[Core] [44% incumbents] Develop advertising campaigns for a wide range of clients, working with an advertising agency's creative director and art director to determine the best way to present advertising information.
  DWAs: Develop promotional strategies or plans.

[Core] [44% incumbents] Vary language and tone of messages based on product and medium.
  DWAs: Write advertising or promotional material.

[Core] [44% incumbents] Present drafts and ideas to clients.
  DWAs: Present work to clients for approval.

[Core] [44% incumbents] Discuss with the client the product, advertising themes and methods, and any changes that should be made in advertising copy.
  DWAs: Confer with clients to determine needs.

[Core] [44% incumbents] Review advertising trends, consumer surveys, and other data regarding marketing of goods and services to determine the best way to promote products.
  DWAs: Monitor current trends.

[Core] [44% incumbents] Write articles, bulletins, sales letters, speeches, and other related informative, marketing and promotional material.
  DWAs: Write advertising or promotional material.

[Supplemental] [44% incumbents] Conduct research and interviews to determine which of a product's selling features should be promoted.
  DWAs: Conduct market research.

[Supplemental] [44% incumbents] Invent names for products and write the slogans that appear on packaging, brochures and other promotional material.
  DWAs: Write advertising or promotional material.

[None] Collaborate with other writers on specific projects.
  DWAs: Collaborate with others to prepare or perform artistic productions.

[None] Conduct research to obtain factual information and authentic detail, using sources such as newspaper accounts, diaries, and interviews.
  DWAs: Conduct research to inform art, designs, or other work.

[None] Consult with sales, media and marketing representatives to obtain information on product or service and discuss style and length of advertising written material.
  DWAs: Collaborate with others in marketing activities.

[None] Edit or rewrite existing written material as necessary, and submit written material for approval by supervisor, editor, or publisher.
  DWAs: Edit written materials.

[None] Follow appropriate procedures to get copyrights for completed work.
  DWAs: Obtain copyrights or other legal permissions.

[None] Plan project arrangements or outlines, and organize material accordingly.
  DWAs: Write material for artistic or entertainment purposes. | Coordinate artistic activities.

[None] Prepare works in appropriate format for publication, and send them to publishers or producers.
  DWAs: Write material for artistic or entertainment purposes.

[None] Revise written material to meet personal standards and to satisfy needs of clients, publishers, directors, or producers.
  DWAs: Edit written materials.

[None] Work with staff to develop script, story, or advertising concepts.
  DWAs: Discuss production content and progress with others.

[None] Write advertising material for use by publication, broadcast, or internet media to promote the sale of goods and services.
  DWAs: Write advertising or promotional material.

[None] Write fiction or nonfiction prose, such as short stories, novels, biographies, articles, descriptive or critical analyses, and essays.
  DWAs: Write material for artistic or entertainment purposes.

[None] Write to customers in their terms and on their level so that the script, story, or advertisement message is more readily received.
  DWAs: Write advertising or promotional material.

--- SKILLS ---
  Writing (imp:4.75 lvl:5.12) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:4.12) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Active Listening (imp:3.88 lvl:3.75) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Speaking (imp:3.88 lvl:3.75) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Critical Thinking (imp:3.62 lvl:4.00) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Learning (imp:3.38 lvl:3.25) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Monitoring (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Learning Strategies (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Mathematics (imp:1.25 lvl:0.50) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Science (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Sales and Marketing (imp:4.30 lvl:5.34) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Communications and Media (imp:4.20 lvl:4.66) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:4.01 lvl:4.62) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.54 lvl:3.96) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Mathematics (imp:2.86 lvl:2.55) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Administrative (imp:2.82 lvl:3.93) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Administration and Management (imp:2.66 lvl:2.29) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:2.64 lvl:3.25) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Psychology (imp:2.58 lvl:2.30) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Telecommunications (imp:2.36) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.34) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Design (imp:2.25) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Fine Arts (imp:2.05 lvl:1.83) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  Law and Government (imp:2.00 lvl:1.71) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Economics and Accounting (imp:1.94) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Education and Training (imp:1.92 lvl:2.19) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Production and Processing (imp:1.90) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Public Safety and Security (imp:1.88 lvl:1.24) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.86 lvl:2.09) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Geography (imp:1.80 lvl:1.70) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  History and Archeology (imp:1.61) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Foreign Language (imp:1.46) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Transportation (imp:1.36) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Mechanical (imp:1.35) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.18) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Food Production (imp:1.07) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.02) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.01) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Physics (imp:1.00) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Chemistry (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Biology (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  English Language ( lvl:4.98) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea

