[Core] [24% incumbents] Study economic and statistical data in area of specialization, such as finance, labor, or agriculture.
  DWAs: Review professional literature to maintain professional knowledge.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Compile, analyze, and report data to explain economic phenomena and forecast market trends, applying mathematical models and statistical techniques.
  DWAs: Forecast economic, political, or social trends.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Study the socioeconomic impacts of new public policies, such as proposed legislation, taxes, services, and regulations.
  DWAs: Conduct research on social issues.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Explain economic impact of policies to the public.
  DWAs: Explain regulations, policies, or procedures. | Present information to the public.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Review documents written by others.
  DWAs: Review technical documents to plan work. | Proofread documents, records, or other files to ensure accuracy.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Provide advice and consultation on economic relationships to businesses, public and private agencies, and other employers.
  DWAs: Advise others on business or operational matters.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Formulate recommendations, policies, or plans to solve economic problems or to interpret markets.
  DWAs: Advise others on matters of public policy.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Supervise research projects and students' study projects.
  DWAs: Supervise trainees.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Conduct research on economic issues, and disseminate research findings through technical reports or scientific articles in journals.
  DWAs: Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Develop economic guidelines and standards, and prepare points of view used in forecasting trends and formulating economic policy.
  DWAs: Establish standards for products, processes, or procedures.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Teach theories, principles, and methods of economics.
  DWAs: Instruct college students in social sciences or humanities disciplines.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Testify at regulatory or legislative hearings concerning the estimated effects of changes in legislation or public policy, and present recommendations based on cost-benefit analyses.
  DWAs: Testify at legal or legislative proceedings.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Provide litigation support, such as writing reports for expert testimony or testifying as an expert witness.
  DWAs: Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations. | Testify at legal or legislative proceedings.

[Supplemental] [24% incumbents] Forecast production and consumption of renewable resources and supply, consumption, and depletion of non-renewable resources.
  DWAs: Forecast economic, political, or social trends.

[EMERGING:New] Construct and manage economic datasets.

[EMERGING:New] Present research at seminars and conferences.

[EMERGING:Revision] Review documents written by others, such as referee reports.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:4.75) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Mathematics (imp:4.12 lvl:4.25) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.12 lvl:4.75) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Listening (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Writing (imp:4.00 lvl:4.38) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Speaking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.38) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Active Learning (imp:3.75 lvl:4.12) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.12 lvl:3.75) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Monitoring (imp:3.12 lvl:3.62) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Science (imp:1.88 lvl:1.75) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Mathematics (imp:4.54 lvl:6.08) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Economics and Accounting (imp:4.46 lvl:5.50) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  English Language (imp:4.04 lvl:4.88) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.78 lvl:4.75) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Education and Training (imp:3.12 lvl:4.67) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Communications and Media (imp:2.75 lvl:3.42) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Law and Government (imp:2.67 lvl:3.04) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Administration and Management (imp:2.62 lvl:3.79) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:2.50 lvl:3.62) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  History and Archeology (imp:2.42 lvl:3.04) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Geography (imp:2.33 lvl:3.38) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.26 lvl:2.96) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:2.21 lvl:2.67) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Psychology (imp:2.13 lvl:2.52) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Administrative (imp:1.96 lvl:2.58) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.83 lvl:1.79) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.79 lvl:2.17) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Production and Processing (imp:1.79 lvl:1.54) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.75 lvl:2.08) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Telecommunications (imp:1.75 lvl:1.17) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Foreign Language (imp:1.67 lvl:1.42) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Transportation (imp:1.50 lvl:1.04) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Design (imp:1.42 lvl:1.08) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Physics (imp:1.33 lvl:0.75) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Biology (imp:1.29 lvl:0.75) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.29 lvl:0.50) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Public Safety and Security (imp:1.29 lvl:0.62) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Chemistry (imp:1.21 lvl:0.50) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.21 lvl:0.42) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Building and Construction (imp:1.17 lvl:0.33) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Mechanical (imp:1.12 lvl:0.25) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Food Production (imp:1.08 lvl:0.25) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Fine Arts (imp:1.08 lvl:0.12) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform

