[Core] [20% incumbents] Analyze and interpret data to increase the understanding of human social behavior.
  DWAs: Conduct research on social issues. | Interpret research or operational data.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Prepare publications and reports containing research findings.
  DWAs: Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Develop, implement, and evaluate methods of data collection, such as questionnaires or interviews.
  DWAs: Develop methods of social or economic research.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Collect data about the attitudes, values, and behaviors of people in groups, using observation, interviews, and review of documents.
  DWAs: Collect information from people through observation, interviews, or surveys.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Teach sociology.
  DWAs: Instruct college students in social sciences or humanities disciplines.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Plan and conduct research to develop and test theories about societal issues such as crime, group relations, poverty, and aging.
  DWAs: Conduct research on social issues. | Plan social sciences research.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Present research findings at professional meetings.
  DWAs: Present research results to others.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Explain sociological research to the general public.
  DWAs: Present research results to others. | Present information to the public. | Inform viewers, listeners, or audiences.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Develop problem intervention procedures, using techniques such as interviews, consultations, role playing, and participant observation of group interactions.
  DWAs: Design psychological or educational treatment procedures or programs.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Consult with and advise individuals such as administrators, social workers, and legislators regarding social issues and policies, as well as the implications of research findings.
  DWAs: Advise others on matters of public policy.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Direct work of statistical clerks, statisticians, and others who compile and evaluate research data.
  DWAs: Supervise scientific or technical personnel.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Collaborate with research workers in other disciplines.
  DWAs: Coordinate cross-disciplinary research programs.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Write grants to obtain funding for research projects.
  DWAs: Write grant proposals. | Prepare proposals or grant applications to obtain project funding.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Develop approaches to the solution of groups' problems, based on research findings in sociology and related disciplines.
  DWAs: Conduct research on social issues.

[Core] [20% incumbents] Observe group interactions and role affiliations to collect data, identify problems, evaluate progress, and determine the need for additional change.
  DWAs: Collect information from people through observation, interviews, or surveys.

[EMERGING:New] Mentor sociology students.

[EMERGING:New] Review sociological research and articles.

--- SKILLS ---
  Active Listening (imp:4.12 lvl:4.62) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Speaking (imp:4.12 lvl:4.62) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Writing (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.38) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Learning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.88 lvl:4.25) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Monitoring (imp:3.50 lvl:3.88) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Science (imp:3.12 lvl:3.38) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
  Mathematics (imp:2.88 lvl:3.38) — Using mathematics to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:5.00 lvl:6.70) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  English Language (imp:4.60 lvl:5.95) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Education and Training (imp:4.20 lvl:5.65) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Mathematics (imp:3.47 lvl:4.75) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  History and Archeology (imp:3.40 lvl:4.55) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.35 lvl:4.75) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Law and Government (imp:3.16 lvl:3.10) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Psychology (imp:3.15 lvl:4.10) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:3.15 lvl:5.20) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Communications and Media (imp:2.80 lvl:3.95) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Administration and Management (imp:2.75 lvl:3.40) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Geography (imp:2.70 lvl:3.85) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.65 lvl:3.70) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:2.37 lvl:3.11) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Administrative (imp:2.30 lvl:3.65) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Foreign Language (imp:2.15 lvl:2.70) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Economics and Accounting (imp:1.85 lvl:1.85) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.85 lvl:2.10) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.79 lvl:1.79) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Fine Arts (imp:1.75 lvl:1.25) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  Public Safety and Security (imp:1.70 lvl:1.35) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Production and Processing (imp:1.65 lvl:1.45) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.60 lvl:1.10) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Biology (imp:1.58 lvl:1.32) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Telecommunications (imp:1.58 lvl:1.05) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Design (imp:1.32 lvl:0.70) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Transportation (imp:1.25 lvl:0.65) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.11 lvl:0.26) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Food Production (imp:1.10 lvl:0.35) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Building and Construction (imp:1.05 lvl:0.10) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Mechanical (imp:1.05 lvl:0.10) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Physics (imp:1.00) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Chemistry (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a

