[Core] [63% incumbents] Assess the identity, strength, or purity of medications.
  DWAs: Analyze data to identify trends or relationships among variables. | Analyze chemical compounds or substances.

[Core] [63% incumbents] Analyze prescribing trends to monitor patient compliance and to prevent excessive usage or harmful interactions.
  DWAs: Analyze data to identify trends or relationships among variables. | Analyze health-related data.

[Core] [63% incumbents] Maintain records, such as pharmacy files, patient profiles, charge system files, inventories, control records for radioactive nuclei, or registries of poisons, narcotics, or controlled drugs.
  DWAs: Maintain medical facility records.

[Core] [63% incumbents] Collaborate with other health care professionals to plan, monitor, review, or evaluate the quality or effectiveness of drugs or drug regimens, providing advice on drug applications or characteristics.
  DWAs: Collaborate with healthcare professionals to plan or provide treatment. | Advise medical personnel regarding healthcare issues.

[Core] [63% incumbents] Order and purchase pharmaceutical supplies, medical supplies, or drugs, maintaining stock and storing and handling it properly.
  DWAs: Maintain inventory of medical supplies or equipment. | Order medical supplies or equipment.

[Core] [63% incumbents] Contact insurance companies to resolve billing issues.
  DWAs: Review customer insurance information. | Process medical billing information.

[Core] [63% incumbents] Provide specialized services to help patients manage conditions, such as diabetes, asthma, smoking cessation, or high blood pressure.
  DWAs: Treat chronic diseases or disorders.

[Core] [63% incumbents] Refer patients to other health professionals or agencies when appropriate.
  DWAs: Refer patients to other healthcare practitioners or health resources.

[Supplemental] [63% incumbents] Work in hospitals or clinics or for Health Management Organizations (HMOs), dispensing prescriptions, serving as a medical team consultant, or specializing in specific drug therapy areas, such as oncology or nuclear pharmacotherapy.
  DWAs: Prescribe treatments or therapies. | Prescribe medications.

[Supplemental] [63% incumbents] Update or troubleshoot pharmacy information databases.
  DWAs: Maintain medical facility records.

[Supplemental] [63% incumbents] Prepare sterile solutions or infusions for use in surgical procedures, emergency rooms, or patients' homes.
  DWAs: Prepare medications or medical solutions.

[Supplemental] [63% incumbents] Offer health promotion or prevention activities, such as training people to use blood pressure devices or diabetes monitors.
  DWAs: Instruct patients in the use of assistive equipment.

[Supplemental] [63% incumbents] Publish educational information for other pharmacists, doctors, or patients.
  DWAs: Present medical research reports.

[Core] [62% incumbents] Review prescriptions to assure accuracy, to ascertain the needed ingredients, and to evaluate their suitability.
  DWAs: Verify accuracy of patient information.

[Core] [62% incumbents] Provide information and advice regarding drug interactions, side effects, dosage, and proper medication storage.
  DWAs: Communicate detailed medical information to patients or family members. | Advise patients on effects of health conditions or treatments.

[Core] [62% incumbents] Plan, implement, or maintain procedures for mixing, packaging, or labeling pharmaceuticals, according to policy and legal requirements, to ensure quality, security, and proper disposal.
  DWAs: Determine protocols for medical procedures.

[Core] [62% incumbents] Compound and dispense medications as prescribed by doctors and dentists, by calculating, weighing, measuring, and mixing ingredients, or oversee these activities.
  DWAs: Prepare medications or medical solutions.

[Core] [62% incumbents] Advise customers on the selection of medication brands, medical equipment, or healthcare supplies.
  DWAs: Recommend types of assistive devices.

[Core] [62% incumbents] Teach pharmacy students serving as interns in preparation for their graduation or licensure.
  DWAs: Train medical providers.

