[Core] [71% incumbents] Gather historical data from sources such as archives, court records, diaries, news files, and photographs, as well as from books, pamphlets, and periodicals.
  DWAs: Collect archival data.

[Core] [71% incumbents] Prepare publications and exhibits, or review those prepared by others, to ensure their historical accuracy.
  DWAs: Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.

[Core] [71% incumbents] Speak to various groups, organizations, and clubs to promote the aims and activities of historical societies.
  DWAs: Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.

[Core] [70% incumbents] Organize data, and analyze and interpret its authenticity and relative significance.
  DWAs: Conduct historical research.

[Core] [70% incumbents] Organize information for publication and for other means of dissemination, such as via storage media or the Internet.
  DWAs: Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.

[Core] [70% incumbents] Conduct historical research as a basis for the identification, conservation, and reconstruction of historic places and materials.
  DWAs: Conduct historical research.

[Core] [70% incumbents] Research the history of a particular country or region, or of a specific time period.
  DWAs: Conduct historical research.

[Core] [70% incumbents] Conduct historical research, and publish or present findings and theories.
  DWAs: Conduct historical research.

[Core] [70% incumbents] Recommend actions related to historical art, such as which items to add to a collection or which items to display in an exhibit.
  DWAs: Evaluate characteristics of archival or historical objects. | Design layout of art or product exhibits, displays, or promotional materials. | Recommend changes or corrective procedures.

[Core] [70% incumbents] Research and prepare manuscripts in support of public programming and the development of exhibits at historic sites, museums, libraries, and archives.
  DWAs: Conduct historical research. | Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.

[Core] [70% incumbents] Interview people to gather information about historical events and to record oral histories.
  DWAs: Collect information from people through observation, interviews, or surveys.

[Core] [70% incumbents] Trace historical development in a particular field, such as social, cultural, political, or diplomatic history.
  DWAs: Conduct historical research.

[Supplemental] [70% incumbents] Coordinate activities of workers engaged in cataloging and filing materials.
  DWAs: Manage clerical or administrative activities. | Coordinate project activities with other personnel or departments.

[Supplemental] [70% incumbents] Collect detailed information on individuals for use in biographies.
  DWAs: Collect archival data.

[Supplemental] [70% incumbents] Teach and conduct research in colleges, universities, museums, and other research agencies and schools.
  DWAs: Instruct college students in social sciences or humanities disciplines.

[Supplemental] [70% incumbents] Edit historical society publications.
  DWAs: Edit written materials. | Edit documents.

[Supplemental] [70% incumbents] Translate or request translation of reference materials.
  DWAs: Translate information for others.

[Core] [69% incumbents] Conserve and preserve manuscripts, records, and other artifacts.
  DWAs: Prepare materials for preservation, storage, or display.

[Core] [69% incumbents] Present historical accounts in terms of individuals or social, ethnic, political, economic, or geographic groupings.
  DWAs: Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.

[Core] [69% incumbents] Determine which topics to research, or pursue research topics specified by clients or employers.
  DWAs: Collect data about customer needs. | Plan social sciences research.

[Core] [69% incumbents] Advise or consult with individuals and institutions regarding issues such as the historical authenticity of materials or the customs of a specific historical period.
  DWAs: Evaluate characteristics of archival or historical objects. | Communicate with clients about products, procedures, and policies.

[EMERGING:New] Coordinate artifact donations on behalf of a museum.

[EMERGING:New] Create and revise scripts for the tour guides.