--- ABILITIES ---
  Written Expression (imp:4.62 lvl:4.75) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:4.25) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Oral Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:3.88) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Originality (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.62 lvl:3.62) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.62 lvl:3.50) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Near Vision (imp:3.38 lvl:3.75) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:3.12 lvl:3.38) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:3.12 lvl:3.50) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.00 lvl:3.38) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Information Ordering (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Selective Attention (imp:2.75 lvl:2.50) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.62 lvl:2.62) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:2.50 lvl:2.62) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Time Sharing (imp:2.50 lvl:2.00) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Memorization (imp:2.38 lvl:1.88) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Visualization (imp:2.38 lvl:2.50) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Far Vision (imp:2.38 lvl:2.50) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.12 lvl:1.62) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Trunk Strength (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.00 lvl:1.50) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.50 lvl:0.75) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:1.38 lvl:0.50) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Number Facility (imp:1.38 lvl:0.50) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Finger Dexterity (imp:1.38 lvl:0.50) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.38) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.25 lvl:0.38) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Control Precision (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Response Orientation (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Stamina (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Depth Perception (imp:1.00) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Getting Information (imp:4.46 lvl:4.60) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:4.16 lvl:5.76) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:4.03 lvl:5.68) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.02 lvl:5.32) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.83 lvl:4.51) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.69 lvl:4.80) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.59 lvl:3.65) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:3.57 lvl:4.63) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:3.57 lvl:5.40) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.57 lvl:4.94) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.50 lvl:4.38) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.46 lvl:2.97) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Working with Computers (imp:3.41 lvl:2.41) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.23 lvl:3.46) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.06 lvl:2.83) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.00 lvl:2.47) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:2.91 lvl:2.91) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:2.75 lvl:3.03) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:2.75 lvl:3.14) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:2.52 lvl:3.48) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.47 lvl:3.20) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:2.41 lvl:1.67) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Processing Information (imp:2.39 lvl:2.01) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.35 lvl:1.80) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:2.31 lvl:1.64) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:2.28 lvl:1.95) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:2.16) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:2.15 lvl:1.15) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:2.12 lvl:1.84) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:2.03 lvl:1.78) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:1.65) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:1.62 lvl:1.22) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.55) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:1.41 lvl:0.47) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.34) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.33) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:1.10) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.10) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.06) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.05) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Innovation (imp:2.85) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:1.95) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:1.89) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Dependability (imp:1.83) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Initiative (imp:1.79) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability (imp:1.75) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.72) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.70) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance (imp:1.61) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Attention to Detail (imp:1.53) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Social Orientation (imp:1.36) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Optimism (imp:1.13) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.09) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Empathy (imp:1.07) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation (imp:1.03) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Innovation (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Sincerity (imp:0.84) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Self-Control (imp:0.82) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Integrity (imp:0.80) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Leadership Orientation (imp:0.71) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Achievement Orientation () — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Intellectual Curiosity () — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Cautiousness () — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Attention to Detail () — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Dependability () — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Integrity () — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Cautiousness (imp:-0.37) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Humility (imp:-0.40) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Time Management (imp:3.62 lvl:3.38) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.38 lvl:3.12) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Coordination (imp:3.38 lvl:3.12) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Persuasion (imp:3.38 lvl:3.50) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.25 lvl:3.00) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Service Orientation (imp:3.12 lvl:3.38) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Negotiation (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Instructing (imp:2.88 lvl:2.38) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.50 lvl:2.62) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:2.38 lvl:2.12) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Systems Analysis (imp:2.25 lvl:2.12) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Technology Design (imp:1.75 lvl:1.12) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Programming (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.50 lvl:0.88) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Operations Analysis (imp:1.25 lvl:0.62) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.12 lvl:0.25) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Management of Material Resources (imp:1.12 lvl:0.25) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:1.00) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Operation and Control (imp:1.00) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 47,940
  annual_median    : $76,910
  annual_pct10     : $44,310
  annual_pct25     : $58,230
  annual_pct75     : $101,950
  annual_pct90     : $139,870
  annual_mean      : $86,090
  hourly_median    : $36.98