[Supplemental] [62% incumbents] Manage pharmacy operations, hiring or supervising staff, performing administrative duties, or buying or selling non-pharmaceutical merchandise.
  DWAs: Merchandise healthcare products or services. | Manage healthcare operations.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Active Listening (imp:4.00 lvl:4.38) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Speaking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Writing (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Critical Thinking (imp:3.88 lvl:4.38) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Monitoring (imp:3.88 lvl:4.50) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Active Learning (imp:3.62 lvl:4.12) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Science (imp:3.38 lvl:3.75) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
  Mathematics (imp:3.25 lvl:3.25) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.12 lvl:3.38) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:4.64 lvl:4.44) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Mathematics (imp:4.49 lvl:4.41) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:4.16 lvl:5.05) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  English Language (imp:4.16 lvl:3.61) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Chemistry (imp:4.11 lvl:4.70) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Biology (imp:3.95 lvl:4.29) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Psychology (imp:3.71 lvl:4.53) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.37 lvl:3.69) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Education and Training (imp:3.34 lvl:3.23) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Administrative (imp:3.30 lvl:3.32) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:2.90 lvl:2.27) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Telecommunications (imp:2.74 lvl:1.13) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Communications and Media (imp:2.74 lvl:2.21) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Production and Processing (imp:2.64 lvl:2.52) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Administration and Management (imp:2.58 lvl:2.87) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Law and Government (imp:2.58 lvl:2.32) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.57 lvl:2.65) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:2.40 lvl:1.78) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Sales and Marketing (imp:2.08 lvl:2.04) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.08 lvl:1.36) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Physics (imp:1.83 lvl:1.04) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.80 lvl:1.33) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Economics and Accounting (imp:1.66 lvl:1.02) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Foreign Language (imp:1.57 lvl:0.81) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.54 lvl:1.17) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Geography (imp:1.45 lvl:0.80) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Transportation (imp:1.44 lvl:0.68) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Design (imp:1.35 lvl:0.83) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Mechanical (imp:1.28 lvl:0.41) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Food Production (imp:1.15) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  History and Archeology (imp:1.13) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Building and Construction (imp:1.09) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Fine Arts (imp:1.06) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform

--- ABILITIES ---
  Oral Expression (imp:4.25 lvl:4.88) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:5.00) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:4.88) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:4.00 lvl:4.62) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Near Vision (imp:4.00 lvl:4.50) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Written Expression (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:3.88 lvl:4.25) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.88 lvl:4.25) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Information Ordering (imp:3.75 lvl:4.12) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.75 lvl:3.75) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:3.25 lvl:3.38) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Number Facility (imp:3.25 lvl:3.62) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Perceptual Speed (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Selective Attention (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Finger Dexterity (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Memorization (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Time Sharing (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Manual Dexterity (imp:3.00 lvl:2.75) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Far Vision (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:2.88 lvl:3.12) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Originality (imp:2.62 lvl:3.00) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Visualization (imp:2.25 lvl:2.50) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Trunk Strength (imp:2.25 lvl:2.12) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.25 lvl:1.75) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Control Precision (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Extent Flexibility (imp:2.12 lvl:1.75) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Static Strength (imp:2.00 lvl:1.38) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Stamina (imp:1.88 lvl:1.12) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.88 lvl:0.88) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Depth Perception (imp:1.88 lvl:1.00) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.62 lvl:1.12) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.38 lvl:0.50) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Rate Control (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Response Orientation (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:4.38 lvl:3.62) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.34 lvl:5.56) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:4.32 lvl:4.19) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.28 lvl:4.56) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Getting Information (imp:4.24 lvl:3.39) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Working with Computers (imp:4.16 lvl:2.85) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Processing Information (imp:4.15 lvl:4.69) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:4.07 lvl:4.90) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.88 lvl:3.01) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:3.85 lvl:3.79) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.84 lvl:4.52) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:3.81 lvl:4.68) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:3.77 lvl:4.10) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.67 lvl:4.71) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.51 lvl:3.71) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:3.37 lvl:3.45) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:3.34 lvl:3.64) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.33 lvl:3.22) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.25 lvl:2.62) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.18 lvl:3.37) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:3.15 lvl:4.01) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:3.14 lvl:3.73) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:3.13 lvl:2.73) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.07 lvl:2.89) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.04 lvl:3.72) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.03 lvl:2.77) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:3.03 lvl:3.17) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.02 lvl:2.35) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:2.97 lvl:3.28) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:2.95 lvl:2.89) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:2.75 lvl:4.03) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Thinking Creatively (imp:2.70 lvl:2.63) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:2.65 lvl:2.77) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:2.61 lvl:2.01) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:2.48 lvl:2.14) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.24 lvl:1.60) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.06 lvl:1.85) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.88 lvl:1.16) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.57 lvl:0.81) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.50) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.21) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:10.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:9.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:8.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:7.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:6.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Cooperation (imp:5.00) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:4.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Attention to Detail (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Self-Control (imp:3.00) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Dependability (imp:2.93) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Integrity (imp:2.93) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:2.86) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Cooperation (imp:2.30) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.20) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Self-Control (imp:2.14) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Empathy (imp:2.10) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Stress Tolerance (imp:2.06) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.04) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:2.00) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Sincerity (imp:1.94) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Perseverance (imp:1.77) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.63) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Social Orientation (imp:1.58) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Initiative (imp:1.38) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability (imp:1.35) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Humility (imp:1.15) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Leadership Orientation (imp:1.08) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Empathy (imp:1.00) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Optimism (imp:0.98) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Innovation (imp:0.97) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:0.33) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.75 lvl:3.88) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.62 lvl:4.00) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Service Orientation (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.62 lvl:3.50) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Time Management (imp:3.62 lvl:3.62) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Coordination (imp:3.38 lvl:3.75) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Instructing (imp:3.38 lvl:3.75) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:3.38 lvl:3.38) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.00 lvl:3.25) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Persuasion (imp:2.88 lvl:3.12) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Negotiation (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Management of Material Resources (imp:2.75 lvl:2.62) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Operations Analysis (imp:2.62 lvl:2.75) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:2.62 lvl:2.50) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:2.38 lvl:2.25) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Operations Monitoring (imp:2.25 lvl:2.00) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Technology Design (imp:1.62 lvl:1.00) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Programming (imp:1.50 lvl:0.62) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.50 lvl:0.62) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.25 lvl:0.38) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 321,970
  annual_median    : $140,910
  annual_pct10     : $99,290
  annual_pct25     : $129,380
  annual_pct75     : $161,840
  annual_pct90     : $174,230
  annual_mean      : $140,920
  hourly_median    : $67.75

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Alaska ($167,310)
  lowest_state     : Puerto Rico ($111,270)
  dispersion_ratio : 1.504x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (54 total) ---
  Retail Trade                             emp:  163,000  median: $ 134,940
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:  121,660  median: $ 156,600
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    9,550  median: $ 153,650
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:    7,190  median: $ 136,570
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:    6,510  median: $ 137,940
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    4,710  median: $ 144,820
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:    3,400  median: $ 128,140
  Educational Services                     emp:    1,940  median: $ 141,770
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:    1,890  median: $ 134,310
  Manufacturing                            emp:    1,420  median: $ 138,810

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (12 total) ---
  Retail Trade                             emp:  163,000  median: $ 134,940
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:  121,660  median: $ 156,600
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    9,550  median: $ 153,650
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:    7,190  median: $ 136,570
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:    6,510  median: $ 137,940
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:    4,710  median: $ 144,820
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:    3,400  median: $ 128,140
  Educational Services                     emp:    1,940  median: $ 141,770
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:    1,890  median: $ 134,310
  Manufacturing                            emp:    1,420  median: $ 138,810

