipedia:50%  dwas:30%  onet_dimensions:10%
understand                 10  0.00255  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:70%  wikipedia:30%
production                 10  0.00255  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  dwas:10%  wikipedia:10%