--- ABILITIES ---
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.25 lvl:5.00) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Oral Expression (imp:4.25 lvl:5.00) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:4.75) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Written Expression (imp:4.12 lvl:4.75) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.12 lvl:4.12) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.88 lvl:4.75) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Near Vision (imp:3.62 lvl:3.62) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.62 lvl:3.88) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.50 lvl:3.62) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.50 lvl:3.88) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.25 lvl:3.88) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Originality (imp:3.12 lvl:3.88) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Information Ordering (imp:3.12 lvl:3.75) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:3.00 lvl:3.50) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Selective Attention (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Memorization (imp:2.50 lvl:2.75) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Far Vision (imp:2.50 lvl:2.50) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Number Facility (imp:2.38 lvl:2.62) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.12 lvl:2.12) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.12 lvl:2.12) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Time Sharing (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Visualization (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Trunk Strength (imp:1.75 lvl:1.25) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Auditory Attention (imp:1.62 lvl:0.88) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.38 lvl:0.50) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Depth Perception (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Control Precision (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Getting Information (imp:4.85 lvl:6.50) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.79 lvl:6.30) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:4.65 lvl:6.15) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Processing Information (imp:4.63 lvl:6.30) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.50 lvl:5.85) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Working with Computers (imp:4.37 lvl:4.20) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Thinking Creatively (imp:4.35 lvl:5.75) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:4.30 lvl:5.60) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:4.05 lvl:5.15) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:4.00 lvl:5.55) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:4.00 lvl:5.65) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:3.95 lvl:5.75) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:3.95 lvl:5.30) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.90 lvl:5.50) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.90 lvl:5.20) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.79 lvl:4.80) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.65 lvl:4.70) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.55 lvl:4.10) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.35 lvl:4.60) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.26 lvl:4.50) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.26 lvl:4.30) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.25 lvl:4.55) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.21 lvl:4.05) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:3.11 lvl:4.10) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.05 lvl:3.95) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.00 lvl:3.70) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.95 lvl:3.75) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:2.85 lvl:3.45) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.74 lvl:3.95) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.55 lvl:3.25) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:2.35 lvl:2.90) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.30 lvl:3.15) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.21 lvl:2.53) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:1.85 lvl:1.95) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.50 lvl:1.10) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.45 lvl:1.30) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.25 lvl:0.75) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.25 lvl:0.45) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.20 lvl:0.35) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.05 lvl:0.10) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.00) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Integrity (imp:4.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.90) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Innovation (imp:2.15) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.04) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Integrity (imp:2.03) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Dependability (imp:1.98) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.93) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Cooperation (imp:1.84) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Adaptability (imp:1.75) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Attention to Detail (imp:1.71) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Empathy (imp:1.65) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Social Orientation (imp:1.65) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Perseverance (imp:1.64) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Initiative (imp:1.56) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Sincerity (imp:1.44) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.32) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Self-Control (imp:1.14) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Humility (imp:1.12) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Innovation (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:0.93) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Leadership Orientation (imp:0.90) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:0.87) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Optimism (imp:0.47) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Cautiousness () — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Attention to Detail () — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Dependability () — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.88 lvl:4.38) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Instructing (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.62 lvl:3.88) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Coordination (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.12 lvl:3.50) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Service Orientation (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Time Management (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Persuasion (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Negotiation (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Operations Analysis (imp:2.38 lvl:2.50) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Programming (imp:1.75 lvl:0.75) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Management of Material Resources (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Technology Design (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Operations Monitoring (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.00) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 2,260
  annual_median    : $106,030
  annual_pct10     : $65,160
  annual_pct25     : $82,300
  annual_pct75     : $137,420
  annual_pct90     : $172,550
  annual_mean      : $114,920
  hourly_median    : $50.98

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Illinois ($140,770)
  lowest_state     : Florida ($46,950)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.998x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (11 total) ---
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      840  median: $ 125,480
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:      670  median: $ 104,390
  Educational Services                     emp:      640  median: $  87,290
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:       50  median: $ 132,720

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (4 total) ---
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      840  median: $ 125,480
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:      670  median: $ 104,390
  Educational Services                     emp:      640  median: $  87,290
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:       50  median: $ 132,720