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Pharmacist
match_score        : 0.9524
wikidata_qid       : Q105186
word_count         : 5,799
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacist
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T21:31:31.031576Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
A pharmacist, also known as a chemist in Commonwealth English (excluding Canada), is a healthcare professional who is knowledgeable about preparation, mechanism of action, clinical usage and legislation of medications in order to dispense them safely to the public and to provide consultancy services. A pharmacist also often serves as a primary care provider in the community and offers services, such as health screenings and immunizations.
Pharmacists undergo university or graduate-level education to understand the biochemical mechanisms and actions of drugs, drug uses, therapeutic roles, side effects, potential drug interactions, and monitoring parameters. In developing countries, a diploma course from approved colleges qualifies one for pharmacist role. This is mated to anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology. Pharmacists interpret and communicate this specialized knowledge to patients, physicians, and other health care providers.
Among other licensing requirements, different countries require pharmacists to hold either a Bachelor of Pharmacy, Master of Pharmacy, or a Doctor of Pharmacy degree.
The most common pharmacist positions are that of a community pharmacist (also referred to as a retail pharmacist, first-line pharmacist or dispensing chemist), or a hospital pharmacist, where they instruct and counsel on the proper use and adverse effects of medically prescribed drugs and medicines. In most countries, the profession is subject to professional regulation. Depending on the legal scope of practice, pharmacists may contribute to prescribing (also referred to as "pharmacist prescribers") and administering certain medications (e.g., immunizations) in some jurisdictions. Pharmacists may also practice in a variety of other settings, including industry, wholesaling, research, academia, formulary management, military, and government.


== Nature of work ==

Historically, the fundamental role of pharmacists as a healthcare practitioner was to check and distribute drugs to doctors for medication that had been prescribed to patients. In more modern times, pharmacists advise patients and health care providers on the selection, dosages, interactions, and side effects of medications, and act as a learned intermediary between a prescriber and a patient. Pharmacists monitor the health and progress of patients to ensure the safe and effective use of medication. Pharmacists may practice compounding; however, many medicines are now produced by pharmaceutical companies in a standard dosage and drug delivery form. In some jurisdictions, pharmacists have prescriptive authority to either independently prescribe under their own authority or in collaboration with a primary care physician through an agreed upon protocol called a collaborative practice agreement.
Increased numbers of drug therapies, aging but more knowledgeable and demanding populations, and deficiencies in other areas of the health care system seem to be driving increased demand for the clinical counseling skills of the pharmacist. One of the most important roles that pharmacists are currently taking on is one of pharmaceutical care. Pharmaceutical care involves taking direct responsibility for patients and their disease states, medications, and management of each to improve outcomes. Pharmaceutical care has many benefits that may include but are not limited to: decreased medication errors; increased patient compliance in medication regimen; better chronic disease state management, including hypertension and other cardiovascular disease risk factors; strong pharmacist–patient relationship; and decreased long-term costs of medical care.
Pharmacists are often the first point-of-contact for patients with health inquiries. Thus pharmacists have a significant role in assessing medication management in patients, and in referring patients to physicians. These roles may include, but are not limited to:

clinical medication management, including reviewing and monitoring of medication regimens
assessment of patients with undiagnosed or diagnosed conditions, and ascertaining clinical medication management needs
specialized monitoring of disease states, such as dosing drugs in kidney and liver failure
compounding medicines
providing pharmaceutical information
providing patients with health monitoring and advice, including advice and treatment of common ailments and disease states
supervising pharmacy technicians and other staff
oversight of dispensing medicines on prescription
provision of and counseling about non-prescription or over-the-counter drugs
education and counseling for patients and other health care providers on optimal use of medicines (e.g., proper use, avoidance of overmedication)
referrals to other health professionals if necessary
pharmacokinetic evaluation
promoting public health by administering immunizations
constructing drug formularies
designing clinical trials for drug development
working with federal, state, or local regulatory agencies to develop safe drug policies
ensuring correctness of all medication labels including auxiliary labels
member of inter-professional care team for critical care patients
symptom assessment leading to medication provision and lifestyle advice for community-based health concerns (e.g. head colds, or smoking cessation)
staged dosing supply (e.g. opioid substitution therapy)


