[Core] [25% incumbents] Document patient information including session notes, progress notes, recommendations, and treatment plans.
  DWAs: Record research or operational data.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Write reports on clients and maintain required paperwork.
  DWAs: Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Counsel individuals, groups, or families to help them understand problems, deal with crisis situations, define goals, and develop realistic action plans.
  DWAs: Counsel clients on mental health or personal achievement.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Evaluate the effectiveness of counseling or treatments and the accuracy and completeness of diagnoses, modifying plans or diagnoses as necessary.
  DWAs: Evaluate the effectiveness of counseling or educational programs. | Modify treatment plans to accommodate client needs.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Use a variety of treatment methods, such as psychotherapy, hypnosis, behavior modification, stress reduction therapy, psychodrama, or play therapy.
  DWAs: Counsel clients on mental health or personal achievement.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Develop therapeutic and treatment plans based on clients' interests, abilities, or needs.
  DWAs: Counsel clients on mental health or personal achievement.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Develop and implement individual treatment plans, specifying type, frequency, intensity, and duration of therapy.
  DWAs: Design psychological or educational treatment procedures or programs. | Direct medical science or healthcare programs.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Maintain current knowledge of relevant research.
  DWAs: Review professional literature to maintain professional knowledge.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Obtain and study medical, psychological, social, and family histories by interviewing individuals, couples, or families and by reviewing records.
  DWAs: Collect archival data. | Collect information from people through observation, interviews, or surveys.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Select, administer, score, and interpret psychological tests to obtain information on individuals' intelligence, achievements, interests, or personalities.
  DWAs: Administer standardized physical or psychological tests.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Consult reference material, such as textbooks, manuals, or journals, to identify symptoms, make diagnoses, or develop approaches to treatment.
  DWAs: Review professional literature to maintain professional knowledge.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Consult with or provide consultation to other doctors, therapists, or clinicians regarding patient care.
  DWAs: Advise others on healthcare matters.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Advise clients on how they could be helped by counseling.
  DWAs: Counsel clients on mental health or personal achievement.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Direct, coordinate, and evaluate activities of staff and interns engaged in patient assessment and treatment.
  DWAs: Supervise trainees.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Refer clients to other specialists, institutions, or support services as necessary.
  DWAs: Advise others on healthcare matters.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Consult with other professionals, agencies, or universities to discuss therapies, treatments, counseling resources or techniques, and to share occupational information.
  DWAs: Collaborate with other professionals to assess client needs or plan treatments.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Develop, direct, and participate in training programs for staff and students.
  DWAs: Develop educational programs.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Plan and develop accredited psychological service programs in psychiatric centers or hospitals, in collaboration with psychiatrists and other professional staff.
  DWAs: Design psychological or educational treatment procedures or programs.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Provide consulting services, including educational programs, outreach programs, or prevention talks to schools, social service agencies, businesses, or the general public.
  DWAs: Advise others on educational matters.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Provide occupational, educational, or other information to individuals so that they can make educational or vocational plans.
  DWAs: Counsel clients on mental health or personal achievement.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Conduct research to develop or improve diagnostic or therapeutic counseling techniques.
  DWAs: Design psychological or educational treatment procedures or programs.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Prepare written evaluations of individuals' psychological competence for court hearings.
  DWAs: Write reports or evaluations.

[Supplemental] [25% incumbents] Observe individuals at play, in group interactions, or in other contexts to detect indications of cognitive, intellectual, or developmental disabilities.
  DWAs: Collect information from people through observation, interviews, or surveys.

[Supplemental] [25% incumbents] Plan, supervise, and conduct psychological research and write papers describing research results.
  DWAs: Plan social sciences research. | Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations. | Direct medical science or healthcare programs.