--- ABILITIES ---
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:5.00) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.12 lvl:4.38) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:4.12 lvl:4.38) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Oral Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Written Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:5.00) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.50) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Speech Clarity (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.62 lvl:4.00) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Number Facility (imp:3.50 lvl:4.12) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Near Vision (imp:3.50 lvl:3.75) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Information Ordering (imp:3.25 lvl:3.75) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Originality (imp:3.12 lvl:3.50) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Memorization (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:2.88 lvl:2.75) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Selective Attention (imp:2.75 lvl:2.75) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.38 lvl:2.12) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.38 lvl:2.12) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Visualization (imp:2.38 lvl:2.12) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Far Vision (imp:2.38 lvl:2.50) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Time Sharing (imp:2.00 lvl:2.00) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:1.75 lvl:1.25) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.75 lvl:1.00) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Auditory Attention (imp:1.75 lvl:0.75) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Trunk Strength (imp:1.62 lvl:1.00) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Depth Perception (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Control Precision (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.92 lvl:6.75) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Getting Information (imp:4.75 lvl:6.17) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Working with Computers (imp:4.75 lvl:4.50) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Processing Information (imp:4.65 lvl:6.50) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:4.46 lvl:5.88) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.43 lvl:6.08) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.26 lvl:5.71) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:4.17 lvl:6.12) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.13 lvl:5.78) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Thinking Creatively (imp:4.12 lvl:5.58) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.79 lvl:4.96) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.78 lvl:5.29) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.74 lvl:5.00) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:3.71 lvl:4.71) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.57 lvl:5.00) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:3.50 lvl:4.58) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.43 lvl:4.83) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.39 lvl:4.46) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.30 lvl:4.58) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.25 lvl:4.74) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.18 lvl:4.29) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.04 lvl:4.25) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:2.91 lvl:3.78) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:2.88 lvl:3.46) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:2.75 lvl:3.88) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:2.58 lvl:2.88) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.58 lvl:3.33) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.58 lvl:4.00) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.52 lvl:3.18) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:2.38 lvl:3.21) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.09 lvl:2.83) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.08 lvl:2.75) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:1.73 lvl:1.26) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:1.29 lvl:0.50) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.21 lvl:0.46) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.12 lvl:0.21) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.12 lvl:0.38) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.08 lvl:0.21) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.08 lvl:0.25) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.04 lvl:0.08) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.00) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:5.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:4.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Integrity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Attention to Detail (imp:2.53) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.17) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Dependability (imp:2.14) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Integrity (imp:2.13) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Innovation (imp:1.89) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.89) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:1.76) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.70) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance (imp:1.58) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Initiative (imp:1.53) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability (imp:1.44) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.35) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Leadership Orientation (imp:1.24) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Self-Control (imp:1.19) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Achievement Orientation (imp:1.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Cooperation (imp:0.87) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Social Orientation (imp:0.59) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Sincerity (imp:0.53) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy (imp:0.35) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Optimism (imp:0.22) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Cautiousness () — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Humility (imp:-0.23) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.75 lvl:4.12) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Instructing (imp:3.25 lvl:3.12) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.25 lvl:3.62) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.12 lvl:3.88) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Persuasion (imp:3.00 lvl:3.50) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Service Orientation (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Time Management (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Operations Analysis (imp:2.62 lvl:2.75) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.50 lvl:2.38) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Negotiation (imp:2.25 lvl:2.50) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Programming (imp:2.12 lvl:1.88) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.62 lvl:1.00) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Management of Material Resources (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Operations Monitoring (imp:1.50 lvl:0.62) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Technology Design (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.00) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 17,790
  annual_median    : $124,720
  annual_pct10     : $67,360
  annual_pct25     : $89,330
  annual_pct75     : $174,720
  annual_pct90     : $238,060
  annual_mean      : $142,130
  hourly_median    : $59.96

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : District of Columbia ($167,590)
  lowest_state     : Puerto Rico ($70,750)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.369x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (41 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    8,610  median: $ 114,750
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:    5,810  median: $ 139,880
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:    1,630  median: $ 173,990
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:      500  median: $ 118,170
  Educational Services                     emp:      370  median: $ 104,320
  Utilities                                emp:      170  median: $ 136,450
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:      170  median: $ 160,150
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:      110  median: $ 112,610
  Manufacturing                            emp:       90  median: $ 180,320
  Information                              emp:       80  median: $       0