== Education and credentialing ==

The role of pharmacy education, pharmacist licensing, and continuing education vary from country to country and between regions/localities within countries. In most countries, pharmacists must obtain a university degree at a pharmacy school or related institution, and/or satisfy other national/local credentialing requirements. In many contexts, students must first complete pre-professional (undergraduate) coursework, followed by about four years of professional academic studies to obtain a degree in pharmacy (such as Doctorate of Pharmacy). In the European Union, pharmacists are required to hold a Master of Pharmacy, which allows them to practice in any other E.U. country, pending professional examinations and language tests in the country in which they want to practice. Pharmacists are educated in pharmacology, pharmacognosy, chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, microbiology, pharmacy practice (including drug interactions, medicine monitoring, medication management), pharmaceutics, pharmacy law, pathophysiology , physiology, anatomy, drug delivery, pharmaceutical care, nephrology, hepatology, and compounding of medications. Additional curriculum may cover diagnosis with emphasis on laboratory tests, disease state management, therapeutics and prescribing (selecting the most appropriate medication for a given patient).
Upon graduation, pharmacists are licensed, either nationally or regionally, to dispense medication of various types in the areas they have trained for.
Some may undergo further specialized training, such as in cardiology or oncology or long-term care. Specialties include:


== Training and practice by country ==


=== Armenia ===
The Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health oversee pharmacy school accreditation in Armenia. Pharmacists are expected to have competency in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML), the use of Standard Treatment Guidelines, drug information, clinical pharmacy, and medicine supply management. There are currently no laws requiring pharmacists to be registered, but all pharmacies must have a license to conduct business. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) report from 2010, there are 0.53 licensed pharmacists and 7.82 licensed pharmacies per 10,000 people in Armenia. Pharmacists are able to substitute for generic equivalents at point of dispensing.


=== Australia ===

The Australian Pharmacy Council is the independent accreditation agency for Australian pharmacists. The accreditation standards for Australian pharmacy degrees include compulsory clinical placement

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (similarity: 0.3929)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists
  QID: Q4745081
  Extract: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) is a professional organization that represents pharmacists who serve as patient care providers in hospitals, health systems, ambulatory clinics, and other healthcare settings. The organization's nearly 60,000 members include pharmacists, student p

  Title: Ted Leo and the Pharmacists (similarity: 0.5789)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Leo_and_the_Pharmacists
  QID: Q1754107
  Extract: Ted Leo and the Pharmacists are an American rock band formed in 1999 in Washington, D.C. They have released six full-length studio albums and have toured internationally. Though the group's lineup has fluctuated throughout their career, singer/guitarist Ted Leo has remained the band's main songwrite

  Title: American Pharmacists Association (similarity: 0.5116)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pharmacists_Association
  QID: Q4744674
  Extract: The American Pharmacists Association, founded in 1852, is the first-established professional society of pharmacists in the United States. The association consists of more than 62,000 practicing pharmacists, pharmaceutical scientists, student pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and others interested i

  Title: Clinical pharmacy (similarity: 0.5000)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_pharmacy
  QID: Q155491
  Extract: Clinical pharmacy is the branch of pharmacy in which clinical pharmacists provide direct patient care that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings, but the clinical pharmacy movement ini

  Title: Amy Page (similarity: 0.2105)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Page
  QID: Q58435597
  Extract: Amy Page is an Australian academic and clinical pharmacist who was Australian Pharmacist of the Year in 2024. Page is the director of the Centre of Optimisation of Medicines at The University of Western Australia established in 2024.

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Confidence is high due to comprehensive O*NET data, exact Wikipedia match, clear professional licensing requirements, and well-established career pathways in healthcare settings.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T18:40:43.473695+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,621
tokens_output        : 4,048
cost_usd             : $0.044366
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Pharmacist
wikipedia_note       : Wikipedia confirms pharmacists are healthcare professionals knowledgeable about medication preparation, mechanisms, and legislation who dispense drugs safely and provide consultancy services. The definition aligns with O*NET data emphasizing medication expertise and patient counseling responsibilities.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Pharmacists are licensed healthcare professionals who dispense prescription medications, counsel patients on drug therapy, and ensure medication safety and efficacy. They serve as medication experts who collaborate with physicians and other healthcare providers to optimize patient outcomes through proper drug selection, dosing, and monitoring. Pharmacists work in retail pharmacies, hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare settings, requiring extensive knowledge of drug interactions, side effects, and therapeutic applications.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
Pharmacists begin their day by reviewing prescription orders, verifying patient information, and checking for potential drug interactions or contraindications. They spend significant time dispensing medications, counseling patients on proper usage and side effects, and maintaining detailed medication records. Throughout the day, they collaborate with physicians and healthcare teams to resolve medication-related issues, analyze prescribing trends for compliance monitoring, and manage pharmaceutical inventory. They also provide specialized services like diabetes or smoking cessation counseling, contact insurance companies for billing resolution, and update pharmacy information systems.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel as pharmacists possess strong analytical and scientific reasoning abilities, with exceptional attention to detail and unwavering dependability. They demonstrate excellent oral and written communication skills to effectively counsel patients and collaborate with healthcare teams. Successful pharmacists exhibit high integrity and cautiousness when handling medications, combined with intellectual curiosity to stay current with evolving pharmaceutical knowledge. They thrive on complex problem-solving, service-oriented interactions, and the precision required for medication safety and compliance monitoring.

