[Core] [49% incumbents] Prepare briefs, legal memoranda, or statements of issues involved in cases, including appropriate suggestions or recommendations.
  DWAs: Prepare documentation of legal proceedings. | Prepare legal documents.

[Core] [49% incumbents] Research laws, court decisions, documents, opinions, briefs, or other information related to cases before the court.
  DWAs: Research relevant legal materials to aid decision making.

[Core] [49% incumbents] Draft or proofread judicial opinions, decisions, or citations.
  DWAs: Prepare documentation of legal proceedings. | Prepare legal documents.

[Core] [49% incumbents] Confer with judges concerning legal questions, construction of documents, or granting of orders.
  DWAs: Confer with court staff to clarify information.

[Core] [49% incumbents] Review complaints, petitions, motions, or pleadings that have been filed to determine issues involved or basis for relief.
  DWAs: Research relevant legal materials to aid decision making. | Identify implications for cases from legal precedents or other legal information.

[Core] [49% incumbents] Attend court sessions to hear oral arguments or record necessary case information.
  DWAs: Record information from legal proceedings.

[Core] [49% incumbents] Review dockets of pending litigation to ensure adequate progress.
  DWAs: Evaluate information related to legal matters in public or personal records. | Review documents or materials for compliance with policies or regulations.

[Core] [49% incumbents] Respond to questions from judicial officers or court staff on general legal issues.
  DWAs: Confer with court staff to clarify information.

[Supplemental] [49% incumbents] Enter information into computerized court calendar, filing, or case management systems.
  DWAs: Enter information into databases or software programs. | Enter codes or other information into computers.

[Supplemental] [49% incumbents] Verify that all files, complaints, or other papers are available and in the proper order.
  DWAs: Maintain the order of legal documents.

[Supplemental] [49% incumbents] Coordinate judges' meeting and appointment schedules.
  DWAs: Coordinate legal schedules or activities.

[Supplemental] [49% incumbents] Supervise law students, volunteers, or other personnel assigned to the court.
  DWAs: Supervise activities of other legal personnel.

[Supplemental] [49% incumbents] Maintain judges' law libraries by assembling or updating appropriate documents.
  DWAs: Maintain the order of legal documents. | Prepare legal documents.

[Core] [48% incumbents] Communicate with counsel regarding case management or procedural requirements.
  DWAs: Direct courtroom activities or procedures.

[Supplemental] [48% incumbents] Participate in conferences or discussions between trial attorneys and judges.
  DWAs: Confer with court staff to clarify information.

[Supplemental] [48% incumbents] Prepare periodic reports on court proceedings, as required.
  DWAs: Prepare documentation of legal proceedings.

[Supplemental] [48% incumbents] Perform courtroom duties, including calling calendars, administering oaths, and swearing in jury panels and witnesses.
  DWAs: Coordinate legal schedules or activities. | Administer oaths to court participants.

[Core] [47% incumbents] Keep abreast of changes in the law and inform judges when cases are affected by such changes.
  DWAs: Meet with individuals involved in legal processes to provide information and clarify issues.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.50 lvl:4.88) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Active Listening (imp:4.25 lvl:4.25) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.25 lvl:4.62) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Writing (imp:4.12 lvl:4.38) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Speaking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Active Learning (imp:3.75 lvl:4.12) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Monitoring (imp:3.00 lvl:3.25) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Mathematics (imp:1.88 lvl:1.75) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Science (imp:1.00) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Law and Government (imp:4.88 lvl:5.21) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  English Language (imp:4.45 lvl:5.08) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Administrative (imp:3.50 lvl:3.61) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Computers and Electronics (imp:2.88 lvl:3.32) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.74 lvl:2.01) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Administration and Management (imp:2.26 lvl:1.79) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Communications and Media (imp:2.23 lvl:2.22) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:2.00 lvl:1.94) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  History and Archeology (imp:1.79 lvl:1.78) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Economics and Accounting (imp:1.75 lvl:1.01) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Mathematics (imp:1.68 lvl:1.15) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.65) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Psychology (imp:1.54 lvl:1.00) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:1.51 lvl:1.09) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Telecommunications (imp:1.51 lvl:0.55) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Geography (imp:1.49 lvl:0.96) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Education and Training (imp:1.44 lvl:0.65) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Foreign Language (imp:1.43 lvl:0.51) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.35 lvl:0.69) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Transportation (imp:1.31 lvl:0.63) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Design (imp:1.20) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.17) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.16) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Biology (imp:1.09) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.08) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Building and Construction (imp:1.08) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Mechanical (imp:1.07) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Chemistry (imp:1.07) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Physics (imp:1.02) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Production and Processing (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Food Production (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Fine Arts (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform

--- ABILITIES ---
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.50 lvl:4.88) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.25 lvl:4.75) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Expression (imp:4.25 lvl:4.50) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Oral Expression (imp:4.12 lvl:4.38) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Near Vision (imp:3.88 lvl:4.25) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.75 lvl:3.75) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:3.75 lvl:4.00) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Information Ordering (imp:3.75 lvl:3.62) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.50 lvl:3.50) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Selective Attention (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Far Vision (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Originality (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:2.75 lvl:3.00) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Memorization (imp:2.62 lvl:2.88) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:2.50 lvl:2.88) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Number Facility (imp:2.50 lvl:2.50) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.50 lvl:2.38) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.50 lvl:2.25) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Time Sharing (imp:2.38 lvl:2.00) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.25 lvl:2.50) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.00 lvl:1.62) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Visualization (imp:1.88 lvl:1.88) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.88 lvl:1.50) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Trunk Strength (imp:1.50 lvl:1.00) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Control Precision (imp:1.25 lvl:0.38) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Depth Perception (imp:1.00) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Getting Information (imp:4.85 lvl:5.69) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.56 lvl:5.14) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.11 lvl:4.97) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Processing Information (imp:4.01 lvl:5.21) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:3.97 lvl:4.89) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Working with Computers (imp:3.94 lvl:2.27) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:3.91 lvl:4.28) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.82 lvl:4.19) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.73 lvl:4.54) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.60 lvl:4.16) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:3.50 lvl:4.32) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.27 lvl:4.35) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.23 lvl:3.60) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:2.71 lvl:2.52) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:2.62 lvl:2.00) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:2.44) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.25 lvl:1.71) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:2.23 lvl:2.24) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:2.16 lvl:2.60) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.08) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:2.06) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:2.03 lvl:1.53) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:1.98 lvl:2.06) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:1.75) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.74 lvl:0.63) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:1.56 lvl:0.64) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:1.48 lvl:1.13) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:1.43 lvl:0.67) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:1.39 lvl:0.63) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:1.38 lvl:0.81) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:1.37) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.33 lvl:0.64) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:1.30) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.21) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:1.15) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:1.13) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:1.09) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.08) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.02) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.02) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.02) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:6.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:5.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:4.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Attention to Detail (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:2.93) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Dependability (imp:2.65) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.37) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Cautiousness (imp:2.35) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.14) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Self-Control (imp:1.87) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Perseverance (imp:1.80) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.58) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Cooperation (imp:1.57) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.50) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Sincerity (imp:1.39) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Initiative (imp:1.26) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.22) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Adaptability (imp:1.02) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:1.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Social Orientation (imp:0.89) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Humility (imp:0.78) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Innovation (imp:0.60) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Empathy (imp:0.48) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Optimism (imp:0.30) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Leadership Orientation (imp:-0.11) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.50 lvl:3.62) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.25 lvl:3.62) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Time Management (imp:3.25 lvl:3.25) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Persuasion (imp:2.75 lvl:3.25) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Negotiation (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Instructing (imp:2.62 lvl:2.75) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Service Orientation (imp:2.62 lvl:2.88) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Systems Analysis (imp:2.38 lvl:2.38) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:2.38 lvl:2.38) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Technology Design (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Programming (imp:1.50 lvl:0.62) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Operations Analysis (imp:1.25 lvl:0.38) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Management of Material Resources (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.00) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.00) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 13,290
  annual_median    : $64,920
  annual_pct10     : $46,180
  annual_pct25     : $52,870
  annual_pct75     : $80,420
  annual_pct90     : $113,140
  annual_mean      : $72,950
  hourly_median    : $31.21