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (14 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    8,610  median: $ 114,750
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:    5,810  median: $ 139,880
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:    1,630  median: $ 173,990
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:      500  median: $ 118,170
  Educational Services                     emp:      370  median: $ 104,320
  Utilities                                emp:      170  median: $ 136,450
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:      170  median: $ 160,150
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:      110  median: $ 112,610
  Manufacturing                            emp:       90  median: $ 180,320
  Information                              emp:       80  median: $       0

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Economist
match_score        : 0.9474
wikidata_qid       : Q188094
word_count         : 3,635
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:49:37.243664Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
An economist is a professional and practitioner in the social science discipline of economics.
The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this field there are many sub-fields, ranging from the broad philosophical theories to the focused study of minutiae within specific markets, macroeconomic analysis, microeconomic analysis or financial statement analysis, involving analytical methods and tools such as econometrics, statistics, economics computational models, financial economics, regulatory impact analysis and mathematical economics.


== History of the profession ==

Although economists are now recognized as specialists in a distinct profession, the earliest contributors to economic thought were polymath philosophers. Some of the earliest economic writings date to antiquity, notably Aristotle’s Oeconomica and Xenophon’s Oeconomicus. These works addressed, in rudimentary form, themes such as the division of labour.
In the seventeenth century, as early modern economic thought began to take shape, its leading writers were typically broad-ranging scholars who wrote on economics alongside philosophy and law. This was true of Richard Cantillon, who described what later came to be known as the Cantillon effect, and of David Hume, who anticipated the quantity theory of money.
Adam Smith, in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, wrote one of the first major works devoted entirely to economics, helping to establish economics as a distinct field within the social sciences. His seminal work gave rise to several intellectual traditions, including the classical school (notably David Ricardo and Jean-Baptiste Say) and, in reaction, Marxism, following the writings of Karl Marx.
Economics became increasingly professionalized over the course of the nineteenth century. Jean-Baptiste Say held France’s first chair in economics at the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers in the early part of the century. By the end of the century, most economists associated with the neoclassical school were academics, often trained in mathematics. The figure of the economist thus shifted from that of the polymath scholar to that of a specialized intellectual.
Over the course of the twentieth century, advances in economic theory associated with John Maynard Keynes, Paul Samuelson, and Milton Friedman contributed to the emergence of several major schools of thought: Keynesian economics, soon integrated through Samuelson’s neoclassical synthesis, and then Friedman’s monetarism, which in turn influenced the development of new classical economics.
The 2008 financial crisis led to the Great Recession. This prompted some macroeconomists and Financial Economists to question the current orthodoxy. One response was the Keynesian resurgence. This emerged as a consensus among some policy makers and economists for Keynesian solutions.


== Professions ==


=== Education and training ===
A professional working inside of one of many fields of economics or having an academic degree in this subject is often considered to be an economist; In the U.S. Government, on the other hand, a person can be hired as an economist provided that they have a degree that included or was supplemented by 21 semester hours in economics and three hours in statistics, accounting, or calculus.  see Bachelor of Economics and Master of Economics.


=== Employment and roles ===
Economists work in many fields including  academia, government and in the private sector, where they may also "study data and statistics in order to spot trends in economic activity, economic confidence levels, and consumer attitudes. They assess this information using advanced methods in statistical analysis, mathematics, computer programming [and] they make recommendations about ways to improve the efficiency of a system or take advantage of trends as they begin." In addition to government and academia, economists are also employed in banking, finance, accountancy, commerce, marketing, business administration, lobbying and non- or not-for profit organizations.
In many organizations, an "Economic Analyst" is a formalized role. Professionals here are employed (or engaged as consultants) to conduct research, prepare reports, or formulate plans and strategies to address economic problems. Here, as outlined, the analyst provides forecasts, analysis and advice, based upon observed trends and economic principles; this entails also collecting and processing economic and statistical data using econometric methods and statistical techniques.


==== Academia and research ====
In academia, most economists have a Ph.D. degree in Economics.


===== Private sector =====
Economic analysts employed in financial institutions and in other large corporates, provide the (long term) economic forecasts used within their organizations. Relatedly, they consult to fund managers, risk managers, and corporate analysts regarding their investment strategy / capital budgeting decisions. Particularly in the tech sector, the focus may be microeconomic, addressing pricing, competition, and customer behavior. In either case, (chief) economists are also often included in strategy formulation.


