[Core] [28% incumbents] Examine patients with problems related to ocular motility, binocular vision, amblyopia, or strabismus.
  DWAs: Test patient vision. | Examine patients to assess general physical condition.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Evaluate, diagnose, or treat disorders of the visual system with an emphasis on binocular vision or abnormal eye movements.
  DWAs: Diagnose medical conditions. | Treat chronic diseases or disorders.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Provide instructions to patients or family members concerning diagnoses or treatment plans.
  DWAs: Explain medical procedures or test results to patients or family members.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Perform diagnostic tests or measurements, such as motor testing, visual acuity testing, lensometry, retinoscopy, and color vision testing.
  DWAs: Test patient vision.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Provide nonsurgical interventions, including corrective lenses, patches, drops, fusion exercises, or stereograms, to treat conditions such as strabismus, heterophoria, and convergence insufficiency.
  DWAs: Treat chronic diseases or disorders.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Develop nonsurgical treatment plans for patients with conditions such as strabismus, nystagmus, and other visual disorders.
  DWAs: Develop medical treatment plans.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Interpret clinical or diagnostic test results.
  DWAs: Analyze test data or images to inform diagnosis or treatment.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Develop or use special test and communication techniques to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of children or patients with disabilities.
  DWAs: Develop health assessment methods or programs.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Provide training related to clinical methods or orthoptics to students, resident physicians, or other health professionals.
  DWAs: Train medical providers.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Refer patients to ophthalmic surgeons or other physicians.
  DWAs: Refer patients to other healthcare practitioners or health resources.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Prepare diagnostic or treatment reports for other medical practitioners or therapists.
  DWAs: Prepare reports summarizing patient diagnostic or care activities.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Collaborate with ophthalmologists, optometrists, or other specialists in the diagnosis, treatment, or management of conditions such as glaucoma, cataracts, and retinal diseases.
  DWAs: Collaborate with healthcare professionals to plan or provide treatment.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Perform vision screening of children in schools or community health centers.
  DWAs: Test patient vision.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Present or publish scientific papers.
  DWAs: Present medical research reports.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Participate in clinical research projects.
  DWAs: Conduct research to increase knowledge about medical issues.

[Core] [28% incumbents] Assist ophthalmologists in diagnostic ophthalmic procedures, such as ultrasonography, fundus photography, and tonometry.
  DWAs: Assist healthcare practitioners during examinations or treatments.

--- SKILLS ---
  Active Listening (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Critical Thinking (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Speaking (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Reading Comprehension (imp:3.62 lvl:4.62) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Science (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
  Writing (imp:3.50 lvl:4.00) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Active Learning (imp:3.25 lvl:3.88) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.25 lvl:3.88) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Monitoring (imp:3.12 lvl:3.75) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Mathematics (imp:2.75 lvl:3.00) — Using mathematics to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:4.22 lvl:3.79) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  English Language (imp:4.22 lvl:4.43) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:3.74 lvl:4.82) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Education and Training (imp:3.74 lvl:5.11) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Psychology (imp:3.37 lvl:4.11) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Biology (imp:3.22 lvl:3.21) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:2.89 lvl:3.29) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Mathematics (imp:2.85 lvl:3.29) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Administrative (imp:2.59 lvl:3.46) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Physics (imp:2.59 lvl:2.36) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Computers and Electronics (imp:2.31 lvl:2.71) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:2.31 lvl:2.18) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Administration and Management (imp:2.27 lvl:2.32) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.20 lvl:2.52) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.11 lvl:1.61) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Communications and Media (imp:2.07 lvl:1.96) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Chemistry (imp:1.81 lvl:1.89) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Foreign Language (imp:1.78 lvl:1.43) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Mechanical (imp:1.73 lvl:1.39) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Telecommunications (imp:1.63 lvl:0.75) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.56 lvl:1.50) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Law and Government (imp:1.56 lvl:1.11) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Production and Processing (imp:1.48 lvl:0.89) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Economics and Accounting (imp:1.33 lvl:0.71) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Geography (imp:1.30 lvl:0.79) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Transportation (imp:1.30 lvl:0.61) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.26 lvl:0.57) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.22 lvl:0.57) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Design (imp:1.22 lvl:0.54) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  History and Archeology (imp:1.15 lvl:0.43) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Fine Arts (imp:1.04 lvl:0.11) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  Food Production (imp:1.00 lvl:0.04) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Building and Construction (imp:1.00 lvl:0.04) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r

