[Core] [25% incumbents] Conduct neuropsychological evaluations such as assessments of intelligence, academic ability, attention, concentration, sensorimotor function, language, learning, and memory.
  DWAs: Administer standardized physical or psychological tests.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Write or prepare detailed clinical neuropsychological reports, using data from psychological or neuropsychological tests, self-report measures, rating scales, direct observations, or interviews.
  DWAs: Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Interview patients to obtain comprehensive medical histories.
  DWAs: Collect information from people through observation, interviews, or surveys.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Diagnose and treat conditions involving injury to the central nervous system, such as cerebrovascular accidents, neoplasms, infectious or inflammatory diseases, degenerative diseases, head traumas, demyelinating diseases, and various forms of dementing illnesses.
  DWAs: Diagnose neural or psychological disorders.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Establish neurobehavioral baseline measures for monitoring progressive cerebral disease or recovery.
  DWAs: Establish standards for medical care.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Provide education or counseling to individuals and families.
  DWAs: Counsel clients on mental health or personal achievement.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Diagnose and treat pediatric populations for conditions such as learning disabilities with developmental or organic bases.
  DWAs: Diagnose neural or psychological disorders.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Read current literature, talk with colleagues, and participate in professional organizations or conferences to keep abreast of developments in neuropsychology.
  DWAs: Review professional literature to maintain professional knowledge. | Attend conferences or workshops to maintain professional knowledge.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Participate in educational programs, in-service training, or workshops to remain current in methods and techniques.
  DWAs: Attend conferences or workshops to maintain professional knowledge.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Consult with other professionals about patients' neurological conditions.
  DWAs: Collaborate with healthcare professionals to plan or provide treatment.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Educate and supervise practicum students, psychology interns, or hospital staff.
  DWAs: Instruct college students in social sciences or humanities disciplines.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Design or implement rehabilitation plans for patients with cognitive dysfunction.
  DWAs: Design psychological or educational treatment procedures or programs. | Direct medical science or healthcare programs.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Diagnose and treat conditions such as chemical dependency, alcohol dependency, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) dementia, and environmental toxin exposure.
  DWAs: Diagnose neural or psychological disorders.

[Core] [25% incumbents] Conduct research on neuropsychological disorders.
  DWAs: Conduct research to increase knowledge about medical issues.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.50 lvl:5.38) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Active Listening (imp:4.50 lvl:4.62) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Writing (imp:4.38 lvl:4.75) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Speaking (imp:4.25 lvl:4.75) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.25 lvl:4.62) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Learning (imp:3.88 lvl:4.38) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Science (imp:3.62 lvl:3.88) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
  Monitoring (imp:3.62 lvl:4.12) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.50 lvl:4.25) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Mathematics (imp:3.00 lvl:3.38) — Using mathematics to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Psychology (imp:5.00 lvl:6.72) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:4.56 lvl:6.64) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  English Language (imp:4.44 lvl:5.28) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Education and Training (imp:4.12 lvl:5.48) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:3.88 lvl:4.84) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:3.67 lvl:5.16) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Biology (imp:3.50 lvl:4.08) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Administrative (imp:3.25 lvl:4.64) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Mathematics (imp:3.24 lvl:4.32) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.12 lvl:3.96) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Administration and Management (imp:2.92 lvl:3.76) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Law and Government (imp:2.60 lvl:3.00) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.52 lvl:3.20) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Communications and Media (imp:2.40 lvl:2.68) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:2.36 lvl:2.96) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.32 lvl:2.68) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Telecommunications (imp:2.32 lvl:1.56) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Economics and Accounting (imp:2.24 lvl:2.28) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Foreign Language (imp:1.96 lvl:1.96) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.88 lvl:2.24) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Chemistry (imp:1.72 lvl:1.56) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.52 lvl:1.00) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Production and Processing (imp:1.48 lvl:0.68) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Geography (imp:1.44 lvl:0.88) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  History and Archeology (imp:1.44 lvl:0.96) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Design (imp:1.40 lvl:0.88) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Transportation (imp:1.32 lvl:0.64) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Mechanical (imp:1.24 lvl:0.56) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Physics (imp:1.24 lvl:0.80) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Building and Construction (imp:1.12 lvl:0.40) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Fine Arts (imp:1.12 lvl:0.32) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  Food Production (imp:1.08 lvl:0.12) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food