===== Government and public policy =====
In the public sector, analysts advise legislators and executives on economic policy, public works, and related; politicians often consult economists before enacting economic policy; and many statesmen have academic degrees in economics. A Federal Government Economic Analyst conducts economic analysis of issues directly related to the function of their federal government agency.


=== Regulation and qualifications ===
In contrast to regulated professions such as engineering, law or medicine, there is not a legally required educational requirement or license for economists.


==== By country ====
Economics graduates are employable in varying degrees depending on the regional economic scenario and labour market conditions at the time for a given country. Apart from the specific understanding of the subject, employers value the skills of numeracy and analysis, the ability to communicate and the capacity to grasp broad issues which the graduates acquire at the university or college. Whilst only a few economics graduates may be expected to become professional economists, many find it a base for entry into a career in finance – including accounting, insurance, tax and banking, or management.
A number of economics graduates from around the world have been successful in obtaining employment in a variety of major national and international firms in the financial and commercial sectors, and in manufacturing, retailing and IT, as well as in the public sector – for example, in the health and education sectors, or in government and politics. Some graduates go on to undertake postgraduate studies, either in economics, research, teacher training or further qualifications in specialist areas.


===== Brazil =====
Unlike most nations, the economist profession in Brazil is regulated by law; specifically, Law No. 1,411, of August 13, 1951. The professional designation of an economist, according to said law, is exclusive to those who graduated with a Bachelor of Economics degree in Brazil.


===== United States =====
According to the United States Department of Labor, there were about 15,000 non-academic economists in the United States in 2008, with a median salary of roughly $83,000, and the top ten percent earning more than $147,040 annually. Nearly 135 colleges and universities grant around 900 new Ph.D.s every year. Incomes are highest for those in the private sector, followed by the federal government, with academia paying the lowest incomes. As of January 2013, PayScale.com showed Ph.D. economists' salary ranges as follows: all Ph.D. economists, $61,000 to $160,000; Ph.D. corporate economists, $71,000 to $207,000; economics full professors, $89,000 to $137,

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Keynesian economics (similarity: 0.5517)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesian_economics
  QID: Q83937
  Extract: Keynesian economics are the various macroeconomic theories and models of how aggregate demand strongly influences economic output and inflation. In the Keynesian view, aggregate demand does not necessarily equal the productive capacity of the economy. It is influenced by a host of factors that somet

  Title: Austrian school of economics (similarity: 0.4211)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_school_of_economics
  QID: Q203411
  Extract: The Austrian school of economics is a school of economic thought that advocates strict adherence to methodological individualism, the concept that social phenomena result primarily from the motivations and actions of individuals along with their self-interest. Austrian-school theorists hold that eco

  Title: Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India (similarity: 0.3051)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Economic_Advisor_to_the_Government_of_India
  QID: Q5096720
  Extract: The Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India advises the government on economic matters and is responsible for the preparation of the Economic survey of India tabled in Parliament before the Union budget of India is presented.

  Title: Council of Economic Advisers (similarity: 0.4737)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers
  QID: Q1137023
  Extract: The Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) is a United States agency within the Executive Office of the President established in 1946, which advises the president of the United States on economic policy. In addition, the CEA provides much of the empirical research for the White House and prepares the pu

  Title: List of economic advisors to Donald Trump (similarity: 0.3529)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_economic_advisors_to_Donald_Trump
  QID: Q28069673
  Extract: As part of Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, various economists and businesspeople have served both in a formal and an informal capacity, to advise Trump on macroeconomics and associated government policy decisions. During the 2016 transition to the presidency, Trump gained additional advis

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong data alignment across multiple dimensions with comprehensive O*NET profiles, clear wage data, and robust task descriptions supporting high confidence in analysis.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T15:47:53.685926+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,502
tokens_output        : 4,223
cost_usd             : $0.046117
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Economist
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia definition aligns with O*NET data, confirming economists as practitioners in the social science discipline of economics. The semantic neighbors show connections to economic theories and advisory roles consistent with the occupation's policy and consulting functions.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Economists conduct research and analysis on economic phenomena, using mathematical models and statistical data to understand market trends, policy impacts, and resource allocation. They provide expert advice to government agencies, private organizations, and academic institutions on economic relationships and policy implications. These professionals combine advanced quantitative skills with theoretical economic knowledge to inform decision-making and forecast economic conditions.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
An economist begins their day reviewing economic data and statistical reports relevant to their specialization, whether finance, labor, agriculture, or public policy. They spend significant time analyzing datasets using econometric methods and software like SPSS or Excel, constructing mathematical models to explain market behaviors or forecast trends. Much of their work involves writing technical reports, preparing policy recommendations, and communicating findings to stakeholders through presentations or published research. They regularly consult with government officials, business leaders, or academic colleagues, translating complex economic concepts into actionable insights. Research tasks include reviewing literature, supervising student projects, and presenting findings at conferences or seminars.