--- ABILITIES ---
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.50) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Written Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.12) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.38) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.75) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.75 lvl:3.62) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.75 lvl:3.62) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Near Vision (imp:3.62 lvl:3.88) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.12 lvl:3.88) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Perceptual Speed (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Originality (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Information Ordering (imp:3.00 lvl:3.62) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.00 lvl:3.50) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Selective Attention (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Finger Dexterity (imp:3.00 lvl:3.38) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Far Vision (imp:3.00 lvl:3.50) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Visualization (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Manual Dexterity (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Control Precision (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Time Sharing (imp:2.62 lvl:2.38) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.50 lvl:2.00) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:2.38 lvl:2.38) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Number Facility (imp:2.25 lvl:2.25) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Memorization (imp:2.25 lvl:2.62) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Trunk Strength (imp:2.00 lvl:1.38) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.75 lvl:1.00) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Static Strength (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Depth Perception (imp:1.62 lvl:0.88) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.50 lvl:0.62) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.50 lvl:0.62) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Response Orientation (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Reaction Time (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:4.60 lvl:4.32) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:4.52 lvl:4.93) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Getting Information (imp:4.48 lvl:4.96) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.41 lvl:4.68) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.26 lvl:4.52) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:4.19 lvl:4.36) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:4.15 lvl:4.86) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:4.12 lvl:5.04) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.07 lvl:5.00) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:4.07 lvl:4.04) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:4.07 lvl:4.93) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Working with Computers (imp:3.96 lvl:2.93) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:3.85 lvl:4.11) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Processing Information (imp:3.44 lvl:4.39) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.23 lvl:3.00) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.12 lvl:3.78) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.08 lvl:3.79) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.00 lvl:3.93) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.00 lvl:3.32) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.00 lvl:3.54) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.00 lvl:3.29) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:2.96 lvl:2.89) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Thinking Creatively (imp:2.93 lvl:3.18) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:2.89 lvl:2.96) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:2.88 lvl:3.22) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:2.81 lvl:2.85) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.74 lvl:2.73) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:2.73 lvl:3.37) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:2.67 lvl:3.11) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:2.44 lvl:1.89) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:2.38 lvl:2.64) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:2.30 lvl:2.11) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:2.30 lvl:1.75) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.11 lvl:2.57) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:1.89 lvl:1.68) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.74 lvl:1.64) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:1.74 lvl:1.64) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.62 lvl:0.81) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.44 lvl:1.00) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.22 lvl:0.36) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.11 lvl:0.29) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:5.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:4.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Cautiousness (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Attention to Detail (imp:2.67) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Dependability (imp:2.39) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Cautiousness (imp:2.28) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Cooperation (imp:2.22) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Empathy (imp:2.04) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation (imp:2.00) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:1.97) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Integrity (imp:1.92) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:1.89) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Social Orientation (imp:1.81) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Self-Control (imp:1.73) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Sincerity (imp:1.72) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.70) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Perseverance (imp:1.67) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.35) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Adaptability (imp:1.26) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.24) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Innovation (imp:1.23) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Optimism (imp:1.16) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Initiative (imp:1.13) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Humility (imp:1.06) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Empathy (imp:1.00) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Leadership Orientation (imp:0.61) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Achievement Orientation () — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Intellectual Curiosity () — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Integrity () — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.75 lvl:4.00) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Service Orientation (imp:3.38 lvl:4.00) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.38 lvl:3.75) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.38 lvl:3.88) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Instructing (imp:3.25 lvl:3.88) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Time Management (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Persuasion (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Operations Analysis (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.38 lvl:2.50) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Negotiation (imp:2.25 lvl:2.62) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Technology Design (imp:1.88 lvl:1.25) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Programming (imp:1.75 lvl:0.75) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.75 lvl:1.00) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Operation and Control (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Management of Material Resources (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 28,630
  annual_median    : $115,210
  annual_pct10     : $65,210
  annual_pct25     : $83,780
  annual_pct75     : $161,470
  annual_pct90     : $195,190
  annual_mean      : $127,660
  hourly_median    : $55.39

