[Core] [26% incumbents] Teach political science.
  DWAs: Instruct college students in social sciences or humanities disciplines.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Maintain current knowledge of government policy decisions.
  DWAs: Review professional literature to maintain professional knowledge.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Develop and test theories, using information from interviews, newspapers, periodicals, case law, historical papers, polls, or statistical sources.
  DWAs: Develop theories or models of physical phenomena.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Disseminate research results through academic publications, written reports, or public presentations.
  DWAs: Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Advise political science students.
  DWAs: Advise students on academic or career matters. | Advise others on educational matters.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Collect, analyze, and interpret data, such as election results and public opinion surveys, reporting on findings, recommendations, and conclusions.
  DWAs: Interpret research or operational data.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Interpret and analyze policies, public issues, legislation, or the operations of governments, businesses, and organizations.
  DWAs: Conduct research on social issues.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Identify issues for research and analysis.
  DWAs: Plan social sciences research.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Serve on committees.
  DWAs: Serve on institutional or departmental committees.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Forecast political, economic, and social trends.
  DWAs: Forecast economic, political, or social trends.

[Supplemental] [26% incumbents] Consult with and advise government officials, civic bodies, research agencies, the media, political parties, and others concerned with political issues.
  DWAs: Advise others on matters of public policy.

[Supplemental] [26% incumbents] Evaluate programs and policies, and make related recommendations to institutions and organizations.
  DWAs: Evaluate civic projects or public policies. | Advise others on matters of public policy.

[Supplemental] [26% incumbents] Provide media commentary or criticism related to public policy and political issues and events.
  DWAs: Present information to the public.

[Supplemental] [26% incumbents] Write drafts of legislative proposals, and prepare speeches, correspondence, and policy papers for governmental use.
  DWAs: Prepare information or documentation related to legal or regulatory matters.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.25 lvl:4.88) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Active Listening (imp:4.12 lvl:4.62) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Speaking (imp:4.12 lvl:4.75) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Active Learning (imp:4.12 lvl:4.12) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Writing (imp:4.00 lvl:4.62) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.50 lvl:3.75) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Mathematics (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Monitoring (imp:2.88 lvl:3.50) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Science (imp:2.62 lvl:3.00) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Law and Government (imp:4.65 lvl:5.38) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  English Language (imp:4.42 lvl:5.69) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Education and Training (imp:4.27 lvl:5.65) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  History and Archeology (imp:3.42 lvl:4.65) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Mathematics (imp:3.38 lvl:4.73) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Communications and Media (imp:3.28 lvl:4.38) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:3.19 lvl:4.96) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Geography (imp:3.12 lvl:4.58) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:3.08 lvl:4.58) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.00 lvl:4.12) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Administration and Management (imp:2.77 lvl:4.04) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Foreign Language (imp:2.52 lvl:3.42) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Administrative (imp:2.42 lvl:3.58) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Economics and Accounting (imp:2.42 lvl:2.35) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Psychology (imp:2.38 lvl:3.12) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.31 lvl:3.50) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:1.96 lvl:2.00) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Public Safety and Security (imp:1.77 lvl:1.54) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Telecommunications (imp:1.65 lvl:1.15) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.58 lvl:1.38) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Transportation (imp:1.35 lvl:0.88) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.27 lvl:0.73) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Production and Processing (imp:1.23 lvl:0.54) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Biology (imp:1.23 lvl:0.54) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.23 lvl:0.38) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Fine Arts (imp:1.23 lvl:0.42) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.20 lvl:0.40) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Design (imp:1.19 lvl:0.38) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Physics (imp:1.19 lvl:0.42) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Chemistry (imp:1.19 lvl:0.42) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Mechanical (imp:1.15 lvl:0.27) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Building and Construction (imp:1.12 lvl:0.19) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Food Production (imp:1.08 lvl:0.15) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food