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : District of Columbia ($129,300)
  lowest_state     : Puerto Rico ($43,440)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.977x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (44 total) ---
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:   13,230  median: $  77,860
  Information                              emp:   11,730  median: $  74,590
  Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation      emp:    7,480  median: $  60,230
  Educational Services                     emp:    3,340  median: $  72,610
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:    2,190  median: $  84,040
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    1,620  median: $  84,620
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    1,510  median: $ 107,910
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:    1,490  median: $  79,130
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:    1,250  median: $  78,410
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:    1,190  median: $  95,260

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (15 total) ---
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:   13,230  median: $  77,860
  Information                              emp:   11,730  median: $  74,590
  Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation      emp:    7,480  median: $  60,230
  Educational Services                     emp:    3,340  median: $  72,610
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:    2,190  median: $  84,040
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    1,620  median: $  84,620
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    1,510  median: $ 107,910
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:    1,490  median: $  79,130
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:    1,250  median: $  78,410
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:    1,190  median: $  95,260

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Calamities of Authors
match_score        : 0.6500
wikidata_qid       : Q136735806
word_count         : 194
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamities_of_Authors
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T21:26:42.456609Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
Calamities of Authors (1812) is a work by Isaac D'Israeli that explores the strugglesfaced by various writers. It was published within his Miscellanies.
Scholars have noted that its opening chapters—“Authors by Profession” and “The Case of Authors Stated”—echo the title and arguments of James Ralph’s 1758 pamphlet The Case of Authors by Profession or Trade, Stated, closely paraphrasing Ralph on, for example, the fate of opposition writers after changes of ministry. One study argues that D’Israeli did not acknowledge this indebtedness, despite contemporary attributions of Ralph's authorship.


== References ==


== External links ==
Disraeli, Isaac (1812). Calamities of Authors; Including Some Inquiries Respecting Their Moral and Literary Characters. Vol. 1. London: J. Murray. OCLC 626204. Retrieved 25 October 2025.
Disraeli, Isaac (1812). Calamities of Authors; Including Some Inquiries Respecting Their Moral and Literary Characters. Vol. 2. London: J. Murray. OCLC 626204. Retrieved 25 October 2025.


== Sources ==
Kenny, Robert W. (1940). "James Ralph: An Eighteenth-Century Philadelphian in Grub Street". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 64 (2): 239–241. JSTOR 20087279.
Smollett, Tobias George (1812). "Review of Calamities of Authors". The Critical review, or, Annals of literature. W. Simpkin and R. Marshall.

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Lists of writers (similarity: 0.4000)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_writers
  QID: Q13019738
  Extract: The following are lists of writers:

  Title: List of science-fiction authors (similarity: 0.4800)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors
  QID: Q1136807
  Extract: Science fiction is a genre of speculative fiction that deals with imaginative, futuristic and scientific concepts. These concepts may include information technology and robotics, biological manipulations, space exploration, time travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life. The genre often 

  Title: List of Russian-language writers (similarity: 0.2745)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian-language_writers
  QID: Q935820
  Extract: This is a list of authors who have written works of prose and poetry in the Russian language.