[EMERGING:New] Write policies and procedures for archival collection care and research protocols.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.75 lvl:4.88) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Writing (imp:4.12 lvl:4.88) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.12 lvl:4.38) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Listening (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Speaking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Active Learning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.25 lvl:3.62) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Monitoring (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Science (imp:2.62 lvl:2.50) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
  Mathematics (imp:2.00 lvl:1.25) — Using mathematics to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  History and Archeology (imp:4.60 lvl:5.82) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  English Language (imp:4.07 lvl:4.59) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:3.57 lvl:4.71) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Geography (imp:3.50 lvl:4.71) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Administrative (imp:3.46 lvl:4.10) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Education and Training (imp:3.27 lvl:3.72) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Communications and Media (imp:3.05 lvl:3.48) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Fine Arts (imp:2.92 lvl:2.98) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:2.86 lvl:2.81) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Administration and Management (imp:2.74 lvl:2.67) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Computers and Electronics (imp:2.67 lvl:3.64) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Design (imp:2.64 lvl:2.98) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:2.54 lvl:3.52) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Building and Construction (imp:2.34) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Law and Government (imp:2.24 lvl:2.52) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Mathematics (imp:2.22 lvl:2.23) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.12 lvl:1.94) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Production and Processing (imp:1.86 lvl:1.31) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:1.82 lvl:1.59) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Telecommunications (imp:1.78 lvl:1.37) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Foreign Language (imp:1.73 lvl:1.29) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.70 lvl:1.75) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.69 lvl:1.40) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Chemistry (imp:1.68 lvl:1.58) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Transportation (imp:1.66) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Psychology (imp:1.65 lvl:1.51) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Economics and Accounting (imp:1.63 lvl:1.08) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.60) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Physics (imp:1.53 lvl:0.94) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Mechanical (imp:1.52 lvl:1.14) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Biology (imp:1.51 lvl:1.30) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.41 lvl:0.71) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Food Production (imp:1.27) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food

--- ABILITIES ---
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.88 lvl:5.00) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Written Expression (imp:4.25 lvl:4.88) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Oral Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Near Vision (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.75 lvl:3.75) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.50 lvl:3.38) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Information Ordering (imp:3.38 lvl:3.38) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.25 lvl:3.62) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.25 lvl:3.38) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.12 lvl:3.50) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Selective Attention (imp:3.00 lvl:2.62) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Originality (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:2.75 lvl:2.75) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Far Vision (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Memorization (imp:2.50 lvl:2.25) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Trunk Strength (imp:2.25 lvl:1.62) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.12 lvl:2.12) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.12 lvl:2.12) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Time Sharing (imp:2.12 lvl:1.88) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.12 lvl:1.75) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:2.00 lvl:1.62) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Number Facility (imp:2.00 lvl:1.38) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Visualization (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.00 lvl:1.62) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Depth Perception (imp:1.88 lvl:0.88) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.75 lvl:0.75) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Control Precision (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Stamina (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Getting Information (imp:4.61 lvl:4.41) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:4.50 lvl:4.48) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Working with Computers (imp:4.31 lvl:2.85) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Processing Information (imp:4.14 lvl:4.12) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:4.06 lvl:4.64) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:4.04 lvl:3.74) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.99 lvl:3.66) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.97 lvl:4.41) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:3.85 lvl:4.11) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.76 lvl:4.07) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:3.63 lvl:3.50) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:3.50 lvl:3.13) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:3.45 lvl:4.15) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.28 lvl:2.95) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.26 lvl:3.47) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.20 lvl:3.04) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.19 lvl:4.13) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:3.10 lvl:2.91) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.07 lvl:3.31) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:2.98 lvl:2.21) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:2.96 lvl:3.09) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.96 lvl:3.49) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:2.95 lvl:3.43) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:2.91 lvl:3.16) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:2.84 lvl:2.54) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.69 lvl:2.78) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:2.61 lvl:2.28) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:2.61 lvl:3.49) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:2.44 lvl:3.67) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.32 lvl:2.68) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:2.20 lvl:1.63) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:2.16 lvl:2.31) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:2.03 lvl:1.87) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.86 lvl:1.75) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:1.77 lvl:1.51) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:1.74 lvl:1.53) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.55 lvl:1.03) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.51 lvl:0.92) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.46 lvl:0.93) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.25 lvl:0.37) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.22 lvl:0.66) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:4.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Attention to Detail (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Attention to Detail (imp:2.53) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:2.10) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Dependability (imp:2.06) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Integrity (imp:2.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:1.95) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.89) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Perseverance (imp:1.70) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Cautiousness (imp:1.41) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Initiative (imp:1.29) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Innovation (imp:1.25) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:1.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Self-Confidence (imp:0.99) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Cooperation (imp:0.92) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Sincerity (imp:0.84) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Adaptability (imp:0.73) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Control (imp:0.63) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Social Orientation (imp:0.61) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Humility (imp:0.50) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Stress Tolerance (imp:0.49) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Empathy (imp:0.48) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Leadership Orientation (imp:0.29) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Optimism (imp:0.24) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Achievement Orientation () — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Cautiousness () — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.38 lvl:3.25) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Instructing (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Time Management (imp:2.88 lvl:2.62) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Persuasion (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Negotiation (imp:2.50 lvl:2.38) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.50 lvl:2.50) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Service Orientation (imp:2.38 lvl:2.25) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Systems Analysis (imp:2.25 lvl:2.00) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:2.25 lvl:2.00) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Operations Analysis (imp:2.00 lvl:1.62) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Management of Material Resources (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Technology Design (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Programming (imp:1.38 lvl:0.50) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.00) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 3,450
  annual_median    : $76,750
  annual_pct10     : $42,730
  annual_pct25     : $57,290
  annual_pct75     : $99,990
  annual_pct90     : $131,810
  annual_mean      : $81,240
  hourly_median    : $36.90