[Supplemental] [25% incumbents] Provide psychological or administrative services and advice to private firms or community agencies regarding mental health programs or individual cases.
  DWAs: Advise others on healthcare matters.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Conduct assessments of patients' risk for harm to self or others.
  DWAs: Evaluate patient functioning, capabilities, or health.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Identify psychological, emotional, or behavioral issues and diagnose disorders, using information obtained from interviews, tests, records, or reference materials.
  DWAs: Diagnose neural or psychological disorders.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Interact with clients to assist them in gaining insight, defining goals, and planning action to achieve effective personal, social, educational, or vocational development and adjustment.
  DWAs: Counsel clients on mental health or personal achievement.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Collect information about individuals or clients, using interviews, case histories, observational techniques, and other assessment methods.
  DWAs: Collect information from people through observation, interviews, or surveys.

[Core] [24% incumbents] Supervise and train interns, clinicians in training, and other counselors.
  DWAs: Train staff members. | Supervise workers providing client or patient services.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.75 lvl:4.38) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Active Listening (imp:4.25 lvl:4.88) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Writing (imp:4.25 lvl:4.25) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.25 lvl:4.38) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Speaking (imp:4.12 lvl:4.25) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Active Learning (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Monitoring (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.62 lvl:3.50) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Science (imp:2.38 lvl:2.00) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
  Mathematics (imp:2.25 lvl:2.12) — Using mathematics to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Psychology (imp:5.00 lvl:6.88) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:5.00 lvl:6.92) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  English Language (imp:4.12 lvl:5.04) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Education and Training (imp:3.88 lvl:4.92) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:3.72 lvl:4.28) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:3.60 lvl:4.84) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Law and Government (imp:2.84 lvl:3.12) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Administration and Management (imp:2.80 lvl:3.32) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Administrative (imp:2.71 lvl:3.36) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:2.70 lvl:3.00) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:2.67 lvl:3.96) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Computers and Electronics (imp:2.64 lvl:3.62) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Biology (imp:2.36 lvl:2.80) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Communications and Media (imp:2.32 lvl:2.48) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.28 lvl:2.48) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.28 lvl:2.04) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Mathematics (imp:2.24 lvl:3.08) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Telecommunications (imp:2.16 lvl:1.64) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Economics and Accounting (imp:1.96 lvl:1.72) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.88 lvl:1.80) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Foreign Language (imp:1.75 lvl:1.50) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  History and Archeology (imp:1.70 lvl:1.52) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Chemistry (imp:1.44 lvl:0.84) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Geography (imp:1.36 lvl:0.84) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Fine Arts (imp:1.25 lvl:0.46) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  Production and Processing (imp:1.24 lvl:0.52) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Transportation (imp:1.20 lvl:0.48) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.16 lvl:0.28) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Design (imp:1.08 lvl:0.16) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Physics (imp:1.04 lvl:0.12) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Food Production (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Building and Construction (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Mechanical (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main

