[Core] [27% incumbents] Manage patients' airway or pulmonary status, using techniques such as endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, pharmacological support, respiratory therapy, and extubation.
  DWAs: Implement advanced life support techniques.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Monitor patients' responses, including skin color, pupil dilation, pulse, heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, ventilation, or urine output, using invasive and noninvasive techniques.
  DWAs: Monitor patient conditions during treatments, procedures, or activities.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Select, order, or administer anesthetics, adjuvant drugs, accessory drugs, fluids or blood products as necessary.
  DWAs: Administer intravenous medications. | Administer blood or other fluids intravenously. | Prescribe medications.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Select, prepare, or use equipment, monitors, supplies, or drugs for the administration of anesthetics.
  DWAs: Select medical equipment for addressing patient needs. | Prepare medications or medical solutions. | Prepare medical supplies or equipment for use.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Perform or manage regional anesthetic techniques, such as local, spinal, epidural, caudal, nerve blocks and intravenous blocks.
  DWAs: Administer anesthetics or sedatives to control pain.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Develop anesthesia care plans.
  DWAs: Develop medical treatment plans.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Obtain informed consent from patients for anesthesia procedures.
  DWAs: Process healthcare paperwork.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Prepare prescribed solutions and administer local, intravenous, spinal, or other anesthetics, following specified methods and procedures.
  DWAs: Prepare medications or medical solutions. | Administer anesthetics or sedatives to control pain. | Administer intravenous medications.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Perform pre-anesthetic screenings, including physical evaluations and patient interviews, and document results.
  DWAs: Collect medical information from patients, family members, or other medical professionals. | Examine patients to assess general physical condition. | Record patient medical histories.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Calibrate and test anesthesia equipment.
  DWAs: Examine medical instruments or equipment to ensure proper operation. | Maintain medical equipment or instruments.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Evaluate patients' post-surgical or post-anesthesia responses, taking appropriate corrective actions or requesting consultation if complications occur.
  DWAs: Monitor patient conditions during treatments, procedures, or activities. | Collaborate with healthcare professionals to plan or provide treatment.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Administer post-anesthesia medications or fluids to support patients' cardiovascular systems.
  DWAs: Administer intravenous medications. | Administer blood or other fluids intravenously.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Select and prescribe post-anesthesia medications or treatments to patients.
  DWAs: Prescribe medications.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Perform or evaluate the results of diagnostic tests, such as radiographs (x-rays) and electrocardiograms (EKGs).
  DWAs: Analyze test data or images to inform diagnosis or treatment. | Operate diagnostic imaging equipment.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Select, order, or administer pre-anesthetic medications.
  DWAs: Administer intravenous medications. | Prescribe medications.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Insert peripheral or central intravenous catheters.
  DWAs: Operate diagnostic or therapeutic medical instruments or equipment. | Administer basic health care or medical treatments.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Insert arterial catheters or perform arterial punctures to obtain arterial blood samples.
  DWAs: Collect biological specimens from patients.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Discharge patients from post-anesthesia care.
  DWAs: Process healthcare paperwork.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Read current literature, talk with colleagues, and participate in professional organizations or conferences to keep abreast of developments in nursing.
  DWAs: Maintain medical or professional knowledge.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Request anesthesia equipment repairs, adjustments, or safety tests.
  DWAs: Maintain medical equipment or instruments.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Instruct nurses, residents, interns, students, or other staff on topics such as anesthetic techniques, pain management and emergency responses.
  DWAs: Train medical providers.

[Core] [27% incumbents] Disassemble and clean anesthesia equipment.
  DWAs: Clean medical equipment or facilities.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Respond to emergency situations by providing airway management, administering emergency fluids or drugs, or using basic or advanced cardiac life support techniques.
  DWAs: Administer intravenous medications. | Treat medical emergencies. | Implement advanced life support techniques.