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Massachusetts ($143,350)
  lowest_state     : Oklahoma ($44,990)
  dispersion_ratio : 3.186x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (39 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   13,270  median: $  64,920

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (1 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   13,270  median: $  64,920

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Law clerk
match_score        : 0.6429
wikidata_qid       : Q883231
word_count         : 6,646
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_clerk
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T21:01:56.545653Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
A law clerk, judicial clerk, or judicial assistant is a person, often a lawyer, who provides direct counsel and assistance to a judge or lawyer by researching issues and drafting legal opinions for cases before the court. Judicial clerks often play significant roles in the formation of case law through their influence upon judges' decisions. Judicial clerks should not be confused with legal clerks (also called "law clerks" in Canada), court clerks, or courtroom deputies who only provide secretarial and administrative support to attorneys and/or judges.
Judicial law clerks are usually recent law school graduates who performed at or near the top of their class and/or attended highly ranked law schools. Serving as a law clerk is considered to be one of the most prestigious positions in legal circles, and tends to open up wide-ranging opportunities in academia, law firm practice, and influential government work.
In some countries, judicial clerks are known as judicial associates or judicial assistants. In many nations, clerk duties are performed by permanent staff attorneys or junior apprentice-like judges, such as those that sit on France's Conseil d'État. In British and Hong Kong courts, they are known as judicial assistants. The European Court of Justice  uses permanent staff attorneys (référendaires) and stagiaires (young law graduates). Australia, Canada, Sweden, and Brazil have notable clerk systems.


== Australia ==
See Judge's associate and Tipstaff.


== Canada ==
Most Canadian courts accept applications for judicial clerkships from graduating law students or experienced lawyers who have already been called to the Bar in Canada or abroad (typically in the United States or the United Kingdom). Most provincial superior and appellate courts hire at least one clerk for each judge. Typically students in their last two years of law school are eligible to apply for these positions, but increasingly, experienced practicing lawyers are also considered for these positions. The term typically lasts a year and generally fulfills the articling requirement for provincial law societies, which qualifies a person to become a practising lawyer in a Canadian jurisdiction.
The most prestigious clerkship available is with the country's highest court, the Supreme Court of Canada. There are also clerkships at the Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court, as well as the Courts of Appeal and Superior Courts of various provinces. Each Justice of the Supreme Court hires three clerks for a one-year period. The Federal Court of Appeal, which is based in Ottawa but hears cases across the country, selects 15 law clerks each year, or one per judge. The Federal Court also hires only one clerk per judge, or about 30 per year in total. The Court of Appeal for Ontario selects 17 law clerks, who serve either one or two of the 24 Justices. The Quebec Court of Appeal usually hires a similar number of law clerks for both Montreal and Quebec City but is unusual among Canadian courts in having a formal clerkship program for law students in addition to law graduates. The Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan hires 3 clerks, each of whom is assigned to 2 to 3 judges. The New Brunswick Court of Appeal hires two law graduates, who serve as law clerks working under the direct supervision of the Chief Justice of New Brunswick. Successful candidates for all clerkships, particularly provincial appellate and federal courts, are usually selected based on a distinguished academic record, academic recommendations, strong research and writing skills, and interviews with judges. For both the Supreme Court of Canada and the Quebec Court of Appeal, being able to work in both English and French is strongly preferred.
The Tax Court of Canada hires 12 clerks annually.
Many law clerks have gone on to become leaders of the profession.  For example, the Hon. Mr. Justice Jean Cote of the Alberta Court of Appeal was one of the first Supreme Court law clerks, serving as a clerk in the program's inaugural year (1967). Similarly, the Hon. Madam Justice Louise Arbour, formerly of the Supreme Court of Canada, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and former UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, also served as a law clerk in the early years of the program. Meanwhile, the Hon. Madam Justice Andromache Karakatsanis of the Supreme Court of Canada and the Hon. Madam Justice Kathryn N. Feldman of the Ontario Court of Appeal were formerly law clerks at the Ontario Court of Appeal.