  Title: Lists of Canadian writers (similarity: 0.3182)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Canadian_writers
  QID: Q1047926
  Extract: The lists of Canadian writers include:

  Title: List of women writers (similarity: 0.3500)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_writers
  QID: Q952242
  Extract: 
The list of women writers has been split into two lists:List of women writers (A–L)
List of women writers (M–Z)

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong confidence based on detailed O*NET task descriptions, comprehensive wage data from BLS OEWS May 2025, and clear skill/ability profiles that distinguish commercial writing from other writing specializations.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T18:21:29.154644+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,424
tokens_output        : 4,093
cost_usd             : $0.045007
wikipedia_used       : False
wikipedia_title      : Calamities of Authors
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia match discusses historical struggles of writers rather than the occupation itself. The semantic neighbors focus on writer lists rather than occupational information, providing limited relevant context for this commercial writing role.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Writers and authors create original written content across diverse mediums including scripts, stories, advertisements, and promotional materials. They combine creative writing abilities with strategic communication skills to craft compelling narratives that inform, persuade, or entertain target audiences. This role requires strong research capabilities, client collaboration skills, and the ability to adapt writing style and tone based on specific products, platforms, and marketing objectives.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
Writers and authors begin their day by researching topics, conducting interviews, and gathering factual information from sources like newspaper accounts and diaries to ensure authentic detail in their work. They develop advertising campaigns working closely with creative directors, varying language and tone based on the specific product and medium. Much of their time involves presenting drafts and ideas to clients, discussing advertising themes and methods, and making revisions based on feedback. They write diverse materials including articles, bulletins, sales letters, speeches, and promotional content while conducting market research to determine which product features should be promoted. Throughout the day, they collaborate with other writers on projects and monitor advertising trends and consumer surveys to inform their creative decisions.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals with high artistic interests (A:6.68) and enterprising tendencies (E:4.75) excel in this role, as they combine creative expression with business acumen and client interaction. Those who possess exceptional written expression and comprehension abilities, along with strong fluency of ideas and originality, find success in generating compelling content. The role attracts highly innovative individuals who demonstrate intellectual curiosity and achievement orientation, as they must continuously adapt to changing market trends and client needs. Writers who thrive possess strong social perceptiveness and persuasion skills, enabling them to understand audience needs and craft messages that resonate with diverse target markets.

CAREER ENTRY:
Most writers and authors enter the field with a bachelor's degree (47.0% of practitioners), though significant numbers succeed with some college courses (35.4%) or associate's degrees (17.7%). The role requires considerable preparation (Job Zone 4), typically involving extensive portfolio development, internships, or freelance experience to demonstrate writing capabilities across different formats and industries. Entry-level positions often begin in advertising agencies, media companies, or content marketing departments where new writers can develop client interaction skills and learn to adapt their writing style to various commercial applications.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Writers and authors can advance into specialized roles such as creative directors, advertising and promotions managers, or art directors, leveraging their content creation experience with strategic oversight responsibilities. Many transition into related fields like public relations, technical writing, or journalism, where their core writing and research skills transfer directly. Experienced writers often become independent consultants or establish their own content agencies, building on the client relationship and project management skills developed throughout their careers.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The median annual wage for writers and authors is $76,910 according to BLS OEWS May 2025, with employment of 47,940 workers nationally and a salary range from $44,310 to $139,870. Geographic variation is significant, with Washington D.C. offering the highest median wages at $129,300 compared to Puerto Rico's $43,440, representing a 2.98x ratio. The largest employment concentrations are in Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services (13,230 workers), Information industries (11,730 workers), and Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation (7,480 workers). Demand remains steady as organizations increasingly prioritize content marketing and digital storytelling, though writers must adapt to evolving platforms and technologies like Adobe Creative Cloud software and project management tools like Asana.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Writers and authors face moderate automation risk in routine content generation tasks, but their core activities involving creative thinking, client collaboration, and strategic message development remain largely protected from automation. The high importance of communicating with people outside the organization, selling or influencing others, and thinking creatively represents uniquely human capabilities that current AI cannot fully replicate with the nuanced understanding of brand voice, cultural context, and persuasive strategy required for effective commercial writing.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [career_pathway] Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers (27-3043.05) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Direct specialization pathway sharing core writing abilities and creative development skills.
    data: Written Expression (4.8)
    data: Originality (3.9)
    data: Thinking Creatively (4.5)
  [skill_overlap] Public Relations Specialists (27-3031.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles emphasize client communication, persuasion, and promotional material development.
    data: Communicating with People Outside the Organization (5.8)
    data: Selling or Influencing Others (5.7)
    data: Sales and Marketing knowledge (5.3)
  [career_pathway] Advertising and Promotions Managers (11-2011.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Natural progression combining writing experience with management responsibilities in advertising campaigns.
    data: Develop advertising campaigns
    data: Sales and Marketing knowledge (5.3)
    data: Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (3.6)
  [task_similarity] Editors (27-3041.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Overlapping written comprehension and expression requirements with content review responsibilities.
    data: Written Expression (4.8)
    data: Written Comprehension (4.2)
    data: Reading Comprehension (4.1)
  [transferable_skill] Technical Writers (27-3042.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Shared research capabilities and written communication skills across different content specializations.
    data: Getting Information (4.6)
    data: Written Expression (4.8)
    data: Research and interviews tasks