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Maryland ($164,670)
  lowest_state     : Rhode Island ($81,280)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.026x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (44 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   19,380  median: $ 126,300
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    7,660  median: $  87,370
  Educational Services                     emp:      890  median: $  82,690
  Retail Trade                             emp:      120  median: $  56,070
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      120  median: $  73,490
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:       90  median: $ 134,080
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:       70  median: $ 100,760
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:       50  median: $  49,730

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (8 total) ---
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:   19,380  median: $ 126,300
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    7,660  median: $  87,370
  Educational Services                     emp:      890  median: $  82,690
  Retail Trade                             emp:      120  median: $  56,070
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      120  median: $  73,490
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:       90  median: $ 134,080
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:       70  median: $ 100,760
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:       50  median: $  49,730

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Orthoptics
match_score        : 0.8571
wikidata_qid       : Q1241279
word_count         : 693
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoptics
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T21:43:17.507900Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
Orthoptics is a profession allied to the eye care profession. Orthoptists are the experts in diagnosing and treating defects in eye movements and problems with how the eyes work together, called binocular vision. These can be caused by issues with the muscles around the eyes or defects in the nerves enabling the brain to communicate with the eyes. Orthoptists are responsible for the diagnosis and non-surgical management of strabismus (cross-eyed), amblyopia (lazy eye) and eye movement disorders. The word orthoptics comes from the Greek words ὀρθός orthos, "straight" and ὀπτικός optikοs, "relating to sight" and much of the practice of orthoptists concerns disorders of binocular vision and defects of eye movement. Orthoptists are trained professionals who specialize in orthoptic treatment, such as eye patches, eye exercises, prisms or glasses. They commonly work with paediatric patients and also adult patients with neurological conditions such as stroke, brain tumours or multiple sclerosis.  With specific training, in some countries orthoptists may be involved in monitoring of some forms of eye disease, such as glaucoma, cataract screening and diabetic retinopathy.


== Effectiveness ==
For children, there is evidence that orthoptics is more effective at treating convergence insufficiency than home-based pencil or computer training; for adults the effectiveness is less evident.


== History ==
Orthoptics has a long history in supporting ophthalmic care. French ophthalmologist Louis Emile Javal began using ocular exercises to treat strabismus (squint) and described the practice of orthoptics in his writings in the late 19th century. Mary Maddox pioneered the orthoptic profession and was the first documented orthoptist. She was trained by her father, Ernest E. Maddox, in response to increasing patient demand and time needed to examine and treat patients. Ernest Maddox was a reputed ophthalmologist as well as the inventor of various instruments for investigating binocular vision. Mary Maddox started her own practice in London in the early 1920s and her first hospital clinic opened at the Royal Westminster Hospital in 1928. The first Australian hospital clinic with orthoptists was established at the Alfred Hospital in Melbourne in 1931.


== Current orthoptic practice ==
Orthoptists are mainly involved with diagnosing and managing patients with binocular vision disorders which relate to amblyopia, eye movement disorders, extraocular muscle balance such as with version, refractive errors, vergence, accommodation imbalances, positive relative accommodation and negative relative accommodation. They work closely with ophthalmologists to ensure that patients with eye muscle disorders are offered a full range of treatment options. According to the International Orthoptic Association, professional orthoptic practice involves the following:

Primary activities
Ocular motility diagnosis and co-management
Vision screening. In the UK all school vision screening programmes for children between age 4–5 years is orthoptic led. Screening is either conducted by orthoptists or by health professionals who have received extensive training and certification from their local orthoptic department.
Assessment of special needs
Assessment and rehabilitation in neurological disorders
Secondary activities
Low vision assessment and management
Glaucoma assessment and stable glaucoma management
Biometry (includes sonography work)
Fundus photography and screening
Visual electrodiagnosis
Retinoscopy and refraction, such as using a phoropter to assess refractive errors
Further activities
Specific outpatient waiting list initiatives to reduce the delay for children referred to the eye clinic (filter screening)
Joint multidisciplinary children's vision screening clinics (orthoptics/optometry)
Organisation/prioritisation of the strabismus surgical admissions list according to agreed criteria
Assistance with surgical procedures


== Qualifications and training ==
In the US, students of orthoptics must attend two years of fellowship training. As of 2019, there were thirteen programs affiliated with medical facilities or universities in the US and three in Canada offering an orthoptic curriculum.
In the United Kingdom, Austria, Switzerland and Germany, the orthoptic degree is a full time three-year course, including hospital placements to develop and refine clinical skills and specialism.
Admission criteria vary from school to school; however, national regulations require completion of a baccalaureate degree prior to sitting for the national certifying exams. A personal interview is customarily part of the admissions process. In the UK the majority of orthoptists are employed by the NHS in hospitals or community eye services. They contribute to the wider eye care teams, alongside ophthalmologists and optometrists.


== See also ==


== References ==

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Vision therapy (similarity: 0.3200)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_therapy
  QID: Q7936207
  Extract: Vision therapy (VT), or behavioral optometry, is an umbrella term for alternative medicine treatments using eye exercises, based around the pseudoscientific claim that vision problems are the true underlying cause of learning difficulties, particularly in children. Vision therapy has not been shown 

  Title: Eye care professional (similarity: 0.1250)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_care_professional
  QID: Q5422651
  Extract: An eye care professional is an individual who provides a service related to the eyes or vision. It is any healthcare worker involved in eye care, from one with a small amount of post-secondary training to practitioners with a doctoral level of education.

  Title: Magic Eye (similarity: 0.1000)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Eye
  QID: Q6730687
  Extract: Magic Eye is a series of books that feature autostereograms, a series of two-dimensional (2D) images that can create the optical illusion of a three-dimensional (3D) scene.

  Title: Pinhole occluder (similarity: 0.1481)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinhole_occluder
  QID: Q924325
  Extract: A pinhole occluder is an opaque disk with one or more small holes through it, used by ophthalmologists, orthoptists and optometrists to test visual acuity. The occluder is a simple way to focus light, as in a pinhole camera, temporarily removing the effects of refractive errors such as myopia. Becau

  Title: Red reflex (similarity: 0.0952)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_reflex
  QID: Q7305373
  Extract: The red reflex refers to the reddish-orange reflection of light from the back of the eye, or fundus, observed when using an ophthalmoscope or retinoscope. The red reflex may be absent or poorly visible in people with dark eyes, and may appear yellow in Asians or green/blue in Africans.

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong confidence supported by comprehensive O*NET data, BLS wage statistics, and Wikipedia validation. The specialized nature of orthoptics provides clear role definition with distinct tasks and required competencies.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T19:29:36.362335+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,699
tokens_output        : 4,369
cost_usd             : $0.048322
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Orthoptics
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia article confirms orthoptics as a profession focused on diagnosing and treating eye movement defects and binocular vision problems. It validates the role's specialization in non-surgical interventions for visual disorders.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Orthoptists are specialized healthcare professionals who diagnose and treat visual system disorders, particularly focusing on binocular vision problems, eye movement impairments, strabismus, and amblyopia. They work closely with patients to develop and implement non-surgical treatment plans using corrective lenses, patches, exercises, and other therapeutic interventions. As experts in ocular motility and binocular vision, they serve as essential members of eye care teams, often collaborating with ophthalmologists and optometrists to provide comprehensive vision care.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
An orthoptist begins their day by examining patients with various visual disorders, conducting specialized tests such as motor testing, visual acuity assessments, and retinoscopy to evaluate eye movement and binocular function. They spend significant time interpreting diagnostic results and developing individualized treatment plans that may include fusion exercises, stereograms, or corrective devices. Patient education forms a crucial part of their work as they explain diagnoses and treatment options to patients and families, ensuring proper understanding of complex visual conditions. Documentation is extensive, requiring detailed recording of patient assessments, treatment progress, and clinical observations. Many orthoptists also dedicate time to training medical students, residents, and other healthcare professionals in orthoptic techniques and clinical methods.