--- ABILITIES ---
  Oral Expression (imp:4.62 lvl:5.00) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.50 lvl:4.50) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.38 lvl:5.00) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:4.38 lvl:4.25) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Written Expression (imp:4.25 lvl:4.38) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Speech Recognition (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Speech Clarity (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.75 lvl:4.00) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Originality (imp:3.38 lvl:3.88) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Information Ordering (imp:3.38 lvl:3.75) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.38 lvl:3.88) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Selective Attention (imp:3.25 lvl:2.75) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Near Vision (imp:3.25 lvl:3.75) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Memorization (imp:2.75 lvl:2.75) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.62 lvl:2.62) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Far Vision (imp:2.62 lvl:2.88) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.50 lvl:2.12) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.50 lvl:2.12) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Time Sharing (imp:2.38 lvl:2.12) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:2.25 lvl:2.25) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Number Facility (imp:2.12 lvl:2.12) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Visualization (imp:2.00 lvl:2.00) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.00 lvl:2.00) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Trunk Strength (imp:1.88 lvl:1.50) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.88 lvl:1.62) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Depth Perception (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.00) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Control Precision (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:4.68 lvl:5.92) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.62 lvl:5.80) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:4.60 lvl:5.80) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:4.40 lvl:4.96) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Getting Information (imp:4.36 lvl:4.88) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.33 lvl:5.60) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:4.04 lvl:4.92) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.04 lvl:5.16) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:4.00 lvl:4.84) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.96 lvl:5.28) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.92 lvl:4.84) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Processing Information (imp:3.92 lvl:5.00) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:3.92 lvl:4.96) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.88 lvl:5.12) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.76 lvl:4.76) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:3.75 lvl:4.60) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.67 lvl:4.72) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.64 lvl:3.92) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.57 lvl:4.79) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.52 lvl:5.04) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:3.48 lvl:4.40) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:3.36 lvl:3.88) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:3.32 lvl:4.20) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Working with Computers (imp:3.28 lvl:3.28) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.24 lvl:4.12) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.16 lvl:4.08) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.00 lvl:3.36) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:2.88 lvl:3.80) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:2.36 lvl:3.12) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.17 lvl:2.32) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:1.88 lvl:2.32) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:1.80 lvl:2.12) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:1.72 lvl:1.44) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:1.60 lvl:1.00) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.44 lvl:1.12) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.33 lvl:0.79) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.30 lvl:0.88) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.28 lvl:0.52) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.20 lvl:0.36) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.12 lvl:0.28) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.08 lvl:0.12) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Attention to Detail (imp:10.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:9.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:8.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Cooperation (imp:7.00) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:6.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Social Orientation (imp:5.00) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Self-Control (imp:4.00) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Empathy (imp:3.00) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Stress Tolerance (imp:3.00) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Sincerity (imp:2.89) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Integrity (imp:2.68) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Attention to Detail (imp:2.60) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Cooperation (imp:2.55) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Self-Control (imp:2.55) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Dependability (imp:2.50) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Stress Tolerance (imp:2.47) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.41) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Social Orientation (imp:2.36) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.04) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Empathy (imp:2.00) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cautiousness (imp:1.99) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Adaptability (imp:1.98) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Perseverance (imp:1.97) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.85) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.66) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Optimism (imp:1.56) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Initiative (imp:1.50) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Humility (imp:1.49) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Innovation (imp:1.40) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Sincerity (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Leadership Orientation (imp:0.98) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Cautiousness () — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Dependability () — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:4.38 lvl:5.00) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Service Orientation (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.75 lvl:3.75) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.75 lvl:3.75) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Coordination (imp:3.50 lvl:3.12) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Persuasion (imp:3.50 lvl:3.75) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Instructing (imp:3.25 lvl:3.75) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Time Management (imp:3.25 lvl:3.25) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Negotiation (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.00 lvl:3.25) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.75 lvl:3.00) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Operations Monitoring (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Operations Analysis (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Technology Design (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Programming (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.50 lvl:0.88) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Management of Material Resources (imp:1.50 lvl:0.88) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.00) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.00) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 75,990
  annual_median    : $100,580
  annual_pct10     : $55,170
  annual_pct25     : $73,210
  annual_pct75     : $135,200
  annual_pct90     : $180,960
  annual_mean      : $112,750
  hourly_median    : $48.36

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Oregon ($134,350)
  lowest_state     : New Hampshire ($64,270)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.090x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (49 total) ---
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:   63,210  median: $  99,770
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    5,350  median: $ 112,010
  Educational Services                     emp:    3,440  median: $  91,550
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:    2,070  median: $ 101,960
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:      580  median: $  80,400
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:      270  median: $  81,270
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:      190  median: $  72,220

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (7 total) ---
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:   63,210  median: $  99,770
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    5,350  median: $ 112,010
  Educational Services                     emp:    3,440  median: $  91,550
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:    2,070  median: $ 101,960
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:      580  median: $  80,400
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:      270  median: $  81,270
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:      190  median: $  72,220

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Counseling psychology
match_score        : 0.6897
wikidata_qid       : Q12166572
word_count         : 4,923
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counseling_psychology
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:50:37.612641Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
Counseling or Counselling psychology is an international discipline. It is practiced in the United States and Canada, the United Kingdom and Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, Hong Kong and Korea, and South Africa.
Counseling psychology in the United States initially focused on vocational counseling but later focused upon  adjustment counseling. It currently includes many sub-disciplines, for example marriage and family counseling, rehabilitation counseling, clinical mental health counseling, educational counseling, etc. In each setting, they are all required to follow the same guidelines.