--- ABILITIES ---
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.62 lvl:5.00) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.50 lvl:5.38) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Oral Expression (imp:4.50 lvl:5.25) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Written Expression (imp:4.50 lvl:5.25) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.38 lvl:5.38) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.25 lvl:4.88) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:4.12 lvl:5.00) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Speech Recognition (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Speech Clarity (imp:4.00 lvl:4.38) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.75 lvl:4.12) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Information Ordering (imp:3.62 lvl:3.88) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Near Vision (imp:3.62 lvl:4.00) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.25 lvl:3.75) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Originality (imp:3.12 lvl:3.62) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Selective Attention (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:3.00 lvl:3.25) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Memorization (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Far Vision (imp:2.88 lvl:3.38) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.75 lvl:3.12) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Time Sharing (imp:2.75 lvl:2.62) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Number Facility (imp:2.62 lvl:2.88) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Visualization (imp:2.50 lvl:2.50) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Trunk Strength (imp:2.38 lvl:1.75) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.38 lvl:2.25) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:2.12 lvl:1.62) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:2.12 lvl:1.62) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.12 lvl:1.88) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Manual Dexterity (imp:2.00 lvl:1.38) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.88 lvl:1.38) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Control Precision (imp:1.88 lvl:1.25) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Depth Perception (imp:1.75 lvl:1.25) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Response Orientation (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Processing Information (imp:4.84 lvl:6.16) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Getting Information (imp:4.80 lvl:5.68) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.64 lvl:5.56) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.64 lvl:5.72) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.64 lvl:5.64) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:4.60 lvl:4.76) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:4.56 lvl:5.36) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:4.28 lvl:5.12) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:4.28 lvl:5.28) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Working with Computers (imp:4.08 lvl:3.25) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:4.04 lvl:5.24) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:4.04 lvl:4.92) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.96 lvl:4.68) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.92 lvl:5.28) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.88 lvl:4.68) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:3.72 lvl:4.68) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.72 lvl:5.20) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.64 lvl:5.08) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.64 lvl:4.48) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:3.42 lvl:4.08) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.36 lvl:3.92) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.36 lvl:4.00) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.33 lvl:4.36) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:3.33 lvl:4.08) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.12 lvl:4.08) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.04 lvl:3.08) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:2.96 lvl:3.28) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.92 lvl:3.72) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:2.88 lvl:3.48) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:2.83 lvl:2.54) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.71 lvl:3.76) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:2.50 lvl:2.52) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:2.25 lvl:2.88) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.25 lvl:2.50) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:2.04 lvl:1.54) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:1.88 lvl:1.72) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.64 lvl:1.36) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.56 lvl:0.88) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.44 lvl:1.00) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.28 lvl:0.60) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.08 lvl:0.12) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:10.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:9.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:8.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:7.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:6.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Cooperation (imp:5.00) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:4.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Attention to Detail (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Stress Tolerance (imp:3.00) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Integrity (imp:2.51) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:2.28) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Empathy (imp:2.27) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Dependability (imp:2.25) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.14) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Cooperation (imp:2.10) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Sincerity (imp:2.03) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Stress Tolerance (imp:2.03) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Empathy (imp:2.00) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Perseverance (imp:1.94) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.74) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Adaptability (imp:1.58) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Social Orientation (imp:1.54) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Initiative (imp:1.50) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.38) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Self-Control (imp:1.34) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Innovation (imp:1.25) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Humility (imp:1.19) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Leadership Orientation (imp:0.83) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Optimism (imp:0.52) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:4.25 lvl:4.38) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:4.12 lvl:4.88) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:4.12 lvl:4.62) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Service Orientation (imp:3.62 lvl:4.00) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Instructing (imp:3.38 lvl:3.88) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Coordination (imp:3.25 lvl:3.38) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Persuasion (imp:3.25 lvl:3.50) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.25 lvl:3.38) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.25 lvl:3.75) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Time Management (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Negotiation (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:2.25 lvl:2.00) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Operations Monitoring (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Operations Analysis (imp:1.88) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Programming (imp:1.88 lvl:1.38) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.75 lvl:1.12) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.75 lvl:1.50) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Management of Material Resources (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Technology Design (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 18,820
  annual_median    : $110,840
  annual_pct10     : $54,990
  annual_pct25     : $68,850
  annual_pct75     : $147,240
  annual_pct90     : $168,520
  annual_mean      : $111,210
  hourly_median    : $53.29