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['copywriter', 'content creator', 'advertising writer', 'commercial writer', 'creative writer', 'content developer', 'communications specialist', 'marketing writer']
  exclude_keywords : ['journalist', 'reporter', 'editor', 'technical writer', 'grant writer']
  title_patterns   : ['*copywriter*', '*content creator*', '*advertising writer*', '*commercial writer*', '*marketing writer*']
  common_variations: ['ad copywriter', 'advertisement writer', 'content creator', 'advertising copywriter', 'commercial writer', 'marketing content writer', 'brand copywriter', 'freelance writer']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['others', 'tendency', 'equipment', 'writers', 'advertising', 'material', 'write', 'written', 'principles', 'ideas', 'writing', 'authors', 'materials', 'needs', 'includes', 'control', 'activities', 'objects', 'promotional', 'techniques']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
others                     42  0.01501  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  dwas:7%  inference:2%
tendency                   42  0.01501  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
equipment                  21  0.00751  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
writers                    20  0.00715  inference            inference:60%  wikipedia:35%  onet_tasks:5%
advertising                19  0.00679  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:47%  dwas:26%  inference:26%
material                   19  0.00679  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:42%  dwas:42%  onet_dimensions:16%
write                      15  0.00536  dwas                 dwas:53%  onet_tasks:33%  onet_dimensions:7%
written                    15  0.00536  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:40%  onet_tasks:27%  dwas:13%
principles                 15  0.00536  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
ideas                      14  0.00500  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:79%  inference:14%  onet_tasks:7%
writing                    14  0.00500  inference            inference:57%  onet_dimensions:43%
authors                    14  0.00500  wikipedia            wikipedia:57%  inference:43%
materials                  13  0.00465  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:69%  dwas:15%  inference:15%
needs                      12  0.00429  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:67%  inference:17%  onet_tasks:8%
includes                   12  0.00429  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
control                    12  0.00429  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
activities                 12  0.00429  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:75%  dwas:17%  inference:8%
objects                    12  0.00429  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
promotional                10  0.00357  dwas                 dwas:60%  onet_tasks:20%  inference:20%
techniques                 10  0.00357  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
body                       10  0.00357  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
orientation                10  0.00357  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  inference:10%
creative                    9  0.00322  inference            inference:78%  onet_tasks:11%  onet_dimensions:11%
marketing                   9  0.00322  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:33%  inference:33%  onet_dimensions:22%
services                    9  0.00322  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:67%  onet_tasks:22%  inference:11%
procedures                  9  0.00322  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:89%  onet_tasks:11%
standards                   9  0.00322  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:89%  onet_tasks:11%
problems                    9  0.00322  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
production                  9  0.00322  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:89%  dwas:11%
management                  9  0.00322  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:78%  inference:22%
human                       9  0.00322  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:78%  wikipedia:11%  inference:11%
resources                   9  0.00322  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
quickly                     9  0.00322  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
product                     8  0.00286  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:50%  onet_dimensions:25%  inference:25%
products                    8  0.00286  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:62%  onet_tasks:25%  inference:12%
research                    8  0.00286  inference            inference:38%  onet_tasks:25%  dwas:25%
understand                  8  0.00286  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:88%  inference:12%
monitoring                  8  0.00286  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
rules                       8  0.00286  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
providing                   8  0.00286  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:88%  inference:12%