== England and Wales ==
In England and Wales, law clerks are called judicial assistants. It is possible to be a judicial assistant at the Court of Appeal and at the UK Supreme Court (formerly the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords). Only Supreme Court judicial assistants are appointed for a full-time, one-year fixed-term appointment. Since 2006 they have taken part in a week-long exchange in Washington DC at the U.S. Supreme Court established by the late Justice Antonin Scalia and Lord Rodger of Earlsferry.
A separate position, clerks to HM judges (or judges' clerks), act as administrative assistants to judges of the High Court and Court of Appeal of England and Wales.


== European Court of Justice ==
Sally Kenney's article on clerks, or référendaires, on the European Court of Justice (ECJ) provides one detailed point of comparison (2000). There are some major differences between ECJ clerks and their American counterparts, largely because of the way the ECJ is structured. One key difference is that ECJ clerks, while hired by individual judges, serve long tenures as opposed to the one-year-clerkship norm at the U.S. Supreme Court. This gives ECJ clerks considerable expertise and power. Because ECJ judges serve six-year renewable terms and do not issue individual opinions, the most important role of ECJ clerks is to facilitate uniformity and continuity across chambers, member-states, and over time.
Furthermore, this role is heightened because the European Union is composed of nations with disparate legal systems. Kenney found that ECJ clerks provide legal and linguistic expertise (all opinions are issued in French), ease the workload of their members, participate in oral and written interactions between chambers, and provide continuity as members rapidly change. While Kenney concludes that they have more power than their counterparts on the U.S. Supreme Court, ECJ clerks act as agents for their principals—judges—and are not the puppeteers that critics claim.
The ECJ also admits a limited number of selected law graduates as Stagiaires. Their duties are more similar to those of the law clerks of the U.S. Supreme Court.


== France ==

In France, law clerks are called juristes assistants. They typically go through a competitive nomination and interview process to get accepted as law clerks. Most French courts accept applications for judicial clerkships from graduating law students. Students in their last year of law school are eligible to apply, although most law clerks are PhD candidates in Law or candidates for the bar exam or a French civil service competitive entrance exam such as French National School for the Judiciary, French National School of Public Finances, or French National School of Court Clerks.


=== In the judicial order ===
Law clerks (juristes assistants) are hired for three years renewable once. Depending on credentials and curriculum they can be assigned to the bench (magistrat du siège) or the prosecution (parquet or parquet général).
The work of a law clerk entails assisting the judges with writing verdicts and decisions and conducting legal inquiries and research.
The most prestigious clerkships available in France are before courts of appeals, which review decisions of lower courts.


=== In the administrative order ===
A similar system exists in the administrative courts, including the Conseil d'Etat.