WHO THRIVES:
Successful orthoptists possess strong investigative and realistic traits, combining scientific curiosity with practical problem-solving abilities in clinical settings. They excel at detailed observation and pattern recognition, essential for detecting subtle visual abnormalities and tracking treatment progress over time. These professionals demonstrate exceptional interpersonal skills, as they frequently work with children and patients with developmental disabilities, requiring patience, empathy, and creative communication approaches. Their analytical mindset enables them to synthesize complex visual data and develop effective treatment strategies. The role attracts individuals who value precision and methodical work, as orthoptic assessments require meticulous attention to detail and careful documentation of findings.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry into orthoptics typically requires a post-baccalaureate certificate, with 78.6% of practitioners holding this credential according to the education distribution data. The specialized training builds upon a bachelor's degree foundation, usually in a science-related field, and includes intensive coursework in visual sciences, anatomy, and clinical techniques. Some practitioners enter through first professional degree programs or advanced bachelor's programs, representing 7.1% each of the field. Clinical training and supervised practice are essential components of orthoptic education, providing hands-on experience with diagnostic equipment and patient care protocols.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Orthoptists often advance to senior clinical roles, becoming lead practitioners in specialized eye care centers or developing expertise in particular patient populations such as pediatrics or neurological conditions. Many pursue leadership positions in healthcare institutions, overseeing orthoptic departments and training programs for new professionals. Research opportunities exist for those interested in advancing the field through clinical studies on vision disorders and treatment efficacy. Some orthoptists transition into education, teaching in orthoptic training programs or contributing to continuing education for eye care professionals.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The orthoptic field employs 28,630 professionals nationwide with a median annual wage of $115,210 (BLS OEWS May 2025), positioning it as a well-compensated healthcare specialty. Earnings range from $65,210 at the 10th percentile to $195,190 at the 90th percentile, reflecting opportunities for career advancement and specialization. Geographic variation is significant, with Maryland offering the highest wages at $164,670 compared to Rhode Island's $81,280, representing a 2.03x difference across states. The largest employment sectors are federal, state, and local government positions (19,380 employed), followed by healthcare and social assistance (7,660 employed), indicating strong public sector demand. The specialized nature of this field and the limited number of training programs suggest stable employment prospects for qualified practitioners.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Orthoptics faces low automation risk due to the highly specialized nature of patient assessment and the critical importance of human judgment in interpreting complex visual disorders. While diagnostic imaging and testing equipment continue to advance, the core activities of patient examination, clinical decision-making, and therapeutic intervention require human expertise that cannot be easily automated. The emphasis on patient education, family communication, and individualized treatment planning further reinforces the need for human practitioners in this field.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [knowledge_overlap] Optometrists (29-1041.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share high importance in Medicine and Dentistry knowledge (4.2 imp) and Customer and Personal Service (3.7 imp), with overlapping vision care responsibilities.
    data: Medicine and Dentistry knowledge overlap
    data: Customer and Personal Service requirements
    data: Vision care specialization
  [career_pathway] Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric (29-1241.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Orthoptists frequently refer patients to ophthalmic surgeons as indicated in top tasks, representing a direct collaborative pathway in eye care.
    data: Referral relationships in tasks
    data: Shared patient populations
    data: Complementary surgical/non-surgical approaches
  [skill_overlap] Physician Assistants (29-1071.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles emphasize Active Listening (4.0 imp), Critical Thinking (4.0 imp), and patient care activities with similar communication requirements.
    data: Active Listening importance
    data: Critical Thinking skills
    data: Patient care focus
  [task_similarity] Neurologists (29-1217.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both diagnose and treat disorders affecting neurological systems, with orthoptists focusing on visual-neural connections and eye movement control.
    data: Diagnostic responsibilities
    data: Neurological system focus
    data: Treatment planning activities
  [riasec_cluster] Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers (21-1023.00) — confidence:low
    reasoning: Both roles exhibit strong Investigative and Social RIASEC profiles, focusing on helping people through systematic assessment and intervention.
    data: Investigative traits (I:5.74)
    data: Social orientation (S:4.77)
    data: Helping profession focus