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Sociology
match_score        : 0.7619
wikidata_qid       : Q21201
word_count         : 12,837
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:51:53.991720Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. The term sociology was coined in the late 18th century to describe the scientific study of society. Regarded as a part of both the social sciences and humanities, sociology uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order and social change. Sociological subject matter ranges from micro-level analyses of individual interaction and agency to macro-level analyses of social systems and social structure. Applied sociological research may be directed toward social policy and welfare, whereas theoretical approaches may focus on understanding social processes and the phenomenological method.
Traditional focuses of sociology include social stratification, social class, social mobility, religion, secularization, law, sexuality, gender, and deviance. Recent studies have added socio-technical aspects of the digital divide as a new focus.  Digital sociology examines the impact of digital technologies on social behavior and institutions, encompassing professional, analytical, critical, and public dimensions. The internet has reshaped social networks and power relations, illustrating the growing importance of digital sociology. As all spheres of human activity are affected by the interplay between social structure and individual agency, sociology has gradually expanded its focus to other subjects and institutions, such as health and the institution of medicine; economy; military; punishment and systems of control; the Internet; sociology of education; social capital; and the role of social activity in the development of scientific knowledge.
The range of social scientific methods has also expanded, as social researchers draw upon a variety of qualitative and quantitative techniques. The linguistic and cultural turns of the mid-20th century, in particular, have led to increasingly interpretative, hermeneutic, and philosophical approaches to the analysis of society. Conversely, the turn of the 21st century has seen the rise of new analytically, mathematically, and computationally rigorous techniques, such as agent-based modelling and social network analysis.
Social research influences various industries and sectors of life, such as among politicians, policy makers, and legislators; educators; planners; administrators; developers; business magnates and managers; social workers; non-governmental organizations; and non-profit organizations, as well as individuals interested in resolving social issues in general.


== History ==

Sociological reasoning predates the foundation of the discipline itself. Social analysis has origins in the common stock of universal, global knowledge and philosophy, having been carried out as far back as the time of old comic poetry which features social and political criticism, and ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. For instance, the origin of the survey can be traced back to at least the Domesday Book in 1086, while ancient philosophers such as Confucius wrote about the importance of social roles.
Medieval Arabic writings encompass a rich tradition that offers early insights into sociology. Some sources consider Ibn Khaldun, a 14th-century Muslim scholar from Tunisia, to have been the father of sociology, although there is no reference to his work in the writings of European contributors to modern sociology. Khaldun's Muqaddimah was considered to be amongst the first works to advance social-scientific reasoning on social cohesion and social conflict.


=== Etymology ===
The word sociology derives part of its name from the Latin word socius ('companion' or 'fellowship'). The suffix -logy ('the study of') comes from that of the Greek -λογία, derived from λόγος (lógos, 'word' or 'knowledge').
The term sociology was first coined in 1780 by the French essayist Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès in an unpublished manuscript. Sociology was later defined independently by French philosopher of science Auguste Comte (1798–1857) in 1838 as a new way of looking at society. Comte had earlier used the term social physics, but it had been subsequently appropriated by others, most notably the Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet. Comte endeavored to unify history, psychology, and economics through the scientific understanding of social life. Writing shortly after the malaise of the French Revolution, he proposed that social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, an epistemological approach outlined in the Course in Positive Philosophy (1830–1842), later included in A General View of Positivism (1848). Comte believed a positivist stage would mark the final era in the progression of human understanding, after conjectural theological and metaphysical phases. In observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science, and having classified the sciences, Comte may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term.

Comte gave a powerful impetus to the development of sociology, an impetus that bore fruit in the later decades of the nineteenth century. To say this is certainly not to claim that French sociologists such as Durkheim were devoted disciples of the high priest of positivism. But by insisting on the irreducibility of each of his basic sciences to the particular science of sciences which it presupposed in the hierarchy and by emphasizing the nature of sociology as the scientific study of social phenomena Comte put sociology on the map. To be sure, [its] beginnings can be traced back well beyond Montesquieu, for example, and to Condorcet, not to speak of Saint-Simon, Comte's immediate predecessor. But Comte's clear recognition of sociology as a particular science, with a character of its own, justified Durkheim in regarding him as the father or founder of this science, even though Durkheim did not accept the idea of the three states and criticized Comte's approach to sociology. 