[Core] [26% incumbents] Assess patients' medical histories to predict anesthesia response.
  DWAs: Analyze patient data to determine patient needs or treatment goals.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:4.25) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.12 lvl:4.00) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Listening (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Speaking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Active Learning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Monitoring (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Science (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
  Writing (imp:3.38 lvl:3.50) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.38 lvl:3.50) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Mathematics (imp:3.25 lvl:3.25) — Using mathematics to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:4.85 lvl:6.22) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:4.63 lvl:6.00) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Biology (imp:4.63 lvl:5.04) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Chemistry (imp:4.33 lvl:4.93) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Mathematics (imp:4.26 lvl:4.88) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Education and Training (imp:4.26 lvl:5.33) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  English Language (imp:4.19 lvl:4.93) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Psychology (imp:4.04 lvl:5.30) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Physics (imp:4.00 lvl:4.56) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Computers and Electronics (imp:3.41 lvl:4.07) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Administration and Management (imp:3.22 lvl:3.96) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Law and Government (imp:3.19 lvl:3.33) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Public Safety and Security (imp:3.11 lvl:3.22) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:3.07 lvl:3.67) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Engineering and Technology (imp:3.07 lvl:3.33) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:3.04 lvl:3.81) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:2.96 lvl:3.93) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Mechanical (imp:2.76 lvl:3.07) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Economics and Accounting (imp:2.52 lvl:2.26) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Telecommunications (imp:2.52 lvl:2.11) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Communications and Media (imp:2.52 lvl:2.67) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Administrative (imp:2.37 lvl:2.74) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Production and Processing (imp:2.26 lvl:2.44) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:2.19 lvl:2.50) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Foreign Language (imp:2.04 lvl:2.33) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.85 lvl:1.63) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Design (imp:1.77 lvl:1.52) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Geography (imp:1.52 lvl:1.15) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  History and Archeology (imp:1.46 lvl:1.07) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Transportation (imp:1.46 lvl:0.78) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Building and Construction (imp:1.42 lvl:0.65) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Food Production (imp:1.15 lvl:0.19) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Fine Arts (imp:1.15 lvl:0.26) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform

--- ABILITIES ---
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:4.75 lvl:5.00) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:5.00) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:4.50) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Information Ordering (imp:4.12 lvl:4.00) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Oral Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Written Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Near Vision (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Speech Clarity (imp:4.00 lvl:3.38) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.75 lvl:3.38) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Selective Attention (imp:3.50 lvl:4.00) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.38 lvl:3.75) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.38 lvl:3.75) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Perceptual Speed (imp:3.38 lvl:3.38) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Speed of Closure (imp:3.25 lvl:3.25) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.25 lvl:3.25) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:3.25 lvl:3.12) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Originality (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Number Facility (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Visualization (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Time Sharing (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Manual Dexterity (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Finger Dexterity (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Memorization (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Control Precision (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Far Vision (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:2.88 lvl:2.75) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Reaction Time (imp:2.38 lvl:2.50) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Trunk Strength (imp:2.38 lvl:2.25) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:2.25 lvl:2.12) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Static Strength (imp:2.25 lvl:2.25) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Extent Flexibility (imp:2.25 lvl:2.12) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Rate Control (imp:2.12 lvl:2.12) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Stamina (imp:2.12 lvl:1.88) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Depth Perception (imp:2.12 lvl:2.12) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Dynamic Strength (imp:2.00 lvl:1.62) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:2.00 lvl:1.25) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:2.00 lvl:1.25) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Response Orientation (imp:1.88 lvl:1.75) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.88 lvl:1.12) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.25 lvl:0.38) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:4.85 lvl:6.78) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Getting Information (imp:4.74 lvl:5.74) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:4.68 lvl:5.50) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.65 lvl:6.00) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.63 lvl:6.12) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:4.62 lvl:5.74) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:4.56 lvl:5.44) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:4.52 lvl:5.26) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.50 lvl:5.41) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:4.46 lvl:6.52) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:4.37 lvl:5.19) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Processing Information (imp:4.30 lvl:5.59) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:4.19 lvl:5.19) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:4.19 lvl:5.27) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Working with Computers (imp:4.15 lvl:3.67) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.96 lvl:5.19) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:3.89 lvl:4.04) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:3.89 lvl:4.77) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.89 lvl:4.52) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.88 lvl:4.52) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:3.85 lvl:4.77) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.81 lvl:4.19) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.77 lvl:4.35) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:3.74 lvl:4.78) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.73 lvl:4.52) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.70 lvl:4.33) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:3.69 lvl:4.54) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.67 lvl:4.41) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.59 lvl:4.67) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.54 lvl:4.23) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.46 lvl:4.27) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:3.41 lvl:4.04) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.37 lvl:4.59) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:3.08 lvl:3.58) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.04 lvl:3.78) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:2.81 lvl:2.33) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.73 lvl:3.48) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:2.67 lvl:2.56) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:2.67 lvl:3.15) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:2.35 lvl:2.00) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.96 lvl:1.67) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:10.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Cooperation (imp:9.00) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:8.00) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Self-Control (imp:7.00) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Stress Tolerance (imp:6.00) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Empathy (imp:5.00) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Perseverance (imp:4.00) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Adaptability (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Attention to Detail (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Stress Tolerance (imp:3.00) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Dependability (imp:2.93) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Cautiousness (imp:2.74) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Self-Control (imp:2.63) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Integrity (imp:2.55) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cooperation (imp:2.43) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Adaptability (imp:2.26) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Perseverance (imp:2.19) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:2.14) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Empathy (imp:2.14) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Sincerity (imp:2.07) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Self-Confidence (imp:2.05) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.04) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Sincerity (imp:2.00) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.66) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative (imp:1.66) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Leadership Orientation (imp:1.39) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility (imp:1.12) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Social Orientation (imp:1.11) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Optimism (imp:1.10) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.00) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Innovation (imp:0.72) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Cautiousness () — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Attention to Detail () — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Dependability () — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Integrity () — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:4.00 lvl:4.25) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Service Orientation (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Coordination (imp:3.38 lvl:3.88) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Time Management (imp:3.38 lvl:3.38) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Instructing (imp:3.25 lvl:3.75) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:3.25 lvl:3.25) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Persuasion (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Negotiation (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Operation and Control (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Equipment Selection (imp:2.75 lvl:2.75) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Operations Analysis (imp:2.62 lvl:3.00) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Troubleshooting (imp:2.38 lvl:2.50) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:2.25 lvl:2.12) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Management of Material Resources (imp:2.25 lvl:2.12) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Repairing (imp:2.00 lvl:2.12) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Technology Design (imp:1.88 lvl:1.00) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Programming (imp:1.25 lvl:0.38) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 51,840
  annual_median    : $236,590
  annual_pct10     : $155,250
  annual_pct25     : $206,730
  annual_pct75     : $294,350
  annual_pct90     : $339,500
  annual_mean      : $248,320
  hourly_median    : $113.75

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Alaska ($341,210)
  lowest_state     : Utah ($126,600)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.695x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (44 total) ---
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:   50,180  median: $ 236,410
  Educational Services                     emp:      890  median: $ 244,810
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      290  median: $ 248,660

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (3 total) ---
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:   50,180  median: $ 236,410
  Educational Services                     emp:      890  median: $ 244,810
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      290  median: $ 248,660

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Nurse anesthetist
match_score        : 0.9714
wikidata_qid       : Q354153
word_count         : 1,222
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_anesthetist
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T21:36:20.424789Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
A nurse anesthetist is an advanced practice nurse who administers anesthesia for surgery or other medical procedures. They are involved in the administration of anesthesia in a majority of countries, with varying levels of autonomy. Nurse anesthetists provide all services of anesthesia of the medication care for patients before, during, and after surgery. Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists, (CRNA) are dedicated to give advanced profession of patient safety through experiences, collaboration of diverse ideas, advocacy, and professional development. In some localities, nurse anesthetists provide anesthesia to patients independently; in others they do so under the supervision of anesthesiologists. The International Federation of Nurse Anesthetists was established in 1989 as a forum for developing standards of education, practice, and a code of ethics.