The Society for Counseling Psychology in the United States states:Counseling Psychology is a generalist health service (HSP) specialty in professional psychology that uses a broad range of culturally informed and culturally sensitive practices to help people improve their well-being, prevent and alleviate distress and maladjustment, resolve crises, and increase their ability to function better in their lives. It focuses specifically but not exclusively on normative life-span development, with a particular emphasis on prevention and education as well as amelioration, addressing individuals as well as the systems or contexts in which they function. It has particular expertise in work and career issues.


== History ==


=== Before the end of World War II ===
Before World War II, qualified psychologists in the United States typically pursued science, rather than the direct treatment of patients. This task was the domain of psychiatrists who had both a medical degree and psychological training.
In 1896, the first psychological patient clinic was opened at the University of Pennsylvania by psychologist Lightner Witmer. He coined the term clinical psychology to describe his work. In the first half of the 20th century, clinical psychology focused on children's psychological assessment, with little attention given to treatment or adults.
The Vocation Bureau was established in Boston in 1908 by Frank Parsons. Parsons coined the term vocational guidance that year, and the Bureau soon became the concept's national body. The Bureau supported the work of vocational counselors, and successfully advocated for a large number of them to be appointed by Boston schools. Parson's influential book Choosing a Vocation was published in 1909. The Boston YMCA offered the first vocational guidance training.
Building on the work of the Bureau, the National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) was founded in 1913.
The National Social Workers' Exchange began in 1917, and in 1921 expanded its scope and became the American Association of Social Workers.
Abraham and Hannah Stone began a marriage consultation centre in New York in 1929. The American Institute for Family Relations (AIFR) was established by Paul Popenoe in Los Angeles in 1930. Emily Mudd founded the Marriage Council of Philadelphia in 1932. This kind of organisation was first found in Germany, and had grown through parts of Europe.
During World War II, the term counseling was used by American psychologist Carl Rogers to describe therapy provided by psychologists. In 1942, Rogers published the book Counseling and Psychotherapy. In that book's introduction he said the terms "counselling" and "psychotherapy" were equivalents, the main difference being that different professions tended to use one term or the other. He noted that people who did this work might call themselves "a psychologist, a college counselor, a marital adviser, a psychiatrist, a social worker, a high-school guidance counselor, an industrial personnel worker, or [use] some other name."
1942 also saw the establishment of the American Association of Marriage Counselors (AAMC). The Stones and Mudd took part in this.


=== A great adjustment ===
The end of World War II in 1945 saw many combatants return home. Over 3.2 million American veterans applied for training under the GI Bill, creating a strong need for vocational and personal adjustment counseling at the US Veterans Administration (VA). That year, Rogers was invited to set up a counseling center at the University of Chicago.
It was also at this time that clinical psychologists began offering therapy to adults in large numbers, with many employed by the VA.
The end of the war also saw the American Psychological Association establish Divisions, providing interest groups for its members to join. Divisions 11 and 12 of were formed in 1945, with the two merging in 1946 to become the "Division of Clinical and Abnormal Psychology" (as Division 12).
Division 17 of the APA was formed in 1946 as the "Division of Personnel and Guidance Psychologists".
Also in 1946, Connecticut became the first US state to require psychologists to be licensed. The last to do so was Missouri in 1977.
In 1947, Rogers was elected president of the APA.
The Marriage Council of Philadelphia started the first US marriage counsellor training program in 1948, training Navy chaplains.
It was suggested that "personal adjustment counseling is actually a psychotherapeutic supplement to vocational counseling for problems not serious enough to require psychiatric treatments," in 1949.
More than 500 people had joined Division 17 in 1949. Around half of these provided guidance (or supervised it) in an educational setting. Approximately 20% guided people in the VA. 40% of Division 17 members were also members of the NVGA.