== Germany ==

In Germany, there a

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (similarity: 0.3000)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States
  QID: Q6625066
  Extract: The lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States cover the law clerks who have assisted the justices of the Supreme Court of the United States in various capacities since the first one was hired by Justice Horace Gray in 1882. The list is divided into separate lists for each positio

  Title: J. Reuben Clark Law School (similarity: 0.4889)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Reuben_Clark_Law_School
  QID: Q6106933
  Extract: The J. Reuben Clark Law School is the law school of Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah. Founded in 1973, the school is named after J. Reuben Clark, a former U.S. Ambassador, Undersecretary of State, and general authority of the institution's sponsoring organization, the Church of Jesus Ch

  Title: List of law clerks for the chief justice of the United States (similarity: 0.3000)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_for_the_chief_justice_of_the_United_States
  QID: Q6625067
  Extract: Law clerks have assisted the justices of the United States Supreme Court in various capacities since the first one was hired by Justice Horace Gray in 1882. Each justice is permitted to have between three and four law clerks per Court term. The chief justice is allowed to have five law clerks per Te

  Title: Christopher P. Yates (similarity: 0.2051)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_P._Yates
  QID: Q128792092
  Extract: Christopher Paul Yates is an American judge and attorney in the state of Michigan. He has served as both a trial-level and appellate judge. He was one of Michigan's first business court judges, serving in that role for ten years, and later developing a national presence and influence as a business c

  Title: Kannon Shanmugam (similarity: 0.1143)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannon_Shanmugam
  QID: Q6364084
  Extract: Kannon Kumar Shanmugam is an American lawyer known for his litigation at the U.S. Supreme Court. Shanmugam is a partner at the law firm Davis Polk, where he is the head of the firm’s Supreme Court and appellate litigation practice.