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['orthoptist', 'orthoptics', 'binocular vision', 'eye movement disorders', 'strabismus', 'amblyopia', 'ocular motility', 'vision therapy']
  exclude_keywords : ['surgeon', 'optometry', 'ophthalmology', 'laser', 'surgery']
  title_patterns   : ['Certified Orthoptist', 'Clinical Orthoptist', 'CO', 'Orthoptist', 'Vision Therapist']
  common_variations: ['orthoptist', 'clinical orthoptist', 'certified orthoptist', 'CO', 'binocular vision specialist', 'eye movement specialist', 'vision therapy specialist', 'orthoptic technician']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['tendency', 'others', 'vision', 'eye', 'equipment', 'treatment', 'patients', 'visual', 'disorders', 'principles', 'problems', 'orthoptists', 'orthoptic', 'includes', 'activities', 'techniques', 'care', 'patient', 'clinical', 'management']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
tendency                   42  0.01306  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
others                     38  0.01182  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
vision                     30  0.00933  wikipedia            wikipedia:47%  inference:17%  onet_tasks:13%
eye                        28  0.00871  wikipedia            wikipedia:75%  inference:21%  onet_tasks:4%
equipment                  25  0.00778  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  inference:8%
treatment                  21  0.00653  inference            inference:38%  onet_tasks:24%  onet_dimensions:14%
patients                   19  0.00591  wikipedia            wikipedia:32%  onet_tasks:26%  inference:21%
visual                     19  0.00591  inference            inference:47%  wikipedia:21%  onet_tasks:16%
disorders                  16  0.00498  wikipedia            wikipedia:38%  inference:31%  onet_tasks:12%
principles                 16  0.00498  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
problems                   15  0.00467  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:60%  wikipedia:20%  inference:13%
orthoptists                15  0.00467  wikipedia            wikipedia:67%  inference:33%
orthoptic                  15  0.00467  wikipedia            wikipedia:60%  inference:40%
includes                   14  0.00436  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:86%  wikipedia:7%  inference:7%
activities                 14  0.00436  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:64%  wikipedia:21%  dwas:7%
techniques                 13  0.00404  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:77%  inference:15%  onet_tasks:8%
care                       13  0.00404  wikipedia            wikipedia:38%  inference:38%  onet_dimensions:15%
patient                    13  0.00404  inference            inference:54%  dwas:31%  wikipedia:15%
clinical                   12  0.00373  inference            inference:67%  onet_tasks:25%  wikipedia:8%
management                 12  0.00373  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:58%  wikipedia:33%  onet_tasks:8%
control                    12  0.00373  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
objects                    12  0.00373  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
orthoptics                 11  0.00342  wikipedia            wikipedia:64%  inference:27%  onet_tasks:9%
procedures                 11  0.00342  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  onet_tasks:9%  dwas:9%
ideas                      11  0.00342  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
programs                   11  0.00342  inference            inference:45%  onet_dimensions:36%  dwas:9%
binocular                  10  0.00311  wikipedia            wikipedia:40%  inference:40%  onet_tasks:20%
professionals              10  0.00311  inference            inference:60%  wikipedia:20%  onet_tasks:10%
medical                    10  0.00311  dwas                 dwas:60%  onet_tasks:10%  onet_dimensions:10%
human                      10  0.00311  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:70%  inference:30%
resources                  10  0.00311  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  dwas:10%
materials                  10  0.00311  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
body                       10  0.00311  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
movement                   10  0.00311  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:40%  wikipedia:30%  inference:30%
developing                 10  0.00311  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  inference:20%
practitioners               9  0.00280  inference            inference:56%  dwas:22%  onet_tasks:11%
needs                       9  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:89%  wikipedia:11%
monitoring                  9  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:89%  wikipedia:11%
quickly                     9  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
orientation                 9  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%