WHO THRIVES:
Successful economists possess exceptional analytical thinking and mathematical reasoning abilities, with strong attention to detail and intellectual curiosity driving their research. They excel at inductive reasoning, identifying patterns in complex datasets and drawing meaningful conclusions from statistical evidence. These professionals demonstrate high dependability and integrity, as their work directly influences policy decisions and business strategies. Strong written and oral communication skills are essential, as economists must translate technical findings for diverse audiences including policymakers, executives, and the general public. They thrive on solving complex problems using systematic approaches and remain committed to continuous learning in an ever-evolving field.

CAREER ENTRY:
Economists typically enter the profession with a Master's degree (50% of practitioners) or Doctoral degree (25%), reflecting the extensive preparation required for Job Zone 5 roles. Bachelor's degree holders (20.8%) usually need additional specialized training or experience in economic research methods and statistical analysis. Strong mathematical foundations, coursework in econometrics, and proficiency with analytical software are essential prerequisites. Many gain initial experience through research assistant positions, internships with government agencies, or entry-level analyst roles in consulting firms.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Career advancement often leads to senior economist positions in government agencies, research director roles in think tanks, or faculty positions at universities. Many economists transition into specialized consulting, financial analysis, or policy advisory roles with increased responsibility and autonomy. Some advance to leadership positions such as Chief Economist at corporations or government departments, while others pursue entrepreneurial opportunities in economic consulting or data analytics. The transferable analytical skills open pathways to related fields including data science, financial quantitative analysis, and investment management.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
Economists earn a median annual salary of $124,720 according to BLS OEWS May 2025 data, with the salary range spanning from $67,360 to $238,060 reflecting specialization and experience levels. With 17,790 professionals employed nationally, the field shows geographic concentration in government centers, with the District of Columbia offering the highest wages at $167,590 compared to Puerto Rico's $70,750. Federal, state, and local government represents the largest employer sector with 8,610 positions, followed by professional services (5,810) and finance/insurance (1,630). The field demands extensive educational preparation, with 75% holding graduate degrees, limiting the talent pipeline but maintaining strong compensation levels.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Economists face moderate automation risk as their core activities of analyzing data and processing information increasingly benefit from AI tools and advanced analytics platforms. However, their high-level interpretative work, policy consultation, and communication with stakeholders remain largely automation-resistant due to the complex reasoning and contextual judgment required. The profession may evolve to incorporate more sophisticated analytical tools while maintaining the essential human elements of economic interpretation and advisory functions.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [task_similarity] Data Scientists (15-2051.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share core work activities of analyzing data (4.9 importance for economists), working with computers, and processing information using statistical methods and mathematical models.
    data: Analyzing Data importance 4.9
    data: Working with Computers importance 4.8
    data: Mathematical Reasoning ability 4.1
  [knowledge_overlap] Financial and Investment Analysts (13-2051.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both professions require strong mathematics knowledge (4.5 importance for economists) and economics/accounting expertise, with shared focus on forecasting market trends and financial analysis.
    data: Mathematics knowledge 4.5 importance
    data: Economics and Accounting knowledge 4.5 importance
    data: Forecasting market trends task
  [skill_overlap] Statisticians (15-2041.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles emphasize mathematical reasoning (4.1 importance), critical thinking (4.1 importance), and statistical data analysis using similar econometric and sampling techniques.
    data: Mathematical Reasoning ability 4.1
    data: Critical Thinking skill 4.1
    data: Statistical data analysis methods
  [career_pathway] Economics Teachers, Postsecondary (25-1063.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: 25% of economists hold doctoral degrees, indicating natural progression to academic roles, with shared knowledge domains and research supervision tasks already present in economist work.
    data: Doctoral Degree 25%
    data: Supervise research projects task
    data: Education and Training knowledge 3.1 importance
  [riasec_cluster] Political Scientists (19-3094.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both professions cluster in investigative work (I: 7.00 for economists) involving research, policy analysis, and studying socioeconomic impacts of public policies and regulations.
    data: Investigative RIASEC 7.00
    data: Study socioeconomic impacts task
    data: Law and Government knowledge 2.7