=== Counseling psychology and other counseling ===
In 1951, the APA's Division 17 became the "Division for Counseling Psychology". This body united psychologists, students and professionals who were dedicated to promote education and training, practice, scientific investigation, diversity and public interest in the field of counseling psychology. (It would later become known as the "Society for Counseling Psychology").
In 1952 the American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) was founded, merging the NVGA, the National Association of Guidance and Counselor Trainers (NAGCT), the Student Personnel Association for Teacher Education (SPATE), and the American College Personnel Association (ACPA).
Starting in the early 1950s, the first counseling psychology PhD programs were at the University of Minnesota; Ohio State University; University of Maryland, College Park; University of Missouri; Teachers College, Columbia University; and University of Texas at Austin.
At times, counseling psychologists with qualifications from university education departments had difficulty being registered as psychologists by US states, due to difficulty proving that their study was sufficiently psychological in nature.
In 1955, the National Association of Social Workers was established through the consolidation of seven groups including the American Association of Social Workers and the National Association of School Social Workers.
In 1960, the AIFR in Los Angeles was described "the world's largest and best known marriage-counseling center," with a staff of seventy. By that year, the institute had given training to over 300 marriage counselors and shorter courses around the US to over 1500 other people.
The US National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) began in 1969.
The AAMC became the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) in 1974.
In 1976, the American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA) was founded to represent mental health counselors who did not qualify for APA membership, and didn't fit in the college counseling focused APGA. The AMHCA became a part of the latter in 1978.
Individual US states began to license counselors in the 1970s. In 1981, the APGA established The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs to standardise counseling education. In 1982, the APGA established an independent body, the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC), to provide a national certification system for counselors who were not qualified psychologists.
The APGA changed its name in 1983 to the

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Psychologist (similarity: 0.4898)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist
  QID: Q212980
  Extract: A psychologist is a professional who practices psychology and studies mental states, perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behavior. Their work often involves the experimentation, observation, and interpretation of how individuals relate to each other and to their environments.

  Title: Psychology (similarity: 0.3830)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology
  QID: Q9418
  Extract: Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both conscious and unconscious phenomena, and mental processes such as thoughts, feelings, and motives. Psychology is an academic discipline of broad scope, crossing the bou

  Title: Case management (similarity: 0.2692)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_management
  QID: Q5048341
  Extract: Case management may refer to:Case management, a specific approach for the coordination of community mental health services
Case management, a specific term used in the health care system of the United States of America
Medical case management, a general term referring to the facilitation of treatmen

  Title: Psi Factor (similarity: 0.1702)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psi_Factor
  QID: Q120624
  Extract: Psi Factor: Chronicles of the Paranormal is a Canadian science fiction drama television series which was filmed in and around Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and aired 88 episodes over four seasons from 1996 to 2000. In 1996, Christopher Chacon and Peter Aykroyd co-created the show.

  Title: Case management (US healthcare system) (similarity: 0.3467)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_management_(US_healthcare_system)
  QID: Q366193
  Extract: Case management is a managed care technique within the health care coverage system of the United States. It involves an integrated system that manages the delivery of comprehensive healthcare services for enrolled patients. Case managers are employed in almost every aspect of health care and these e