=== Marx ===
Both Comte and Karl Marx set out to develop scientifically justified systems in the wake of European industrialization and secularization, informed by key movements in the philosophies of history and  science. Marx rejected Comtean positivism but in attempting to develop a "science of society" nevertheless came to be recognized as a founder of sociology as the word gained wider meaning. For Isaiah Berlin, even though Marx did not consider himself to be a sociologist, he may be regarded as the "true father" of modern sociology, "in so far as anyone can claim the title."To have given clear and unified answers in familiar empirical terms to those theoretical questions which most occupied men's minds at the time, and to have deduced from them clear practical directives without creating obviously artificial links between the two, was the principal achievement of Marx's theory. The sociological treatment of historical and moral problems, which Comte and after him, Spencer and Taine, had discussed and mapped, became a precise and concrete study only when the attack of militant Marxism made its conclusions a burning issue, and so made the search for evidence more zealous and the attention to method more intense.


=== Spencer ===

Herbert Spencer was one of the most popular and influential 19th-century sociologists. It is estimated that he sold one million books in his lifetime, far more than any other sociologist at the time. So strong was his influence that many other 19th-century thinkers, including Émile Durkheim, defined their ideas in relation to his. Durkheim's Division of Labour in Society is to a large extent an extended debate with Spencer, from whose sociology Durkheim borrowed extensively.
Also a notable biologist, Spencer coined the term survival of the fittest. While Marxian ideas defined one strand of sociolog

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Association of Black Sociologists (similarity: 0.5333)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Black_Sociologists
  QID: Q55604336
  Extract: The Association of Black Sociologists (ABS) is an American learned society dedicated to the advancement of scholarship by African American sociologists. It is based in Chicago, Illinois. Its official journal is Issues in Race & Society, which it publishes in a partnership with Vanderbilt University'

  Title: Visual sociology (similarity: 0.5714)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_sociology
  QID: Q220821
  Extract: Visual sociology is an area of sociology concerned with the visual dimensions of social life.

  Title: Sociology of religion (similarity: 0.5455)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_religion
  QID: Q461659
  Extract: Sociology of religion is the study of the beliefs, practices and organizational forms of religion using the tools and methods of the discipline of sociology. This objective investigation may include the use both of quantitative methods and of qualitative approaches.

  Title: Demography (similarity: 0.1818)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography
  QID: Q37732
  Extract: Demography is the statistical study of human populations: their size, composition, and how they change through the interplay of fertility (births), mortality (deaths), and migration.

  Title: Robert Wallace (minister) (similarity: 0.3243)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wallace_(minister)
  QID: Q15994811
  Extract: Robert Wallace was a minister of the Church of Scotland and writer on population.

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : High confidence supported by comprehensive O*NET data, clear education requirements, specific wage data from BLS OEWS May 2025, and strong Wikipedia alignment. The occupation has well-defined tasks, skills, and knowledge requirements with consistent patterns across all data sources.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T15:56:13.733150+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,530
tokens_output        : 4,354
cost_usd             : $0.048232
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Sociology
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia entry confirms sociology as the scientific study of human society and social behavior, aligning with the O*NET occupation description. The academic discipline's focus on social relationships and cultural patterns directly supports the occupation's emphasis on studying groups and institutions.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Sociologists are social scientists who study human society, social behavior, and the patterns of relationships within groups and institutions. They conduct research to understand how social forces shape individual and collective behavior, analyzing everything from crime and poverty to family dynamics and organizational structures. With expertise in both quantitative and qualitative research methods, sociologists generate insights that inform policy decisions, social interventions, and academic understanding of human society.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
A typical day involves analyzing social data using statistical software like IBM SPSS Statistics to identify patterns in human behavior and social trends. Sociologists spend considerable time collecting data through surveys, interviews, and observational studies, often developing new methodologies to capture complex social phenomena. They write detailed research reports and prepare presentations for academic conferences, translating complex findings into accessible language for policymakers and the public. Teaching responsibilities may include instructing college students in sociological theory and research methods, while also mentoring graduate students through their own research projects. Much of their work involves interpreting social data to understand issues like inequality, crime patterns, or demographic changes, requiring both analytical rigor and creative thinking to develop new theoretical frameworks.