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['economist', 'economic analyst', 'econometrician', 'economic research', 'economic consultant', 'economic advisor', 'economic development', 'business economist']
  exclude_keywords : ['teacher', 'professor', 'instructor', 'faculty', 'academic']
  title_patterns   : ['*Economist', 'Economic *', '*Economic Analyst', 'Economic Research *', 'Economic Development *']
  common_variations: ['Agricultural Economist', 'Business Economist', 'Environmental Economist', 'Financial Economist', 'Economic Analyst', 'Economic Consultant', 'Economic Advisor', 'Econometrician']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['economic', 'economics', 'economists', 'others', 'tendency', 'public', 'social', 'economist', 'equipment', 'government', 'sciences', 'analysis', 'prize', 'research', 'principles', 'nobel', 'technical', 'problems', 'control', 'tools']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
economic                   74  0.01583  wikipedia            wikipedia:70%  inference:14%  onet_tasks:12%
economics                  58  0.01241  wikipedia            wikipedia:95%  onet_tasks:2%  onet_dimensions:2%
economists                 56  0.01198  wikipedia            wikipedia:86%  inference:14%
others                     45  0.00963  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:84%  onet_tasks:4%  dwas:4%
tendency                   42  0.00899  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
public                     34  0.00727  wikipedia            wikipedia:65%  onet_tasks:12%  onet_dimensions:12%
social                     31  0.00663  wikipedia            wikipedia:68%  onet_dimensions:16%  dwas:13%
economist                  30  0.00642  wikipedia            wikipedia:90%  inference:10%
equipment                  23  0.00492  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
government                 23  0.00492  wikipedia            wikipedia:57%  inference:30%  onet_dimensions:13%
sciences                   22  0.00471  wikipedia            wikipedia:95%  dwas:5%
analysis                   21  0.00449  wikipedia            wikipedia:62%  onet_dimensions:19%  inference:19%
prize                      21  0.00449  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
research                   19  0.00407  inference            inference:37%  wikipedia:32%  onet_tasks:21%
principles                 19  0.00407  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:84%  wikipedia:11%  onet_tasks:5%
nobel                      18  0.00385  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
technical                  14  0.00299  wikipedia            wikipedia:36%  onet_dimensions:21%  dwas:21%
problems                   13  0.00278  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:69%  wikipedia:15%  onet_tasks:8%
control                    13  0.00278  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  wikipedia:8%
tools                      13  0.00278  wikipedia            wikipedia:46%  onet_dimensions:38%  inference:15%
memorial                   13  0.00278  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
statistical                12  0.00257  wikipedia            wikipedia:50%  inference:33%  onet_tasks:17%
techniques                 12  0.00257  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:83%  onet_tasks:8%  wikipedia:8%
includes                   12  0.00257  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
objects                    12  0.00257  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
hand                       12  0.00257  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:58%  wikipedia:42%
many                       12  0.00257  wikipedia            wikipedia:83%  inference:17%
finance                    11  0.00235  wikipedia            wikipedia:73%  inference:18%  onet_tasks:9%
scientific                 11  0.00235  wikipedia            wikipedia:64%  dwas:18%  onet_tasks:9%
standards                  11  0.00235  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  onet_tasks:9%  dwas:9%
resources                  11  0.00235  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:82%  onet_tasks:18%
procedures                 11  0.00235  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  dwas:18%  wikipedia:9%
financial                  11  0.00235  wikipedia            wikipedia:55%  onet_dimensions:27%  inference:18%
ideas                      11  0.00235  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
academic                   11  0.00235  wikipedia            wikipedia:82%  inference:18%
trends                     10  0.00214  wikipedia            wikipedia:30%  onet_tasks:20%  dwas:20%
mathematical               10  0.00214  inference            inference:40%  onet_dimensions:30%  wikipedia:20%
models                     10  0.00214  wikipedia            wikipedia:60%  inference:20%  onet_tasks:10%
advice                     10  0.00214  wikipedia            wikipedia:60%  onet_dimensions:20%  onet_tasks:10%
reports                    10  0.00214  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:30%  wikipedia:30%  dwas:20%