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Massachusetts ($121,710)
  lowest_state     : Utah ($33,840)
  dispersion_ratio : 3.597x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (35 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    1,920  median: $  81,060
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      910  median: $  75,030
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:      350  median: $  74,990
  Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation      emp:      120  median: $  61,500
  Educational Services                     emp:       80  median: $  65,490

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (5 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    1,920  median: $  81,060
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      910  median: $  75,030
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:      350  median: $  74,990
  Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation      emp:      120  median: $  61,500
  Educational Services                     emp:       80  median: $  65,490

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Historian
match_score        : 0.9474
wikidata_qid       : Q201788
word_count         : 4,552
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:52:51.369536Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
A historian is a scholar who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. Some historians are recognized by publications or training and experience. "Historian" became a professional occupation in the late nineteenth century as research universities were emerging in Germany. The professionalization process spread to Japan, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Russia, Scandinavia, Greece, Romania, and Latin America, with each adapting the German model with local modifications.


== Objectivity ==


=== Among historians ===


==== Ancient historians ====
In the 19th century, scholars used to study ancient Greek and Roman historians to see how generally reliable they were. In recent decades, however, scholars have focused more on the constructions, genres, and meanings that ancient historians sought to convey to their audiences. History is always written with contemporary concerns and ancient historians wrote their histories in response to the needs of their times. Out of thousands of Greek and Roman historians, only the tiniest fraction's works survive and it is out of this small pool that ancient historians and ancient historiography are analyzed today. Modern historians of the ancient world have to deal with diverse types of evidence, which are debated more today than in the 19th century due to innovations in the field.
Ancient historians were very different from modern historians in terms of goals, documentation, sources, and methods. For instance, chronological systems were not widely used, their sources were often absorbed (traceability of such sources usually disappeared), and the goal of an ancient work was often to create political or military paradigms. It was only after the emergence of Christianity that philosophies of history grew in prominence due to the destiny of man from the Christian account. Epics such as Homer's works were used by historians and considered history even by Thucydides. Ancient orators like Cicero stated that their historiographical narrative was divided into 3 divisions: history, argument, and fable.


==== Modern historians ====
In the 19th-century historical studies became professionalized at universities and research centers along with a belief that history was a type of science. However, in the 20th century historians incorporated social science dimensions like politics, economy, and culture in their historiography, including postmodernism. Since the 1980s there has been a special interest in the memories and commemoration of past events.
History by its nature is prone to continuous debate, and historians tend to be divided. There is no past that is commonly agreed upon, since there are competing histories (e.g., of elites, non-elites, men, women, races, etc.). It is widely accepted that "strict objectivity is epistemologically unattainable for historians". Historians rarely articulate their conception of objectivity or discuss it in detail. And like in other professions, historians rarely analyze themselves or their activity. In practice, "specific canons of historical proof are neither widely observed nor generally agreed upon" among professional historians. Though objectivity is often seen as the goal of those who work on history, in practice there is no convergence on anything in particular. Historical scholarship is never value free since historian's writings are impacted by the frameworks of their times. Some scholars of history have observed that there are no particular standards for historical fields such as religion, art, science, democracy, and social justice as these are by their nature 'essentially contested' fields, such that they require diverse tools particular to each field beforehand in order to interpret topics from those fields.
There are three commonly held reasons why avoiding bias is not seen as possible in historical practice: a historian's interest inevitably influences their judgement (what information to use and omit, how to present the information, etc.); the sources used by historians for their history all have bias, and historians are products of their culture, concepts, and beliefs. Racial and cultural biases can play major roles in national histories, which often ignore or downplay the roles on other groups. Gender biases as well. Moral or worldview evaluations by historians are also seen partly inevitable, causing complications for historians and their historical writings. One way to deal with this is for historians to state their biases explicitly for their readers. In the modern era, newspapers (which have a bias of their own) impacts historical accounts made by historians. Wikipedia also contributes to difficulties for historians.