== History of CRNAs ==

In the United States, nurse anesthetists are called Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs). CRNAs account for approximately half of the anesthesia providers in the United States and are the main providers of anesthesia in rural America.
Nurses have been providing anesthesia care to patients since the American Civil War. Nurse anesthetists are considered an essential role to the health care workforce. They provide pain management and emergency services to the air way management which is very important to patients in the Civil War. The National Association of Nurse Anesthetists professional association was established by Agatha Hodgkins in 1931. Depending on the local system of healthcare, they participate only during the operation itself, or may also be involved before and after (for preanesthetic assessment and immediate postoperative management).It was renamed the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists in 1939. The group established educational institutions for nurse anesthetists in 1952, and established the CRNA certification in 1957. AANA continuing education was established in 1977. As of 2011, some 92% of CRNAs in the U.S.  were represented by the AANA.
Scope of practice rules vary between healthcare facility and state. Before 2001, Medicare required, that physicians supervise CRNAs in the administration of anesthesia. In 2001, Medicare's rules changed, allowing individual states to decide whether CRNAs may administer anesthesia without physician supervision. In the absence of a state requirement that anesthesiologists supervise CRNAs, individual healthcare facilities decide. CRNA organizations have lobbied in many states for the ability to practice without anesthesiologist supervision; these efforts are opposed by physician groups. In 2011, sixteen states granted CRNAs autonomy, allowing them to practice without anesthesiologist oversight. In 2017, there were 27 states in which CRNAs could independently practice (that is, "without a written collaborative agreement, supervision or conditions for practice"). In 2020, there was no physician supervision requirement for nurse anesthetists in ambulatory surgical facilities in 31 states In states that have opted out of supervision, the Joint Commission and CMS recognize CRNAs as licensed independent practitioners. In states requiring supervision, CRNAs have liability separate from supervising practitioners and are able to administer anesthesia independently of anesthesiologists.


== Education ==
A nurse anesthetist will need to complete two to three years of higher education, beyond the bachelor's of nursing degree.
Before becoming a nurse anesthetist, one must complete a few years of a bachelor's-level registered nursing. A minimum of one year of full-time work experience as a registered nurse in a critical care setting is required before applying to CRNA school. The average experience of RNs entering nurse anesthesia educational programs is 2.9 years. Nurse anesthetists are required to attend accredited educations programs covering all areas of anesthesia. This education provides training about the anesthetics needed for patients in any type of procedure or surgery. After completing an accredited program, CRNAs must pass a national certification exam to acquire this designation. It is important to have the best education for this field for the significance of anesthesia. By 2025 the Council on Accreditation, the organization which accredits nurse anesthetist programs, will require all graduating CRNAs to be doctorate prepared.


== Salary ==
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, a CRNA salary is around $181,040. Salaries within the US vary by state.  Overall employment for nurse anesthetists and other medical professions is projected to grow 45 percent from 2020 to 2030.


== Work environment ==
CRNAs typically work in healthcare settings such as emergency rooms, intensive care units, and operating rooms. Their environment is with medical and surgical teams with procedures that can occur anytime. Some partnerships they work with are anesthesiologists, dentists, surgeons, and other medics in serving patients who need of receiving anesthesia. Nurse anesthetists are an essential part of everyday medical facilities. The need of CRNAs is anticipated to grow.


== Skills and procedures ==
Nurse anesthetists work with anesthesiologist, surgeons, and doctors to supply anesthetics to patients. CRNAs are responsible to communicate with the surgeon or team of the patient's health history and designing a plan for anesthesia. The procedures that nurse anesthetists offer include:

Evaluation of the patient prior to anesthesia
Physical assessment and teaching before the anesthesia
Administering patients' anesthesia
Conserve the anesthesia during each operation
Cope the recovery from the anesthesia


== Roles and responsibilities ==
CRNAs have important roles when it comes to patient care. They need to meet all the patients' standards and help ensure the patient is in good condition before receiving an anesthesia plan.Some of the roles and responsibilities a CRNA need to require for this position include: 

Bedside manner
Record-keeping skills
Communication skills
Teamwork with other nurses and doctors
Inhaled anesthesia administration
Administration of blood and medication
Epidural placement
Placement of arterial and central lines
The CRNA profession requires an understanding, accurate, and responsible attitude to work this position. You must have strong communication skills with the patient and your team to become a CRNA. The freedom of a nurse anesthetist is expanded compared to an RN that allows you to oversee the patient and with your team. 


== Nurse anesthetist vs. anesthesiologist ==
Nurse anesthetist and physician anesthesiologists have certain distinctions, however they share many similarities. Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists are nurses who have specialized training to independently perform anesthesia. In comparison, an anesthesiologist is a trained physician who specializes in anesthesia.