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong confidence supported by comprehensive O*NET data, BLS wage statistics, clear educational requirements, and Wikipedia validation of core role functions.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T16:41:45.485614+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,765
tokens_output        : 4,491
cost_usd             : $0.049628
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Law clerk
wikipedia_note       : Wikipedia confirms law clerks provide direct counsel and assistance to judges through legal research and opinion drafting. The definition emphasizes their significant influence on case law formation through judicial decisions.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Judicial law clerks assist judges by conducting legal research, preparing briefs and memoranda, and drafting judicial opinions and decisions. They serve as critical support staff who help judges navigate complex legal issues by analyzing case law, statutes, and procedural documents. These positions require extensive legal knowledge and serve as prestigious stepping stones in legal careers, often leading to judicial positions or high-level legal practice.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
A judicial law clerk begins their day reviewing pending case files and analyzing legal documents to identify key issues and relevant precedents. They spend significant time researching laws, court decisions, and legal opinions using databases and legal resources to prepare comprehensive briefs and memoranda for judges. Throughout the day, they draft and proofread judicial opinions, decisions, and citations while conferring with judges about legal questions and document construction. They attend court sessions to observe oral arguments and record essential case information, then update computerized court management systems with case progress and scheduling information. The work requires meticulous attention to detail as they verify file completeness and proper document ordering while responding to inquiries from judicial officers about legal matters.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel as judicial law clerks possess exceptional analytical and research capabilities, with the ability to synthesize complex legal information into clear, actionable documents. They demonstrate outstanding written and oral communication skills, as evidenced by the critical importance of written comprehension and expression abilities in this role. These professionals exhibit high levels of dependability and attention to detail, essential traits given their responsibility for supporting judicial decision-making processes. They thrive on intellectual challenges and possess strong critical thinking abilities, allowing them to identify legal issues and construct persuasive arguments. The conventional and enterprising personality types reflected in the RIASEC profile indicate success for those who enjoy structured, detail-oriented work within established legal frameworks while also engaging in persuasive communication and leadership activities.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry into judicial law clerk positions typically requires a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from an accredited law school, with 51.9% holding doctoral degrees and 16.5% holding first professional degrees according to BLS data. Many positions, particularly at federal courts and appellate levels, prefer candidates with exceptional academic records, law review experience, and previous legal internships or clerkships. Some clerks pursue additional post-doctoral training, with 20.2% having completed such programs, particularly for prestigious federal court positions. The extensive preparation needed (Job Zone 5) reflects the requirement for deep legal knowledge and sophisticated analytical skills developed through rigorous legal education and practical experience.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Judicial law clerks often transition into prestigious legal careers, with many moving into private practice at top-tier law firms, prosecutorial roles, or academic positions in law schools. The experience gained working closely with judges provides invaluable insight into judicial reasoning and courtroom procedures, making former clerks highly sought after by legal employers. Many clerks eventually pursue judicial appointments themselves, leveraging their deep understanding of court operations and legal precedent. The role serves as an exceptional professional development opportunity, with alumni networks from prestigious clerkships opening doors throughout the legal profession and government service.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The judicial law clerk profession employs 13,290 individuals with a median annual wage of $64,920 according to BLS OEWS May 2025 data, though compensation varies significantly by geographic location and court level. Massachusetts offers the highest wages at $143,350 annually, while Oklahoma provides the lowest at $44,990, representing a 3.19x wage differential across states. Nearly all employment (13,270 positions) occurs within federal, state, and local government excluding educational institutions, reflecting the public sector nature of the judicial system. The profession requires extensive preparation and offers competitive compensation relative to the public sector, with the 90th percentile earning $113,140 annually, making it attractive for law school graduates seeking government service with growth potential.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Judicial law clerks face moderate automation risk as their core activities of legal research, document analysis, and brief preparation increasingly benefit from AI-powered legal research tools and document management systems. However, the critical thinking, judgment, and personalized counsel they provide to judges remain highly valuable and difficult to automate. The role's emphasis on interpreting legal meaning, drafting nuanced judicial opinions, and engaging in complex legal reasoning provides protection against full automation, though technology will likely enhance rather than replace their research and analytical capabilities.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [career_pathway] Lawyers (23-1011.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Direct career progression path with 51.9% of judicial clerks holding doctoral degrees in law, identical educational requirements and overlapping legal research and writing responsibilities.
    data: Doctoral Degree: 51.9%
    data: Law and Government knowledge (imp:4.9, lvl:5.2)
    data: Written Expression ability (imp:4.2, lvl:4.5)
  [career_pathway] Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates (23-1023.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Natural career advancement with direct mentorship relationship, shared expertise in judicial decision-making and legal analysis with identical Job Zone 5 preparation requirements.
    data: Job Zone 5
    data: Confer with judges concerning legal questions
    data: Draft judicial opinions and decisions
  [skill_overlap] Paralegals and Legal Assistants (23-2011.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles require extensive legal research capabilities and document preparation skills, though clerks operate at higher analytical levels with judges.
    data: Research laws and court decisions
    data: Prepare legal documents
    data: Legal research and writing skills
  [career_pathway] Law Teachers, Postsecondary (25-1112.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Common transition path leveraging deep legal knowledge and research experience, with 20.2% pursuing post-doctoral training and advanced legal scholarship.
    data: Post-Doctoral Training: 20.2%
    data: Law and Government knowledge (lvl:5.2)
    data: Critical Thinking (imp:4.2, lvl:4.6)
  [knowledge_overlap] Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers (23-1021.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Shared expertise in legal analysis and decision-making processes within government settings, with identical employment in federal, state, and local government.
    data: Federal, State, and Local Government employment
    data: Legal decision-making experience
    data: Administrative knowledge (imp:3.5, lvl:3.6)

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
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  exclude_keywords : ['legal secretary', 'court reporter', 'bailiff', 'paralegal', 'legal assistant']
  title_patterns   : ['*Law Clerk', 'Judicial*Clerk', '*Court*Clerk', 'Appellate*Clerk', '*Judicial*Assistant']
  common_variations: ['Career Law Clerk', 'Federal Judicial Clerk', 'Appellate Law Clerk', 'District Court Clerk', 'Chancery Clerk', 'Court of Appeals Clerk', 'Federal District Clerk', 'Judicial Assistant']

total_terms    : 40
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source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

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states                     25  0.00400  wikipedia            wikipedia:96%  inference:4%
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