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : California ($157,540)
  lowest_state     : West Virginia ($46,350)
  dispersion_ratio : 3.399x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (42 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    8,970  median: $ 140,050
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    8,160  median: $  78,200
  Educational Services                     emp:      950  median: $  80,890
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      440  median: $ 107,760
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:       80  median: $ 117,370
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:       30  median: $ 133,030

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (6 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    8,970  median: $ 140,050
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    8,160  median: $  78,200
  Educational Services                     emp:      950  median: $  80,890
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      440  median: $ 107,760
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:       80  median: $ 117,370
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:       30  median: $ 133,030

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Neuropsychology
match_score        : 0.8485
wikidata_qid       : Q3872
word_count         : 4,012
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychology
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:51:25.037722Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
Neuropsychology is a branch of psychology concerned with how a person's cognition and behavior are related to the brain and the rest of the nervous system. Professionals in this branch of psychology focus on how injuries or illnesses of the brain affect cognitive and behavioral functions.
It is both an experimental and clinical field of patient-focused psychology. Thus aiming to understand how behavior and cognition are influenced by brain function. It is also concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of behavioral and cognitive effects of neurological disorders. Whereas classical neurology focuses on the pathology of the nervous system and classical psychology is largely divorced from it, neuropsychology seeks to discover how the brain correlates with the mind through the study of neurological patients. It thus shares concepts and concerns with neuropsychiatry and with behavioral neurology in general. The term neuropsychology has been applied to lesion studies in humans and animals. It has also been applied in efforts to record electrical activity from individual cells (or groups of cells) in higher primates (including some studies of human patients).
In practice, neuropsychologists tend to work in research settings (universities, laboratories, or research institutions), clinical settings (medical hospitals or rehabilitation settings, often involved in assessing or treating patients with neuropsychological problems), and forensic settings or industry (often as clinical-trial consultants where CNS function is a concern).


== History ==
The first book with the word neuropsychology in the title was Organization of Behavior - A Neuropsychological Theory published in 1949. Another early influential book in this field was Alexander Luria's magnum opus, Higher Cortical Functions in Man (1962). The International Neuropsychological Society was established in 1967. The first textbook defining the field, Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, was initially published by Kolb and Whishaw in 1980. However, the history of its development can be traced back to the Third Dynasty in ancient Egypt, perhaps even earlier. There is much debate as to when societies started considering the functions of different organs. For many centuries, the brain was thought useless and was often discarded during burial processes and autopsies. As the field of medicine developed its understanding of human anatomy and physiology, different theories were developed as to why the body functioned the way it did. Many times, bodily functions were approached from a religious point of view, and abnormalities were blamed on bad spirits and the gods. The brain has not always been considered the center of the functioning body. It has taken hundreds of years to develop our understanding of the brain and how it affects our behaviors.


=== Ancient Egypt ===
In ancient Egypt, writings on medicine date from the time of the priest Imhotep. They took a more scientific approach to medicine and disease, describing the brain, trauma, abnormalities, and remedies for reference for future physicians. Despite this, Egyptians saw the heart, not the brain, as the seat of the soul.


=== Aristotle ===
Aristotle reinforced this focus on the heart which originated in Egypt. He believed the heart to be in control of mental processes, and looked on the brain, due to its inert nature, as a mechanism for cooling the heat generated by the heart. He drew his conclusions based on the empirical study of animals. He found that while their brains were cold to the touch and that such contact did not trigger any movements, the heart was warm and active, accelerating and slowing dependent on mood. Such beliefs were upheld by many for years to come, persisting through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance period until they began to falter in the 17th century due to further research. The influence of Aristotle in the development of neuropsychology is evident within language used in modern day, since we "follow our hearts" and "learn by the heart."  


=== Hippocrates ===
Hippocrates viewed the brain as the seat of the soul. He drew a connection between the brain and behaviors of the body, writing: "The brain exercises the greatest power in the man." Apart from moving the focus from the heart as the "seat of the soul" to the brain, Hippocrates did not go into much detail about its actual functioning. However, by switching the attention of the medical community to the brain, his theory led to more scientific discovery of the organ responsible for our behaviors. For years to come, scientists were inspired to explore the functions of the body and to find concrete explanations for both normal and abnormal behaviors. Scientific discovery led them to believe that there were natural and organically occurring reasons to explain various functions of the body, and it could all be traced back to the brain. Hippocrates introduced the concept of the mind – which was widely seen as a separate function apart from the actual brain organ.