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Comprehensive O*NET data with detailed skills, knowledge, and task information. BLS wage data provides current market intelligence. Wikipedia match confirms professional discipline status.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T15:51:41.628891+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,590
tokens_output        : 4,111
cost_usd             : $0.044637
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Counseling psychology
wikipedia_note       : Wikipedia confirms counseling psychology as an international discipline practiced across multiple countries. The semantic neighbor 'Psychologist' provides additional context about the broader professional category and scientific foundation of the field.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Clinical and Counseling Psychologists assess, diagnose, and treat mental and emotional disorders through observation, interviews, and psychological testing. They provide psychotherapy and counseling services to individuals, couples, and families to help them understand and resolve personal problems and improve mental health. These doctoral-level professionals combine clinical expertise with research knowledge to develop and implement evidence-based treatment plans.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
A clinical psychologist begins their day reviewing client files and treatment plans, then conducts individual therapy sessions using various approaches like cognitive-behavioral therapy or psychoanalysis. They administer and score psychological tests to assess cognitive abilities and mental health status, carefully documenting session notes and progress reports. Between appointments, they evaluate treatment effectiveness and modify plans based on client needs and responses. The day often includes writing reports, maintaining required paperwork, and staying current with research literature to inform their practice.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel in this field possess exceptional communication skills and emotional intelligence, with strong abilities in oral and written expression combined with active listening capabilities. They demonstrate high attention to detail and intellectual curiosity, essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Successful psychologists show genuine empathy and service orientation while maintaining professional boundaries and integrity. They thrive on complex problem-solving and possess the analytical thinking needed to synthesize psychological theory with individual client presentations.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry requires a doctoral degree in clinical or counseling psychology (92% hold doctoral or post-doctoral training according to education distribution data), including supervised clinical experience and internships. Most states require licensure through examination and continuing education. Post-doctoral training is increasingly common (48% of practitioners), particularly for specialized areas like neuropsychology or forensic psychology.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Experienced psychologists can advance to supervisory roles, open private practices, or pursue academic positions combining teaching with research. Some specialize in specific populations (children, couples) or treatment modalities, while others move into consultation, program administration, or forensic psychology. Career progression often includes board certification in specialty areas and leadership roles in professional organizations.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
Clinical and Counseling Psychologists earn a median annual wage of $100,580 (BLS OEWS May 2025) with significant geographic variation from $64,270 in New Hampshire to $134,350 in Oregon. Employment of 75,990 professionals is concentrated in healthcare and social assistance settings (63,210 employed), with additional opportunities in government and educational services. The field shows strong demand driven by increased mental health awareness and expanding insurance coverage for psychological services. Job Zone 5 classification indicates extensive preparation requirements, contributing to competitive compensation and job security.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Clinical psychology faces low automation risk due to the essential human elements of establishing interpersonal relationships, providing empathetic care, and making complex clinical judgments. While technology assists with assessment tools and documentation, the core therapeutic relationship and nuanced understanding of human behavior remain irreplaceably human.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [skill_overlap] Mental Health Counselors (21-1014.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles require identical top skills in Active Listening, Reading Comprehension, and Critical Thinking for therapeutic work.
    data: Active Listening imp:4.2
    data: Reading Comprehension imp:4.8
    data: Therapy and Counseling knowledge imp:5.0
  [task_similarity] Marriage and Family Therapists (21-1013.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both develop treatment plans and counsel individuals and families using psychotherapy and behavior modification techniques.
    data: Counsel individuals, groups, or families
    data: Develop therapeutic treatment plans
    data: Use psychotherapy methods
  [knowledge_overlap] School Psychologists (19-3034.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both require extensive Psychology knowledge (imp:5.0) and Education and Training knowledge for assessment and intervention.
    data: Psychology knowledge imp:5.0, lvl:6.9
    data: Education and Training knowledge imp:3.9
    data: Administer psychological tests
  [riasec_cluster] Psychiatrists (29-1223.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both share dominant Social and Investigative RIASEC profiles focused on helping people and scientific inquiry.
    data: RIASEC S:6.57, I:5.58
    data: Assess and diagnose mental disorders
    data: Use scientific knowledge
  [career_pathway] Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers (21-1023.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Social workers often pursue advanced psychology training to become licensed psychologists for expanded scope of practice.
    data: Job Zone 5 extensive preparation
    data: Doctoral degree requirement
    data: Clinical assessment abilities
  [career_pathway] Neuropsychologists (19-3039.02) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Represents advanced specialization pathway from general clinical psychology requiring additional post-doctoral training.
    data: 48% post-doctoral training
    data: Administer psychological tests
    data: Same SOC major group 19-3039