--- ABILITIES ---
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.62 lvl:4.88) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:4.88) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Oral Expression (imp:4.12 lvl:4.88) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Written Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Speech Clarity (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:3.75 lvl:4.00) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Near Vision (imp:3.62 lvl:3.62) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Information Ordering (imp:3.25 lvl:3.38) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.12 lvl:3.75) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Originality (imp:3.12 lvl:3.50) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.12 lvl:3.38) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Memorization (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Selective Attention (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Far Vision (imp:2.50 lvl:2.62) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Time Sharing (imp:2.38 lvl:2.25) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.25 lvl:2.38) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Number Facility (imp:2.12 lvl:2.25) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.12 lvl:2.12) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Visualization (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Auditory Attention (imp:1.88 lvl:1.50) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Trunk Strength (imp:1.75 lvl:1.25) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:1.62 lvl:0.88) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Depth Perception (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.25 lvl:0.38) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Control Precision (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.80 lvl:6.38) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Getting Information (imp:4.79 lvl:6.24) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.69 lvl:6.23) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Processing Information (imp:4.60 lvl:6.27) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:4.54 lvl:5.54) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:4.52 lvl:5.88) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:4.48 lvl:5.85) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Thinking Creatively (imp:4.23 lvl:5.54) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Working with Computers (imp:4.20 lvl:3.62) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.12 lvl:5.42) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:4.04 lvl:5.42) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:3.88 lvl:4.85) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.85 lvl:5.46) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.85 lvl:5.46) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:3.76 lvl:4.81) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.56 lvl:4.62) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.54 lvl:4.15) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.52 lvl:4.69) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.46 lvl:4.23) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.46 lvl:4.77) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.32 lvl:4.58) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.24 lvl:4.00) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.23 lvl:4.15) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:2.84 lvl:3.76) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:2.76 lvl:3.73) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.76 lvl:3.88) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:2.54 lvl:2.96) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.50 lvl:3.58) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:2.50 lvl:3.23) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:2.35 lvl:2.58) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.35 lvl:2.77) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.31 lvl:2.81) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.12 lvl:2.08) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:1.48 lvl:0.88) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.46 lvl:0.96) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.31 lvl:0.62) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.27 lvl:0.69) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.15 lvl:0.23) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.15 lvl:0.35) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.15 lvl:0.19) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.04 lvl:0.08) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Attention to Detail (imp:5.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:4.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:3.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Integrity (imp:2.32) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Attention to Detail (imp:2.19) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.14) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:2.03) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Dependability (imp:1.93) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Innovation (imp:1.89) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Adaptability (imp:1.86) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.66) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance (imp:1.58) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Initiative (imp:1.53) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Social Orientation (imp:1.15) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Self-Control (imp:1.14) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.02) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Leadership Orientation (imp:0.98) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Sincerity (imp:0.92) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Cautiousness (imp:0.79) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Cooperation (imp:0.71) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Empathy (imp:0.60) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Optimism (imp:0.28) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Humility (imp:0.03) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Cautiousness () — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Dependability () — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.75 lvl:3.75) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.62 lvl:3.88) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Instructing (imp:3.50 lvl:3.50) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.12 lvl:3.38) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Service Orientation (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.00 lvl:3.50) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Persuasion (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Time Management (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Negotiation (imp:2.75 lvl:3.00) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Operations Analysis (imp:2.50 lvl:2.38) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Management of Material Resources (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Technology Design (imp:1.50 lvl:0.62) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Programming (imp:1.50 lvl:0.75) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.38 lvl:0.50) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.00) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 5,540
  annual_median    : $142,080
  annual_pct10     : $83,350
  annual_pct25     : $114,030
  annual_pct75     : $174,180
  annual_pct90     : $195,190
  annual_mean      : $142,510
  hourly_median    : $68.31

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Maryland ($153,380)
  lowest_state     : New Hampshire ($74,560)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.057x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (13 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    4,200  median: $ 147,220
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      670  median: $ 137,930
  Educational Services                     emp:      400  median: $ 102,360
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:      160  median: $  81,310

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (4 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    4,200  median: $ 147,220
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      670  median: $ 137,930
  Educational Services                     emp:      400  median: $ 102,360
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:      160  median: $  81,310

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : List of political scientists
match_score        : 0.8333
wikidata_qid       : Q1479463
word_count         : 8,767
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_scientists
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T20:53:06.780125Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
The following is a list of notable political scientists. Political science is the scientific study of politics, a social science dealing with systems of governance and power.