WHO THRIVES:
This role attracts individuals with strong investigative and social orientations, as evidenced by the high RIASEC scores (Investigative: 6.50, Social: 4.36). Successful sociologists possess exceptional intellectual curiosity and integrity, combined with advanced analytical abilities including inductive and deductive reasoning at high levels (4.1). They excel at both written and oral communication, requiring sophisticated language skills to present complex research findings to diverse audiences from academic peers to government officials. The work demands individuals who can think creatively while maintaining scientific rigor, balancing theoretical innovation with methodological precision. Those who thrive typically enjoy working independently on long-term research projects while also collaborating with interdisciplinary teams and engaging with community stakeholders.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry into sociology requires extensive educational preparation, with 50% of professionals holding doctoral degrees and 30% holding master's degrees according to the education distribution data. Most sociologists begin with a bachelor's degree in sociology or related social sciences, followed by graduate study involving coursework in research methods, statistical analysis, and sociological theory. Doctoral programs typically require 4-7 years including dissertation research, often involving original empirical studies of social phenomena. Entry-level positions may include research assistant roles or teaching positions at community colleges, while tenure-track academic positions and senior research roles typically require the Ph.D. credential.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Career advancement often leads from assistant professor or junior researcher roles toward tenured academic positions, senior research scientist roles in government agencies, or policy analyst positions in think tanks and consulting firms. With Job Zone 5 classification indicating extensive preparation needed, sociologists can advance to department chair positions in universities, direct large-scale social research projects, or become policy advisors influencing social legislation. Many develop specialized expertise in areas like criminology, demography, or medical sociology, leading to roles as expert consultants or directors of specialized research institutes. The combination of research skills and social insight also opens pathways to leadership roles in nonprofit organizations, government agencies, and private sector research divisions.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The sociology profession employs approximately 2,260 professionals nationwide with a median annual salary of $106,030 according to BLS OEWS May 2025 data. Wages vary significantly by location, with Illinois offering the highest compensation at $140,770 compared to Florida at $46,950, representing a 3.00x geographic wage ratio. Employment is concentrated in professional/scientific/technical services (840 positions), government agencies (670 positions), and educational services (640 positions), reflecting the diverse applications of sociological expertise. The field's specialized nature and extensive education requirements contribute to competitive compensation, with the 90th percentile earning $172,550 annually. Geographic concentration in research hubs and major metropolitan areas with universities and government agencies influences both employment opportunities and wage premiums.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Sociology faces moderate automation risk as core activities like data analysis and statistical modeling become increasingly supported by AI tools, though the interpretive and creative thinking aspects remain distinctly human. The profession's emphasis on understanding complex social patterns, conducting nuanced interviews, and developing theoretical frameworks provides protection against automation. While statistical software and data processing tools continue to evolve, the need for human insight in interpreting social meaning and designing culturally sensitive research methods preserves the essential role of sociological expertise.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [knowledge_overlap] Political Scientists (19-3094.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share high-level knowledge in Law and Government (3.2) and similar analytical approaches to understanding human institutions and behavior.
    data: Law and Government knowledge
    data: Analyzing Data or Information work activity
    data: Social science research methods
  [career_pathway] Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary (25-1067.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Teaching sociology is explicitly listed as a top task, with Training and Teaching Others scoring high (4.3 importance, 5.6 level) in work activities.
    data: Teach sociology task
    data: Training and Teaching Others work activity
    data: Education and Training knowledge
  [task_similarity] Survey Researchers (19-3022.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles involve developing data collection methods like questionnaires and interviews, plus collecting behavioral data through observation and surveys.
    data: Develop, implement, and evaluate methods of data collection task
    data: Collect data about attitudes, values, and behaviors task
    data: Getting Information work activity
  [skill_overlap] Data Scientists (15-2051.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles emphasize analyzing and interpreting data (4.8 importance), with sociologists using similar statistical tools like IBM SPSS Statistics.
    data: Analyzing Data or Information work activity
    data: IBM SPSS Statistics technology tool
    data: Mathematics knowledge
  [riasec_cluster] Anthropologists and Archeologists (19-3091.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both professions share the Investigative-Social RIASEC profile, studying human behavior and culture using similar research methodologies.
    data: Investigative RIASEC score 6.50
    data: Sociology and Anthropology knowledge domain
    data: Getting Information work activity