CAREER ENTRY:
Pharmacists must complete a Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) degree, which accounts for 78.4% of practitioners according to education distribution data. This typically involves 2-3 years of undergraduate prerequisite coursework followed by a 4-year professional pharmacy program. After graduation, pharmacists must pass state licensing examinations and may pursue residency training (5.1% have post-doctoral training) for specialized practice areas like clinical or hospital pharmacy.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Pharmacists can advance into specialized roles such as clinical pharmacists, pharmacy informaticists, or pharmacy coordinators, with opportunities in hospital systems, retail chains, or government agencies. Career progression often leads to pharmacy management positions, district supervision roles, or specialized consulting work. Some pursue additional certifications in areas like diabetes education, immunizations, or medication therapy management to expand their scope of practice and earning potential.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The pharmacy profession employs 321,970 professionals with a median annual salary of $140,910 according to BLS OEWS May 2025 data, ranging from $99,290 to $174,230 across the 10th to 90th percentiles. Geographic variation is moderate, with Alaska offering the highest wages at $167,310 compared to Puerto Rico at $111,270, representing a 1.50x ratio. Employment is concentrated in retail trade (163,000) and healthcare settings (121,660), with additional opportunities in government positions (9,550). The profession benefits from an aging population requiring more medications and expanded clinical pharmacy services in healthcare systems.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Pharmacists face moderate automation risk in dispensing activities but remain essential for clinical decision-making and patient counseling functions. While automated dispensing systems and robotics may handle routine prescription filling, the high-level cognitive work of evaluating drug interactions, monitoring patient compliance, and providing therapeutic consultations requires human expertise. The profession may evolve toward more clinical and consultative roles as technology handles routine dispensing tasks.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [skill_overlap] Nurse Practitioners (29-1171.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share high-importance skills in active listening (4.0), critical thinking (3.9), and service orientation, with similar healthcare knowledge requirements.
    data: Active Listening imp:4.0
    data: Critical Thinking imp:3.9
    data: Medicine and Dentistry knowledge
  [riasec_cluster] Physician Assistants (29-1071.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both occupations exhibit strong Investigative (I) and Social (S) RIASEC profiles, indicating similar analytical and helping-oriented work environments.
    data: RIASEC I:5.67, S:4.88
    data: Healthcare vertical
    data: Job Zone 5
  [task_similarity] Clinical Nurse Specialists (29-1141.04) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles involve collaborating with healthcare professionals to plan and monitor treatment effectiveness and maintaining detailed patient records.
    data: Collaborate with healthcare professionals task
    data: Maintain medical facility records
    data: Primary-Long relationship
  [knowledge_overlap] Emergency Medicine Physicians (29-1214.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both require extensive medicine and dentistry knowledge (imp:4.6 for pharmacists) and chemistry knowledge for drug interactions and treatments.
    data: Medicine and Dentistry imp:4.6
    data: Chemistry imp:4.1
    data: Primary-Short relationship
  [career_pathway] Family Medicine Physicians (29-1215.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Pharmacists often collaborate with family physicians and may transition to clinical pharmacy roles within family medicine practices.
    data: Collaborate with healthcare professionals
    data: Clinical Pharmacist job title
    data: Healthcare settings employment