== Terminology ==
The AANA recognizes Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist, CRNA, nurse anesthetist, and nurse anesthesiologist as equivalent titles. The use of nurse anesthetist is substantially more common than the use of nurse anesthesiologist; terms anesthesia nurse and anesthetist nurse are unheard of.
Use of the term nurse anesthesiologist has been criticized by those who argue that the term anesthesiologist should be limited to medical doctors. For example, groups representing anesthesiologists and other medical doctors, such as the American Medical Association (AMA) and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), oppose the use of this phrase to describe CRNAs and call it misleading.
In 2021, after a year-long rebranding effort, the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists changed its name to the American Association of Nurse Anesthesiology. The name change was condemned by physician groups, including the AMA, ASA, American Board of Anesthesiology,  American Board of Medical Specialties, and Am

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: American Association of Nurse Anesthesiology (similarity: 0.4516)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Nurse_Anesthesiology
  QID: Q4743075
  Extract: The American Association of Nurse Anesthesiology (AANA), previously named the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, is a professional association for nurse anesthetists in the United States. The organization states that it has a membership of more than 62,000 and represents approximately 90% o

  Title: Nurse practitioner (similarity: 0.5000)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_practitioner
  QID: Q595071
  Extract: A nurse practitioner (NP) is an advanced practice registered nurse and a type of mid-level practitioner. NPs are trained to assess patient needs, order and interpret diagnostic and laboratory tests, diagnose disease, prescribe medications, and formulate treatment plans. NP training covers basic dise

  Title: Anesthesiology (similarity: 0.5000)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesiology
  QID: Q615057
  Extract: Anesthesiology, anaesthesiology or anaesthesia is the medical specialty concerned with the total perioperative care of patients before, during and after surgery. It encompasses anesthesia, intensive care medicine, critical emergency medicine, and pain medicine. A physician specialized in anesthesiol

  Title: Advanced practice nurse (similarity: 0.2439)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_practice_nurse
  QID: Q12615130
  Extract: An advanced practice nurse (APN) is a nurse with post-graduate education and training in nursing. Nurses practising at this level may work in either a specialist or generalist capacity. APNs are prepared with advanced didactic and clinical education, knowledge, skills, and scope of practice in nursi

  Title: Conrad Murray (similarity: 0.2581)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Murray
  QID: Q1126936
  Extract: Conrad Robert Murray is a Grenadian-born American former physician convicted for his role in the death of American singer and dancer Michael Jackson. He was the personal doctor of Jackson on the day of the singer's death in 2009. In 2011, during People v. Murray, Murray was convicted of involuntary 

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong confidence based on comprehensive O*NET data, clear Wikipedia validation, detailed task descriptions, and robust wage data from BLS OEWS May 2025.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T19:01:08.730598+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,684
tokens_output        : 4,548
cost_usd             : $0.051666
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Nurse anesthetist
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia match confirms the role as an advanced practice nurse specializing in anesthesia administration with varying levels of autonomy across different healthcare settings. The article validates the comprehensive scope of anesthesia care provided before, during, and after surgical procedures.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Nurse Anesthetists are advanced practice registered nurses who specialize in the administration of anesthesia for surgical and medical procedures, requiring extensive graduate education beyond their RN license. They monitor patients' vital signs, manage airway and pulmonary status, and oversee patient recovery from anesthesia while working collaboratively with anesthesiologists, surgeons, and other medical professionals. These highly skilled healthcare providers combine deep medical knowledge with critical decision-making abilities to ensure patient safety during some of the most vulnerable moments in medical care.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
A nurse anesthetist begins their day by conducting pre-anesthetic screenings, including physical evaluations and patient interviews to assess medical history and current health status. They develop individualized anesthesia care plans, select and prepare appropriate equipment, monitors, supplies, and medications for each procedure. During surgery, they continuously monitor patients' responses including skin color, pupil dilation, pulse, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration while adjusting anesthetic levels as needed. They manage complex airway procedures such as endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation, and administer various anesthetic techniques including local, spinal, epidural, and intravenous methods. Post-procedure, they oversee patient recovery, document all care provided, and ensure proper calibration and maintenance of anesthesia equipment.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel as nurse anesthetists possess exceptional intellectual curiosity and strong analytical minds, as evidenced by the role's emphasis on continuous learning and complex problem-solving in high-stakes situations. They demonstrate remarkable stress tolerance and self-control, essential traits for managing life-critical decisions during surgical emergencies while maintaining precise technical execution. The combination of high Social and Investigative RIASEC scores indicates success for those who blend strong interpersonal skills with scientific inquiry and systematic thinking. These professionals must exhibit outstanding cooperation and achievement orientation, working seamlessly within surgical teams while maintaining the highest standards of patient care and safety.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry into this profession requires completion of a Bachelor's degree in nursing, obtaining RN licensure, and gaining critical care experience typically in intensive care units or emergency departments. Candidates must then complete a specialized master's or doctoral degree program in nurse anesthesia, which includes extensive clinical training and typically takes 24-36 months to complete. The education distribution shows 55.6% hold doctoral degrees and 40.7% hold master's degrees, reflecting the profession's advanced preparation requirements. Upon graduation, practitioners must pass a national certification examination to become Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs).