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['clinical psychologist', 'counseling psychologist', 'psychological assessment', 'psychotherapy', 'mental health diagnosis', 'individual therapy', 'psychological testing', 'treatment planning']
  exclude_keywords : ['psychiatrist', 'social worker', 'counselor only', 'unlicensed', 'paraprofessional']
  title_patterns   : ['Clinical Psychologist', 'Counseling Psychologist', 'Licensed Psychologist', 'Behavioral Psychologist', 'Assessment Coordinator']
  common_variations: ['clinical psychology', 'counselling psychology', 'therapeutic psychology', 'behavioral psychology', 'assessment psychologist', 'therapy psychologist', 'diagnostic psychologist', 'psychological practitioner']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['counseling', 'psychology', 'others', 'tendency', 'client', 'counselors', 'clients', 'mental', 'clinical', 'counselor', 'health', 'psychological', 'programs', 'psychologists', 'treatment', 'equipment', 'individuals', 'research', 'social', 'educational']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
counseling                134  0.02500  wikipedia            wikipedia:91%  inference:4%  onet_tasks:3%
psychology                 50  0.00933  wikipedia            wikipedia:88%  inference:10%  onet_dimensions:2%
others                     47  0.00877  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:81%  dwas:9%  wikipedia:6%
tendency                   42  0.00784  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
client                     41  0.00765  wikipedia            wikipedia:85%  dwas:7%  inference:7%
counselors                 39  0.00728  wikipedia            wikipedia:97%  onet_tasks:3%
clients                    34  0.00634  wikipedia            wikipedia:62%  onet_tasks:18%  dwas:18%
mental                     29  0.00541  wikipedia            wikipedia:59%  dwas:21%  inference:14%
clinical                   29  0.00541  wikipedia            wikipedia:72%  inference:28%
counselor                  29  0.00541  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
health                     28  0.00522  wikipedia            wikipedia:57%  dwas:25%  inference:11%
psychological              27  0.00504  wikipedia            wikipedia:37%  onet_tasks:26%  dwas:19%
programs                   27  0.00504  wikipedia            wikipedia:41%  dwas:26%  onet_tasks:19%
psychologists              27  0.00504  wikipedia            wikipedia:85%  inference:15%
treatment                  25  0.00466  wikipedia            wikipedia:28%  onet_tasks:24%  inference:20%
equipment                  23  0.00429  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
individuals                22  0.00410  wikipedia            wikipedia:50%  onet_tasks:32%  onet_dimensions:9%
research                   21  0.00392  wikipedia            wikipedia:52%  onet_tasks:19%  inference:14%
social                     21  0.00392  wikipedia            wikipedia:52%  onet_dimensions:24%  onet_tasks:14%
educational                21  0.00392  wikipedia            wikipedia:38%  dwas:29%  onet_tasks:19%
career                     21  0.00392  wikipedia            wikipedia:90%  onet_dimensions:5%  inference:5%
relationship               21  0.00392  wikipedia            wikipedia:90%  onet_dimensions:5%  inference:5%
association                21  0.00392  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
help                       20  0.00373  wikipedia            wikipedia:85%  onet_tasks:5%  onet_dimensions:5%
personal                   20  0.00373  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:30%  dwas:30%  wikipedia:30%
includes                   19  0.00354  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:63%  wikipedia:26%  inference:11%
states                     18  0.00336  wikipedia            wikipedia:94%  inference:6%
therapist                  18  0.00336  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
goals                      17  0.00317  wikipedia            wikipedia:53%  onet_dimensions:35%  onet_tasks:12%
services                   17  0.00317  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:35%  wikipedia:24%  onet_tasks:18%
principles                 17  0.00317  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:94%  wikipedia:6%
problems                   16  0.00298  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:56%  wikipedia:31%  onet_tasks:6%
family                     16  0.00298  wikipedia            wikipedia:94%  onet_tasks:6%
american                   15  0.00280  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
practice                   15  0.00280  wikipedia            wikipedia:93%  inference:7%
plans                      14  0.00261  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:43%  inference:21%  onet_dimensions:14%
behavior                   14  0.00261  wikipedia            wikipedia:64%  onet_dimensions:21%  onet_tasks:7%
therapy                    14  0.00261  wikipedia            wikipedia:57%  onet_tasks:21%  inference:14%
techniques                 14  0.00261  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:71%  onet_tasks:21%  wikipedia:7%
management                 14  0.00261  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:50%  wikipedia:50%