== A ==
Robert Abelson – Yale University psychologist and political scientist with special interests in statistics and logic
Henry J. Abraham – American scholar on the judiciary and constitutional law and James Hart Professor of Government Emeritus at the University of Virginia
Alan Abramowitz – expert in American politics, political parties, ideological realignment, elections, and voting behavior; professor at Emory University
Paul R. Abramson – American political scientist known for his research and writing on American, European, and Israeli elections and professor of political science at Michigan State University
Ibrahim Abu-Lughod – Palestinian-American academic and professor for political science at Northwestern University for 34 years
As'ad AbuKhalil – Lebanese-American professor of political science at California State University, Stanislaus
Martha Ackelsberg – American political scientist and women's studies scholar at Smith College
Brooke Ackerly – expert on grounded normative theory, feminist theory, feminist international relations, and scholar activism, professor at Vanderbilt University
David Adamany – public law specialist and president of Temple University
Charles R. Adrian – American professor of political science who specialized in municipal politics
Vinod Aggarwal – American political scientist specializing in international political economy
Robert Agranoff – American political scientist and public administration scholar and author
Arun Agrawal – political scientist in the School of Natural Resources & Environment at the University of Michigan
Eqbal Ahmed – Pakistani political scientist and Third World scholar
Janet Ajzenstat – Canadian political historian at McMaster University
Adeolu Akande – professor of political science at the Igbinedion University
Bolaji Akinyemi – Nigerian professor of political science
Bethany Albertson – American political psychologist
Daniel P. Aldrich – American political scientist, public policy and Asian studies scholar at Northeastern University
John Aldrich – political parties expert at Duke University, author of Why Parties?
John R. Alford – political science professor at Rice University who researches genopolitics
Hayward Alker – professor of international relations at the University of Southern California, MIT and Yale who specialized in research methods, core international relations theory, international politics, and security
Danielle Allen – American classicist and political scientist
Graham Allison – early proponent of the bureaucratic politics model, author of Essence of Decision, national security specialist, former dean of Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University
Gabriel Almond – originator of the culturist movement in comparative politics
Gar Alperovitz – political economist
Karen Alter – American academic who conducts interdisciplinary work on international law's influence in international and domestic politics
Scott Althaus – professor of political science and communication at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the director of the Cline Center for Advanced Social Research at the university
Micah Altman – American social scientist who conducts research in social science informatics
R. Michael Alvarez – professor of political science at California Institute of Technology and co-director of the Voting Technology Project
Tabata Amaral – Brazilian political scientist and federal deputy for São Paulo
Ambedkar – jurist, economist and chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution of India
Thomas Ambrosio – professor of political science in the Criminal Justice and Political Science Department at North Dakota State University
Kristi Andersen – American political scientist at Syracuse University who studies party realignment
Walter K. Andersen – American academic known for his studies of the Hindu nationalist organization Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
Benedict Anderson – Chinese-born Irish political scientist and historian in the US, author of Imagined Communities
Lisa Anderson – American political scientist and former president of the American University in Cairo
Walter Truett Anderson – American political scientist, social psychologist, and author of non-fiction books and articles
William Anderson – specialist in public administration
Mina Andreeva – Bulgarian political scientist and chief spokesperson for the European Commission
Marimba Ani – anthropologist and African Studies scholar best known for her work Yurugu
Stephen Ansolabehere – professor of government at Harvard University
William Antholis – Greek-American political scientist, director and CEO of the Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia
David Apter – American political scientist and sociologist; Henry J. Heinz Professor of Comparative Political and Social Development and senior research scientist at Yale University
Asher Arian – American and Israeli political scientist; expert on politics of Israel and election studies
Hadley Arkes – American political scientist and the Edward N. Ney Professor of Jurisprudence and American Institutions emeritus at Amherst College
John Alexander Armstrong – professor emeritus of political science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison
Larry Arnhart – Distinguished Research Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Northern Illinois University
Richard Ashcraft – American political theorist and professor of political science at UCLA
Herb Asher – professor emeritus of political science at Ohio State University
Richard K. Ashley – postmodernist scholar of international relations
Ronald Asmus – diplomat and political analyst and then senior think tank policy analyst
Scott Atran – American-French political and cultural anthropologist
Sharon Wright Austin – director of the African-American Studies Program, professor of political science at the University of Florida
Deborah Avant – American political scientist at the University of Denver
Bill Avery – politician from the state of Nebraska and retired political scientist who specializes in international trade and foreign relations
Robert Axelrod – expert on game theory and complexity theory, wrote extensively on the Prisoner's Dilemma, former president of American Political Science Association
Julia Azari – American political scientist, professor of political science at Marquette University and contributor to FiveThirtyEight
Jeremy Azrael – American political scientist known for his expertise on the economy of the Soviet Union