=== Legal cases ===
During the Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt trial, the High Court of Justice relied on Richard Evan's witness report which mentioned "objective historian" in the same vein as the reasonable person, and reminiscent of the standard traditionally used in English law of "the man on the Clapham omnibus". This was necessary so that there would be a legal benchmark to compare and contrast the scholarship of an objective historian against the illegitimate methods employed by David Irving, as before the Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt trial, there was no legal precedent for what constituted an objective historian.
Justice Gray leant heavily on the research of one of the expert witnesses, Richard J. Evans, who compared illegitimate distortion of the historical record practiced by Holocaust deniers with established historical methodologies.
By summarizing Gray's judgment, in an article published in the Yale Law Journal, Wendie E. Schneider distils these seven points for what he meant by an objective historian:

The historian must treat sources with appropriate reservations;
The historian must not dismiss counter-evidence without scholarly consideration;
The historian must be even-handed in treatment of evidence and eschew "cherry-picking";
The historian must clearly indicate any speculation;
The historian must not mistranslate documents or mislead by omitting parts of documents;
The historian must weigh the authenticity of all accounts, not merely those that contradict their favored view; and
The historian must take the motives of historical actors into consideration.

Schneider uses the concept of the "objective historian" to suggest that this could be an aid in assessing what makes a historian suitable as expert witnesses under the Daubert standard in the United States. Schneider proposed this, because, in her opinion, Irving could not have passed the standard Daubert tests unless a court was given "a great deal of assistance from historians".
Schneider proposes that by testing a historian against the criteria of the "objective historian" then, even if a historian holds specific political views (and she gives an example of a well-qualified historian's testimony that was disregarded by a United States court because he was a member of a feminist group), providing the historian uses the "objective historian" standards, they are a "conscientious historian". It was Irving's failure as an "objective historian" not his right-wing views that caused him to lose his libel case, as a "conscientious historian" would not have "deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence" to support his political views.


== History analysis ==

The process of historical analysis involves investigation and analysis of competing ideas, facts, and purported facts to create coherent narratives that explain "what happened" and "why or how it happened". Modern historical analysis usually draws upon other social sciences, including economics, sociology, politics, psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and linguistics. While ancient writers do not normally share

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: List of Russian historians (similarity: 0.5556)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_historians
  QID: Q6596075
  Extract: 
This list of Russian historians includes historians, as well as archaeologists, paleographers, genealogists and other representatives of auxiliary historical disciplines from the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire and other predecessor states of Russia.

  Title: List of historians by area of study (similarity: 0.4444)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historians_by_area_of_study
  QID: Q6623268
  Extract: 
This is a list of historians categorized by their area of study. See also List of historians and List of women historians by area of study.

  Title: List of Muslim historians (similarity: 0.5714)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_historians
  QID: Q2617025
  Extract: The following is a list of Muslim historians writing in the Islamic historiographical tradition, which developed from hadith literature in the time of the first caliphs.

  Title: Curator (similarity: 0.3529)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curator
  QID: Q674426
  Extract: A curator is a manager or overseer. When working with cultural organizations, a curator is typically a "collections curator" or an "exhibitions curator", and has multifaceted tasks dependent on the particular institution and its mission. The term "curator" may designate the head of any given divisio

  Title: Hocken Collections (similarity: 0.3571)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hocken_Collections
  QID: Q622974
  Extract: Hocken Collections (Māori: Uare Taoka o Hākena, formerly the Hocken Library) is a research library, historical archive, and art gallery based in Dunedin, New Zealand. Its library collection, which is of national significance, is administered by the University of Otago.