=== René Descartes ===
Philosopher René Descartes expanded upon this idea and is most widely known for his work on the mind–body problem. Often Descartes's ideas were looked upon as overly philosophical and lacking in sufficient scientific foundation.  Descartes focused much of his anatomical experimentation on the brain, paying special attention to the pineal gland – which he argued was the actual "seat of the soul." Still deeply rooted in a spiritual outlook towards the scientific world, the body was said to be mortal, and the soul immortal. The pineal gland was then thought to be the very place at which the mind would interact with the mortal and machine-like body. At the time, Descartes was convinced the mind had control over the behaviors of the body (controlling the person) – but also that the body could have influence over the mind, which is referred to as dualism. This idea that the mind essentially had control over the body, but the body could resist or even influence other behaviors, was a major turning point in the way many physiologists would look at the brain. The capabilities of the mind were observed to do much more than simply react, but also to be rational and function in organized, thoughtful ways – much more complex than he thought the animal world to be. These ideas, although disregarded by many and cast aside for years led the medical community to expand their own ideas of the brain and begin to understand in new ways just how intricate the workings of the brain really were, and the complete effects it had on daily life, as well as which treatments would be the most beneficial to helping those people living with a dysfunctional mind. The mind–body problem, spurred by René Descartes, continues to this day with many philosophical arguments both for and against his ideas. However controversial they were and remain today, the fresh and well-thought-out perspective Descartes presented has had long-lasting effects on the various disciplines of medicine, psychology, and much more, especially in putting an emphasis on separating the mind from the body in order to explain observable behaviors.


=== Thomas Willis ===

It was in the mid-17th century that another major contributor to the field of neuropsychology emerged. Thomas Willis studied at Oxford University and took a physiological approach to the brain and behavior. It was Willis who coined the words 'hemisphere' and 'lobe' when referring to the brain. He was one of the earliest to use the words 'neurology' and 'psychology'. Rejecting the idea that humans were the only beings capable of rational thought, Willis looked at specialized structures of the brain. He theorized that higher structures accounted for complex functions, whereas lower structures were responsible for functions similar to those seen in other animals, consisting mostly of reactions and automatic responses. He was particularly interested in people with manic disorders and hys

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

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  Title: Norman Garmezy (similarity: 0.1875)
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  Title: Alison Cernich (similarity: 0.3125)
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model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : High confidence supported by comprehensive O*NET data, clear educational requirements, specific task descriptions, and strong Wikipedia validation of the field's scope and focus.
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wikipedia_title      : Neuropsychology
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia match confirms neuropsychology as a branch of psychology focused on brain-behavior relationships and how injuries affect cognitive and behavioral functions. This aligns with the O*NET description of professionals who study the human brain's effects on cognition and behavior.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Neuropsychologists are specialized psychologists who evaluate and diagnose disorders of higher cerebral functioning by applying theories and principles of neuropsychology. They study how the human brain affects cognition and behavior, particularly following injury or disease, working primarily in research and medical settings. These professionals conduct comprehensive neuropsychological assessments, write detailed clinical reports, and formulate treatment programs for patients with various neurological conditions.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
A neuropsychologist begins their day by conducting neuropsychological evaluations, administering standardized tests to assess intelligence, attention, and academic abilities in patients. They spend significant time interviewing patients to obtain comprehensive medical histories and consulting with other healthcare professionals about neurological conditions. Much of their work involves processing and analyzing complex data from psychological tests, then writing detailed clinical reports that interpret findings for other medical professionals. They regularly diagnose and treat conditions involving central nervous system injuries, such as strokes or brain tumors, while establishing baseline measures for monitoring disease progression or recovery. The role requires continuous learning through reading current literature, attending professional conferences, and participating in educational programs to stay current with evolving methods and techniques.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel as neuropsychologists possess exceptional investigative and social interests, with strong analytical minds and genuine concern for helping others. They demonstrate high dependability and meticulous attention to detail, as their assessments directly impact patient care and treatment decisions. These professionals need superior written and oral communication abilities to effectively document complex findings and explain neurological conditions to patients and families. Intellectual curiosity drives their continuous learning, while strong inductive and deductive reasoning skills enable them to analyze complex neuropsychological data and make accurate diagnoses. They must maintain high integrity and exercise considerable caution, as their evaluations often influence critical medical and legal decisions.