== B ==
Andrew Bacevich – American historian specializing in international relations, security studies, American foreign policy, and American diplomatic and military history
Gawdat Bahgat – professor of political science at the National Defense University
Kathleen Cordelia Bailey
Fatih Baja – Gar Yunis University teacher and member of the National Transitional Council in charge of political affairs
Susan Baker – Irish scholar of environmental governance in the European Union and ecofeminism, gender and the environment at Cardiff University
Lisa Baldez – American political scientist and scholar of Latin American Studies
Michel Balinski – American and French applied mathematician, economist, operations research analyst and political scientist
Tijjani Muhammad Bande – Nigerian political scientist permanent representative of Nigeria to the UN and former president of UNGA
Moniz Bandeira – Brazilian writer, professor, political scientist, historian and poet
Mary Jo Bane – Thornton Bradshaw Professor at Harvard Kennedy School; former the Malcolm Wiener Professor of Social Policy and director of the Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy
Edward C. Banfield
Benjamin Barber – proponent of participatory democracy and local governance teaching at the University of Maryland School of Public Policy
James David Barber – deve

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Missing scientists conspiracy theory (similarity: 0.4643)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_scientists_conspiracy_theory
  QID: Q139761208
  Extract: 

In 2026, a conspiracy theory emerged alleging that the deaths or disappearances of several people, some described online as scientists tied to classified or sensitive research, were connected to secret knowledge about UFOs, advanced energy projects, materials science, or related subjects. Speculat

  Title: History of writing (similarity: 0.2632)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_writing
  QID: Q1340267
  Extract: The history of writing traces the development of writing systems and how their use transformed and was transformed by different societies. The use of writing – as well as the resulting phenomena of literacy and literary culture in some historical instances – has had myriad social and psychological c

  Title: Blue Origin (similarity: 0.2581)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Origin
  QID: Q885836
  Extract: Blue Origin Enterprises, L.P. is a private American space technology company headquartered in Kent, Washington. The company operates the suborbital New Shepard rocket and the heavy-lift New Glenn rocket. In addition to producing engines for its own rockets, Blue Origin supplies engines for other veh

  Title: International relations theory (similarity: 0.4400)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_theory
  QID: Q1785609
  Extract: International relations theory is the study of international relations (IR) from a theoretical perspective. It seeks to explain behaviors and outcomes in international politics. The three most prominent schools of thought are realism, liberalism, and constructivism. Whereas realism and liberalism ma

  Title: Management cybernetics (similarity: 0.1905)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_cybernetics
  QID: Q1544281
  Extract: Management cybernetics is concerned with the application of cybernetics to management and organizations. "Management cybernetics" was first introduced by Stafford Beer in the late 1950s and introduces the various mechanisms of self-regulation applied by and to organizational settings, as seen throug