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Nurse anesthetists can advance into leadership roles such as chief CRNAs, program directors for nurse anesthesia education programs, or specialized positions in complex surgical subspecialties like cardiac or pediatric anesthesia. Many pursue doctoral degrees to move into academic positions, research, or healthcare administration roles. Some establish independent practice arrangements or consulting roles, while others may transition into related advanced practice nursing specialties or pursue additional certifications in pain management or critical care.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
According to BLS OEWS May 2025, nurse anesthetists command a median annual salary of $236,590, with the top 10% earning up to $339,500, reflecting the critical nature and extensive training required for this role. Employment of 51,840 professionals is concentrated primarily in health care and social assistance settings, with significant geographic wage variation from Utah's $126,600 to Alaska's $341,210 (2.69x ratio). The profession shows strong demand driven by an aging population requiring more surgical procedures and ongoing shortages of anesthesiologists in many regions. Rural and underserved areas particularly rely on CRNAs to provide anesthesia services, creating opportunities for autonomous practice and higher compensation packages.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
The hands-on nature of anesthesia administration, requiring real-time assessment of patient responses and immediate decision-making during medical emergencies, provides substantial protection from automation. While technology may enhance monitoring capabilities and decision support systems, the core activities of airway management, patient assessment, and critical thinking during surgical procedures remain fundamentally human-centered and require the nuanced judgment that characterizes advanced nursing practice.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [skill_overlap] Anesthesiologists (29-1211.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share identical core medical knowledge in anesthesia administration and patient monitoring with overlapping responsibilities in surgical settings.
    data: Medicine and Dentistry knowledge (imp:4.8)
    data: Assisting and Caring for Others activity (imp:4.8)
    data: Critical Thinking skill (imp:4.1)
  [task_similarity] Anesthesiologist Assistants (29-1071.01) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles involve direct anesthesia administration, patient monitoring, and equipment management with similar technical skill requirements.
    data: Anesthesia administration tasks
    data: Patient monitoring activities
    data: Equipment calibration responsibilities
  [career_pathway] Nurse Practitioners (29-1171.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both are advanced practice nursing roles requiring graduate education beyond RN licensure with similar educational pathways and nursing foundations.
    data: Master's/Doctoral degree requirements
    data: Advanced practice nursing designation
    data: Job Zone 5 classification
  [career_pathway] Critical Care Nurses (29-1141.03) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Critical care nursing experience is typically required before entering nurse anesthesia programs, representing a common career progression pathway.
    data: Patient monitoring skills
    data: Critical thinking requirements
    data: High-acuity patient care experience
  [career_pathway] Registered Nurses (29-1141.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: RN licensure and experience serve as the foundational requirement for all nurse anesthetist education and practice.
    data: Nursing foundation requirement
    data: Patient care activities
    data: Healthcare documentation responsibilities
  [riasec_cluster] Nurse Midwives (29-1161.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both advanced practice nursing specialties share high Social and Investigative RIASEC profiles with similar patient advocacy and clinical decision-making focus.
    data: Advanced practice nursing education
    data: Autonomous clinical practice
    data: Patient care specialization
  [skill_overlap] Emergency Medicine Physicians (29-1214.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles require rapid critical thinking and life-support interventions with shared competencies in airway management and emergency procedures.
    data: Advanced life support techniques
    data: Critical decision-making under pressure
    data: Emergency airway management