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong confidence based on comprehensive O*NET data including detailed task descriptions, clear educational requirements, and robust wage data from BLS OEWS May 2025. Wikipedia match provides additional validation of professional definition and scope.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T15:59:58.192812+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,610
tokens_output        : 4,243
cost_usd             : $0.046475
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Historian
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia definition aligns well with O*NET data, confirming historians as professional scholars who study and write about the past as recognized authorities. The emphasis on continuous methodical research matches the detailed work activities and high importance of research skills in the occupation profile.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Historians are professional scholars who research, analyze, and interpret the past through systematic study of historical sources including archives, documents, photographs, and artifacts. They produce authoritative narratives about historical events, periods, and cultures through rigorous methodical investigation and critical analysis. These professionals serve as expert authorities on historical knowledge, contributing to academic understanding and public education through publications, exhibits, and presentations.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
Historians spend considerable time gathering historical data from diverse sources such as archives, court records, diaries, news files, and photographs to build comprehensive research foundations. They organize and analyze collected information to determine authenticity and historical significance, often using specialized software like ESRI ArcGIS and database management tools. A significant portion of their work involves writing and preparing publications, exhibits, or presentations to ensure historical accuracy and communicate findings to various audiences. They frequently conduct research focused on specific countries, regions, or time periods, developing expertise in particular historical domains. Historians also engage with the public by speaking to organizations and clubs, and may coordinate with museums regarding artifact collections and exhibit development.

WHO THRIVES:
This role attracts individuals with exceptional reading comprehension and writing abilities, as evidenced by the critical importance of written comprehension and expression skills. Successful historians demonstrate strong investigative and analytical mindsets, requiring high intellectual curiosity and attention to detail to sift through complex historical sources and identify meaningful patterns. The work demands individuals comfortable with extensive independent research and the patience for methodical, detailed investigation spanning long time periods. Those who excel typically possess strong critical thinking abilities and can synthesize information from multiple sources to construct coherent historical narratives. The role suits people who enjoy both solitary research work and public communication, as historians must translate complex historical findings for diverse audiences.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry into this profession typically requires extensive educational preparation, with 64.5% of historians holding master's degrees and many pursuing doctoral studies for advanced positions. The job zone classification of 5 indicates extensive preparation needed, often including specialized coursework in history, archeology, sociology, and research methods. Most historians begin with undergraduate degrees in history or related social sciences, followed by graduate work that includes thesis research and methodology training. Practical experience through internships at museums, historical societies, or research institutions provides essential hands-on skills in archival research and historical analysis.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Career advancement for historians often leads toward specialized expertise in particular historical periods, regions, or themes, with opportunities in academia, museums, government agencies, or consulting roles. Many historians transition into postsecondary teaching positions, leveraging their research expertise to educate future scholars. Senior positions may include curatorial roles at major museums, directorship of historical societies, or leadership positions in government historical preservation programs. The profession also offers pathways into related fields such as archival management, cultural resource management, or historical consulting for media and entertainment industries.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The historian profession maintains a small but specialized employment market with 3,450 professionals nationwide, reflecting the niche nature of this expertise-driven field. According to BLS OEWS May 2025 data, median annual wages reach $76,750, with experienced professionals earning up to $131,810 at the 90th percentile. Geographic variation is substantial, with Massachusetts offering the highest wages at $121,710 compared to Utah's $33,840, representing a 3.6x ratio difference. Employment concentrates heavily in government sectors (1,920 positions) and professional services (910 positions), indicating stable institutional demand. The relatively small employment base suggests limited growth opportunities but high specialization value for qualified professionals.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Historical research and interpretation work shows moderate resistance to automation due to the complex cognitive demands of analyzing context, authenticity, and significance of historical sources. While digital tools and databases have enhanced information gathering capabilities, the core activities of interpreting meaning, synthesizing diverse sources, and constructing coherent historical narratives require human judgment and critical thinking that remain difficult to automate. The growing digitization of historical archives may actually increase demand for historians who can navigate and interpret vast digital collections effectively.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [task_similarity] Archivists (25-4011.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles extensively gather and organize historical data from archives and institutional records with shared knowledge in history and archeology.
    data: gathering historical data from archives
    data: organizing information for preservation
    data: history and archeology knowledge overlap
  [career_pathway] Curators (25-4012.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Historians frequently transition to curatorial roles, sharing museum and exhibit development responsibilities with overlapping cultural heritage expertise.
    data: prepare exhibits
    data: recommend actions related to historical art
    data: museum collaboration activities
  [knowledge_overlap] Anthropologists and Archeologists (19-3091.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Strong knowledge overlap in sociology and anthropology (3.6 importance, 4.7 level) with shared analytical approaches to human culture and behavior.
    data: sociology and anthropology knowledge
    data: research methodology similarities
    data: cultural analysis focus
  [career_pathway] History Teachers, Postsecondary (25-1125.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Master's degree preparation (64.5%) and research expertise directly enable transition to postsecondary teaching roles in history departments.
    data: master's degree requirement
    data: research and publication activities
    data: speaking to groups experience
  [knowledge_overlap] Geographers (19-3092.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Significant geography knowledge overlap (3.5 importance, 4.7 level) and shared use of spatial analysis tools like ESRI ArcGIS software.
    data: geography knowledge requirement
    data: ESRI ArcGIS software usage
    data: regional research focus