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong confidence supported by comprehensive O*NET data including detailed task descriptions, clear education requirements, and specific wage data from BLS OEWS May 2025. The 88.5% doctoral degree requirement and specific work activities provide clear occupational definition.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T16:00:50.689980+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,412
tokens_output        : 3,982
cost_usd             : $0.043350
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : List of political scientists
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia match confirms that political science is the scientific study of politics, dealing with systems of governance and power, which aligns with the O*NET description of studying political systems origin and development.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Political scientists study the origin, development, and operation of political systems, analyzing topics such as public opinion, political decision-making, and ideology. They conduct research on governmental structures, political entities, and policy outcomes through data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Most work in government agencies, research institutions, or academia, requiring extensive education and analytical expertise.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
Political scientists spend their days analyzing data from election results and public opinion surveys, interpreting policies and legislation for their impact on society. They maintain current knowledge of government policy decisions by reviewing academic literature and primary sources. Much of their work involves developing and testing theories using information from interviews, newspapers, case law, and historical documents. They regularly prepare written reports and academic publications to disseminate their research findings. Teaching responsibilities include instructing students and serving on institutional committees. They also forecast political, economic, and social trends based on their analytical work.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel as political scientists demonstrate strong investigative interests with high intellectual curiosity and attention to detail. They possess exceptional written and oral comprehension abilities, allowing them to process complex political information and communicate findings clearly. Critical thinking and inductive reasoning skills are essential for analyzing data patterns and developing theories about political phenomena. Those who succeed typically enjoy reading comprehension work, active learning, and interpreting information for others. The role attracts detail-oriented professionals with integrity who can handle extensive data analysis while maintaining objectivity in politically charged environments.

CAREER ENTRY:
Political scientist positions require extensive preparation, with 88.5% holding doctoral degrees according to education distribution data. Most enter the field after completing graduate studies in political science, public policy, or related disciplines like sociology or economics. Entry-level positions often begin in government agencies, think tanks, or academic institutions where new graduates can develop research and analytical skills. Some gain initial experience through internships or research assistant positions during their doctoral studies.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Political scientists can advance to senior research positions, policy advisory roles, or academic leadership positions including department chairs or research center directors. Many transition into related fields such as becoming postsecondary educators, moving into legislative affairs, or specializing in areas like climate change policy analysis. The strong analytical and communication skills developed in this role transfer well to consulting, think tank leadership, or high-level government advisory positions. Some leverage their expertise to become policy specialists in specific sectors like healthcare or environmental policy.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
Political scientists earn a median annual wage of $142,080 according to BLS OEWS May 2025 data, with the 10th-90th percentile range spanning $83,350 to $195,190. Employment totals 5,540 nationally, with significant geographic variation from Maryland's high of $153,380 to New Hampshire's low of $74,560, representing a 2.06x wage differential. The largest employment sector is Federal, State, and Local Government with 4,200 positions, followed by Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services with 670 jobs. The field shows geographic concentration in areas with major government operations and research institutions. Limited total employment reflects the specialized nature and extensive education requirements of the profession.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Political scientists face moderate automation risk as their core work activities involve high-level analytical tasks that require human judgment and interpretation. While data collection and basic statistical analysis may become more automated, the interpretation of complex political phenomena, theory development, and contextual analysis remain distinctly human capabilities. The emphasis on interpreting meaning for others and thinking creatively about political systems provides protection against automation displacement.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [knowledge_overlap] Sociologists (19-3041.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share strong knowledge requirements in Sociology and Anthropology, with political scientists having 3.2 importance level in this area.
    data: Sociology and Anthropology knowledge overlap
    data: Both study social systems
  [skill_overlap] Economists (19-3011.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both require strong mathematics skills (3.0 importance for political scientists) and analytical data work, with shared forecasting responsibilities.
    data: Mathematics skill requirements
    data: Forecasting activities
    data: Data analysis work
  [career_pathway] Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary (25-1065.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Teaching political science is explicitly listed as a top task, with 88.5% having doctoral degrees suitable for academic positions.
    data: Teaching listed as primary task
    data: Doctoral degree requirement
    data: Instructing abilities
  [task_similarity] Survey Researchers (19-3022.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles involve collecting and analyzing data from public opinion surveys and interpreting research findings.
    data: Survey analysis tasks
    data: Data interpretation work
    data: Research methodology overlap
  [transferable_skill] Climate Change Policy Analysts (19-2041.01) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Policy analysis and interpretation skills transfer directly, with both requiring complex problem solving (3.6 importance) and systems evaluation abilities.
    data: Policy analysis skills
    data: Complex problem solving
    data: Systems evaluation abilities