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['nurse anesthetist', 'CRNA', 'certified registered nurse anesthetist', 'anesthesia nurse', 'nurse anesthesia', 'anesthetist nurse', 'staff CRNA', 'anesthesia specialist nurse']
  exclude_keywords : ['anesthesiologist', 'physician anesthesiologist', 'medical doctor', 'anesthesiologist assistant', 'anesthesia technician']
  title_patterns   : ['*nurse anesthetist*', '*CRNA*', '*certified registered nurse anesthetist*', '*anesthesia nurse*', '*staff nurse anesthetist*']
  common_variations: ['Nurse Anesthetist', 'Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist', 'CRNA', 'Staff CRNA', 'Anesthesia Nurse', 'Certified Nurse Anesthetist', 'Staff Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist', 'Anesthesia Specialist Nurse']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['nurse', 'anesthesia', 'tendency', 'others', 'equipment', 'medical', 'anesthetists', 'patients', 'care', 'patient', 'crnas', 'procedures', 'techniques', 'administer', 'principles', 'practice', 'medications', 'control', 'management', 'advanced']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
nurse                      55  0.01542  wikipedia            wikipedia:84%  inference:16%
anesthesia                 47  0.01318  wikipedia            wikipedia:55%  inference:23%  onet_tasks:21%
tendency                   42  0.01178  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
others                     40  0.01122  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:95%  wikipedia:2%  inference:2%
equipment                  37  0.01038  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:62%  dwas:22%  onet_tasks:11%
medical                    34  0.00953  dwas                 dwas:50%  wikipedia:26%  inference:18%
anesthetists               27  0.00757  wikipedia            wikipedia:81%  inference:19%
patients                   25  0.00701  wikipedia            wikipedia:44%  onet_tasks:32%  dwas:12%
care                       24  0.00673  wikipedia            wikipedia:42%  inference:38%  onet_tasks:8%
patient                    22  0.00617  wikipedia            wikipedia:36%  inference:32%  dwas:27%
crnas                      22  0.00617  wikipedia            wikipedia:86%  inference:14%
procedures                 21  0.00589  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:38%  inference:24%  wikipedia:19%
techniques                 18  0.00505  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:56%  onet_tasks:28%  dwas:11%
administer                 17  0.00477  dwas                 dwas:59%  onet_tasks:24%  wikipedia:12%
principles                 16  0.00449  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
practice                   16  0.00449  wikipedia            wikipedia:62%  inference:38%
medications                15  0.00421  dwas                 dwas:67%  onet_tasks:20%  wikipedia:7%
control                    15  0.00421  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  dwas:13%  inference:7%
management                 14  0.00393  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:50%  wikipedia:21%  onet_tasks:14%
advanced                   13  0.00365  wikipedia            wikipedia:38%  inference:38%  dwas:15%
includes                   13  0.00365  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  inference:8%
anesthetist                13  0.00365  wikipedia            wikipedia:92%  inference:8%
american                   13  0.00365  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
ideas                      12  0.00336  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  wikipedia:8%
objects                    12  0.00336  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
activities                 12  0.00336  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:75%  dwas:17%  inference:8%
states                     12  0.00336  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
surgical                   11  0.00309  inference            inference:64%  wikipedia:27%  onet_tasks:9%
needs                      11  0.00309  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  dwas:18%  wikipedia:9%
standards                  11  0.00309  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  wikipedia:18%  inference:9%
anesthesiologist           11  0.00309  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
administration             10  0.00280  wikipedia            wikipedia:40%  inference:40%  onet_tasks:10%
physical                   10  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:60%  onet_tasks:10%  dwas:10%
rules                      10  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  wikipedia:20%
materials                  10  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
body                       10  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
orientation                10  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  inference:10%
healthcare                 10  0.00280  wikipedia            wikipedia:40%  dwas:30%  inference:30%
anesthesiologists          10  0.00280  wikipedia            wikipedia:80%  inference:20%
association                10  0.00280  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%