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['pharmacist', 'pharmacy', 'medication', 'prescription', 'drug', 'pharmaceutical', 'dispense', 'clinical pharmacy']
  exclude_keywords : ['technician', 'aide', 'assistant', 'clerk', 'student']
  title_patterns   : ['pharmacist', 'pharmacy supervisor', 'clinical pharmacist', 'hospital pharmacist', 'pharmacy coordinator']
  common_variations: ['PharmD', 'Doctor of Pharmacy', 'clinical pharmacist', 'retail pharmacist', 'hospital pharmacist', 'pharmacy manager', 'pharmaceutical consultant', 'medication therapy management']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['pharmacy', 'pharmacists', 'pharmacist', 'tendency', 'practice', 'others', 'health', 'pharmaceutical', 'years', 'clinical', 'care', 'patients', 'equipment', 'university', 'drug', 'medical', 'medication', 'management', 'healthcare', 'standards']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
pharmacy                  167  0.02859  wikipedia            wikipedia:92%  inference:5%  onet_tasks:2%
pharmacists               127  0.02174  wikipedia            wikipedia:91%  inference:9%  onet_tasks:1%
pharmacist                 59  0.01010  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
tendency                   42  0.00719  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
practice                   41  0.00702  wikipedia            wikipedia:95%  inference:5%
others                     40  0.00685  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:95%  wikipedia:5%
health                     39  0.00668  wikipedia            wikipedia:79%  onet_tasks:10%  dwas:8%
pharmaceutical             37  0.00634  wikipedia            wikipedia:89%  onet_tasks:5%  inference:5%
years                      35  0.00599  wikipedia            wikipedia:97%  inference:3%
clinical                   31  0.00531  wikipedia            wikipedia:84%  inference:16%
care                       30  0.00514  wikipedia            wikipedia:90%  onet_dimensions:7%  onet_tasks:3%
patients                   29  0.00496  wikipedia            wikipedia:59%  onet_tasks:14%  dwas:14%
equipment                  27  0.00462  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:85%  dwas:11%  onet_tasks:4%
university                 27  0.00462  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
drug                       25  0.00428  wikipedia            wikipedia:60%  inference:20%  onet_tasks:16%
medical                    25  0.00428  dwas                 dwas:48%  wikipedia:36%  onet_tasks:12%
medication                 24  0.00411  wikipedia            wikipedia:58%  inference:33%  onet_tasks:8%
management                 21  0.00360  wikipedia            wikipedia:52%  onet_dimensions:33%  inference:10%
healthcare                 21  0.00360  inference            inference:38%  wikipedia:33%  dwas:24%
standards                  20  0.00342  wikipedia            wikipedia:60%  onet_dimensions:40%
school                     20  0.00342  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
program                    19  0.00325  wikipedia            wikipedia:89%  onet_dimensions:5%  inference:5%
monitoring                 17  0.00291  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:47%  wikipedia:29%  inference:24%
body                       17  0.00291  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:59%  wikipedia:41%
medicines                  17  0.00291  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
american                   17  0.00291  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
medications                16  0.00274  wikipedia            wikipedia:44%  inference:25%  dwas:19%
patient                    16  0.00274  wikipedia            wikipedia:50%  inference:31%  onet_tasks:12%
requirements               16  0.00274  wikipedia            wikipedia:88%  onet_tasks:6%  onet_dimensions:6%
includes                   16  0.00274  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:75%  wikipedia:25%
principles                 16  0.00274  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
states                     16  0.00274  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
drugs                      15  0.00257  wikipedia            wikipedia:73%  onet_tasks:20%  inference:7%
services                   15  0.00257  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:40%  wikipedia:27%  inference:20%
programs                   15  0.00257  wikipedia            wikipedia:73%  onet_dimensions:27%
accreditation              15  0.00257  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
interactions               14  0.00240  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:36%  inference:29%  wikipedia:21%
control                    14  0.00240  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:86%  onet_tasks:7%  wikipedia:7%
students                   14  0.00240  wikipedia            wikipedia:93%  onet_tasks:7%
public                     14  0.00240  wikipedia            wikipedia:71%  onet_dimensions:29%