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['political scientist', 'political science', 'government research', 'policy analysis', 'political analysis', 'political research', 'government affairs', 'political theory']
  exclude_keywords : ['campaign manager', 'politician', 'lobbyist', 'political consultant', 'campaign coordinator']
  title_patterns   : ['Political Scientist', 'Government Affairs Researcher', 'Policy Analyst', 'Legislative Analyst', 'Political Researcher']
  common_variations: ['political science researcher', 'government policy analyst', 'political affairs specialist', 'political data analyst', 'policy research scientist', 'government research analyst', 'political systems analyst', 'comparative politics researcher']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['political', 'university', 'professor', 'american', 'scientist', 'politics', 'international', 'science', 'relations', 'expert', 'scholar', 'specialist', 'public', 'author', 'studies', 'theory', 'others', 'research', 'tendency', 'social']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
political                 396  0.04659  wikipedia            wikipedia:93%  inference:5%  onet_tasks:2%
university                203  0.02388  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
professor                 168  0.01977  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
american                  153  0.01800  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
scientist                 140  0.01647  wikipedia            wikipedia:99%  inference:1%
politics                  132  0.01553  wikipedia            wikipedia:99%  inference:1%
international             110  0.01294  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
science                   108  0.01271  wikipedia            wikipedia:94%  onet_tasks:2%  onet_dimensions:2%
relations                  72  0.00847  wikipedia            wikipedia:99%  onet_dimensions:1%
expert                     61  0.00718  wikipedia            wikipedia:98%  onet_dimensions:2%
scholar                    59  0.00694  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
specialist                 58  0.00682  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
public                     57  0.00671  wikipedia            wikipedia:74%  onet_tasks:7%  onet_dimensions:7%
author                     53  0.00624  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
studies                    50  0.00588  wikipedia            wikipedia:96%  inference:4%
theory                     45  0.00529  wikipedia            wikipedia:96%  onet_dimensions:2%  inference:2%
others                     44  0.00518  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:86%  dwas:7%  inference:5%
research                   43  0.00506  wikipedia            wikipedia:65%  inference:19%  onet_tasks:7%
tendency                   42  0.00494  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
social                     40  0.00471  wikipedia            wikipedia:72%  onet_dimensions:12%  dwas:10%
former                     40  0.00471  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
known                      33  0.00388  wikipedia            wikipedia:97%  onet_dimensions:3%
director                   32  0.00377  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
theorist                   32  0.00377  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
government                 29  0.00341  wikipedia            wikipedia:62%  inference:21%  onet_dimensions:10%
comparative                28  0.00329  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
president                  27  0.00318  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
law                        23  0.00271  wikipedia            wikipedia:87%  onet_tasks:4%  onet_dimensions:4%
equipment                  23  0.00271  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
specializing               21  0.00247  wikipedia            wikipedia:95%  inference:5%
economy                    21  0.00247  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
john                       21  0.00247  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
democracy                  21  0.00247  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
european                   19  0.00224  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
center                     19  0.00224  wikipedia            wikipedia:95%  inference:5%
focusing                   19  0.00224  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
opinion                    18  0.00212  wikipedia            wikipedia:83%  inference:11%  onet_tasks:6%
human                      18  0.00212  wikipedia            wikipedia:50%  onet_dimensions:39%  inference:11%
school                     18  0.00212  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
harvard                    18  0.00212  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%