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['historian', 'historical research', 'archival research', 'historical analysis', 'historical documentation', 'historical interpretation', 'historical writing', 'historical scholarship']
  exclude_keywords : ['teacher', 'curator', 'archivist', 'librarian', 'journalist']
  title_patterns   : ['historian', 'historical researcher', 'research historian', 'historical analyst', 'historical specialist']
  common_variations: ['art historian', 'cultural historian', 'public historian', 'architectural historian', 'military historian', 'social historian', 'economic historian', 'political historian']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['historical', 'history', 'historians', 'research', 'tendency', 'others', 'historian', 'sources', 'equipment', 'writing', 'century', 'events', 'social', 'materials', 'principles', 'historiography', 'activities', 'includes', 'ancient', 'modern']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
historical                 98  0.01922  wikipedia            wikipedia:58%  inference:20%  onet_tasks:12%
history                    88  0.01726  wikipedia            wikipedia:93%  onet_tasks:2%  onet_dimensions:2%
historians                 70  0.01373  wikipedia            wikipedia:84%  inference:16%
research                   42  0.00824  inference            inference:31%  wikipedia:29%  onet_tasks:21%
tendency                   42  0.00824  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
others                     41  0.00804  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:93%  onet_tasks:2%  dwas:2%
historian                  37  0.00726  wikipedia            wikipedia:97%  inference:3%
sources                    27  0.00530  wikipedia            wikipedia:59%  inference:22%  onet_dimensions:15%
equipment                  23  0.00451  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
writing                    21  0.00412  wikipedia            wikipedia:62%  onet_dimensions:29%  inference:10%
century                    21  0.00412  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
events                     20  0.00392  wikipedia            wikipedia:50%  onet_dimensions:40%  onet_tasks:5%
social                     18  0.00353  wikipedia            wikipedia:44%  onet_dimensions:28%  onet_tasks:11%
materials                  17  0.00333  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:59%  onet_tasks:24%  dwas:18%
principles                 17  0.00333  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:94%  wikipedia:6%
historiography             16  0.00314  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
activities                 15  0.00294  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:60%  onet_tasks:13%  dwas:13%
includes                   15  0.00294  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  wikipedia:13%  inference:7%
ancient                    15  0.00294  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
modern                     15  0.00294  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
written                    14  0.00275  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:43%  wikipedia:43%  dwas:7%
ideas                      14  0.00275  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:79%  wikipedia:21%
objects                    14  0.00275  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:86%  dwas:14%
past                       14  0.00275  wikipedia            wikipedia:86%  inference:14%
human                      13  0.00255  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:54%  wikipedia:38%  inference:8%
analysis                   13  0.00255  wikipedia            wikipedia:54%  onet_dimensions:31%  inference:15%
control                    12  0.00235  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
particular                 11  0.00216  wikipedia            wikipedia:64%  onet_tasks:18%  inference:18%
procedures                 11  0.00216  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  dwas:18%  onet_tasks:9%
standards                  11  0.00216  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  wikipedia:27%
developing                 11  0.00216  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  wikipedia:18%  inference:9%
study                      11  0.00216  wikipedia            wikipedia:82%  inference:18%
actions                    10  0.00196  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  onet_tasks:10%  wikipedia:10%
understanding              10  0.00196  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:60%  wikipedia:30%  inference:10%
needs                      10  0.00196  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  dwas:10%  wikipedia:10%
problems                   10  0.00196  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  wikipedia:10%
techniques                 10  0.00196  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
management                 10  0.00196  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:70%  inference:30%
government                 10  0.00196  wikipedia            wikipedia:40%  onet_dimensions:30%  inference:30%
body                       10  0.00196  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%