CAREER ENTRY:
Neuropsychologists require extensive preparation with 84% completing post-doctoral training and 16% holding doctoral degrees, representing the highest level of educational preparation in psychology. Entry typically requires a doctoral degree in psychology with specialized training in neuropsychology, followed by post-doctoral fellowship training in clinical neuropsychology. Candidates must develop expertise in psychology, therapy and counseling, and medicine through graduate coursework and supervised clinical experience. Board certification through the American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology is often preferred or required for independent practice.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Neuropsychologists can advance into senior clinical roles, research leadership positions, or academic appointments at universities and medical schools. Many develop subspecialty expertise in areas such as pediatric neuropsychology, forensic neuropsychology, or specific neurological conditions. Career progression may lead to department head positions, private practice ownership, or roles as medical consultants for healthcare systems. Some transition into executive roles in healthcare administration or become principal investigators leading major research initiatives in neuroscience and cognitive assessment.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
Neuropsychologists earn a median annual wage of $110,840 according to BLS OEWS May 2025 data, with the 90th percentile reaching $168,520, reflecting the specialized nature of this profession. The field employs approximately 18,820 professionals nationwide, with significant geographic variation in compensation ranging from $46,350 in West Virginia to $157,540 in California, representing a 3.40x ratio between highest and lowest paying states. Primary employment opportunities exist in government settings (8,970 positions) and healthcare organizations (8,160 positions), with additional opportunities in educational institutions. The concentration of positions in major metropolitan areas with academic medical centers and research institutions creates geographic clustering of opportunities. Demand remains steady due to aging populations requiring neuropsychological services and growing recognition of brain-behavior relationships in medical practice.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Neuropsychologists face low automation risk due to their reliance on complex human interaction, clinical judgment, and interpretation of nuanced behavioral and cognitive data. While technology tools like statistical software and computerized testing may enhance efficiency, the core activities of patient interviewing, clinical reasoning, and therapeutic relationship building remain fundamentally human-centered. The increasing sophistication of neuroimaging and data analytics may augment their diagnostic capabilities rather than replace their expertise.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [task_similarity] Clinical Neuropsychologists (19-3039.03) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share identical neuropsychological evaluation tasks and diagnostic responsibilities for brain-behavior relationships.
    data: O*NET declared Primary-Short relationship
    data: Shared SOC parent code 19-3039
    data: Identical psychology and therapy knowledge requirements
  [knowledge_overlap] Psychiatrists (29-1223.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both require extensive psychology knowledge and work with mental health conditions, though psychiatrists focus more on medical treatment.
    data: Shared psychology knowledge (imp:5.0)
    data: Common therapy and counseling knowledge
    data: Both diagnose neural/psychological disorders
  [skill_overlap] Clinical and Counseling Psychologists (19-3033.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Strong overlap in active listening, critical thinking, and social perceptiveness skills for patient interaction and assessment.
    data: Shared active listening (imp:4.5)
    data: Common critical thinking skills
    data: Similar social perceptiveness requirements
  [knowledge_overlap] Neurologists (29-1217.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both professions require medicine and biology knowledge to understand neurological conditions and brain function.
    data: Shared medicine and dentistry knowledge (imp:3.9)
    data: Common biology knowledge requirements
    data: Both work with neurological conditions
  [career_pathway] Occupational Therapists (29-1122.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both work in rehabilitation settings helping patients with cognitive and functional impairments following neurological injury.
    data: Similar patient counseling and education tasks
    data: Shared rehabilitation focus
    data: Common healthcare collaboration requirements
  [riasec_cluster] Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurses (29-1141.02) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both have high investigative and social RIASEC profiles, working with patients who have mental health and neurological conditions.
    data: Similar investigative work interests
    data: Shared social service orientation
    data: Common patient assessment responsibilities

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
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  title_patterns   : ['*neuropsychologist*', '*neuropsychology*', '*brain behavior*', '*cognitive assessment*', '*neurological assessment*']
  common_variations: ['clinical neuropsychologist', 'pediatric neuropsychologist', 'forensic neuropsychologist', 'adult neuropsychologist', 'board certified neuropsychologist', 'neuropsychology consultant', 'aviation neuropsychologist', 'staff neuropsychologist']

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