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['sociologist', 'social researcher', 'social scientist', 'sociology', 'social behavior', 'social institutions', 'social analysis', 'social policy']
  exclude_keywords : ['psychologist', 'anthropologist', 'counselor', 'social worker', 'therapist']
  title_patterns   : ['*Sociologist', 'Social *Researcher', '*Social Scientist', 'Sociology *', '*Policy Analyst']
  common_variations: ['clinical sociologist', 'medical sociologist', 'criminologist', 'demographer', 'policy analyst', 'research scientist', 'evaluation specialist', 'family sociologist']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['social', 'sociology', 'research', 'theory', 'sociological', 'study', 'society', 'others', 'human', 'tendency', 'sociologists', 'analysis', 'science', 'cultural', 'structure', 'durkheim', 'political', 'studies', 'scientific', 'approach']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
social                    283  0.02986  wikipedia            wikipedia:88%  inference:7%  dwas:2%
sociology                 224  0.02364  wikipedia            wikipedia:96%  inference:3%  onet_tasks:1%
research                   77  0.00813  wikipedia            wikipedia:51%  inference:23%  onet_tasks:13%
theory                     67  0.00707  wikipedia            wikipedia:96%  inference:3%  onet_dimensions:1%
sociological               59  0.00623  wikipedia            wikipedia:90%  inference:7%  onet_tasks:3%
study                      58  0.00612  wikipedia            wikipedia:95%  inference:5%
society                    53  0.00559  wikipedia            wikipedia:94%  inference:6%
others                     49  0.00517  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:78%  wikipedia:14%  dwas:6%
human                      48  0.00507  wikipedia            wikipedia:71%  onet_dimensions:15%  inference:12%
tendency                   44  0.00464  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:95%  wikipedia:5%
sociologists               44  0.00464  wikipedia            wikipedia:86%  inference:14%
analysis                   42  0.00443  wikipedia            wikipedia:86%  onet_dimensions:10%  inference:5%
science                    38  0.00401  wikipedia            wikipedia:95%  onet_dimensions:5%
cultural                   35  0.00369  wikipedia            wikipedia:97%  inference:3%
structure                  31  0.00327  wikipedia            wikipedia:90%  onet_dimensions:10%
durkheim                   29  0.00306  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
political                  26  0.00274  wikipedia            wikipedia:96%  onet_dimensions:4%
studies                    25  0.00264  wikipedia            wikipedia:92%  inference:8%
scientific                 24  0.00253  wikipedia            wikipedia:75%  inference:12%  dwas:8%
approach                   24  0.00253  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
weber                      24  0.00253  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
equipment                  23  0.00243  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
individual                 23  0.00243  wikipedia            wikipedia:87%  onet_dimensions:9%  inference:4%
culture                    23  0.00243  wikipedia            wikipedia:96%  onet_dimensions:4%
discipline                 23  0.00243  wikipedia            wikipedia:96%  inference:4%
positivism                 23  0.00243  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
problems                   22  0.00232  wikipedia            wikipedia:50%  onet_dimensions:41%  onet_tasks:9%
individuals                21  0.00222  wikipedia            wikipedia:76%  onet_dimensions:10%  inference:10%
change                     21  0.00222  wikipedia            wikipedia:76%  onet_dimensions:19%  onet_tasks:5%
includes                   21  0.00222  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:57%  wikipedia:43%
theoretical                21  0.00222  wikipedia            wikipedia:86%  inference:14%
particular                 21  0.00222  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
modern                     21  0.00222  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
association                21  0.00222  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
sciences                   20  0.00211  wikipedia            wikipedia:85%  dwas:10%  inference:5%
tradition                  20  0.00211  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
comte                      19  0.00200  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
marx                       19  0.00200  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
american                   19  0.00200  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
relations                  18  0.00190  wikipedia            wikipedia:89%  onet_tasks:6%  onet_dimensions:6%