[Core] [22% incumbents] Conduct tonometry or tonography tests to measure intraocular pressure.
  DWAs: Test patient vision.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Operate ophthalmic equipment, such as autorefractors, phoropters, tomographs, or retinoscopes.
  DWAs: Test patient vision.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Take anatomical or functional ocular measurements of the eye or surrounding tissue, such as axial length measurements.
  DWAs: Measure the physical or physiological attributes of patients.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Measure visual acuity, including near, distance, pinhole, or dynamic visual acuity, using appropriate tests.
  DWAs: Test patient vision.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Measure and record lens power, using lensometers.
  DWAs: Operate diagnostic or therapeutic medical instruments or equipment. | Record patient medical histories.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Administer topical ophthalmic or oral medications.
  DWAs: Administer non-intravenous medications.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Conduct visual field tests to measure field of vision.
  DWAs: Test patient vision.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Assist physicians in performing ophthalmic procedures, including surgery.
  DWAs: Assist healthcare practitioners during surgery.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Clean or sterilize ophthalmic or surgical instruments.
  DWAs: Sterilize medical equipment or instruments. | Clean medical equipment or facilities.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Maintain ophthalmic instruments or equipment.
  DWAs: Maintain medical equipment or instruments.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Instruct patients in the care and use of contact lenses.
  DWAs: Instruct patients in the use of assistive equipment.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Assess refractive conditions of eyes, using retinoscopes.
  DWAs: Test patient vision. | Operate diagnostic or therapeutic medical instruments or equipment.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Call patients to inquire about their post-operative status or recovery.
  DWAs: Monitor patients following surgeries or other treatments.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Assist patients to insert or remove contact lenses.
  DWAs: Instruct patients in the use of assistive equipment.

[Core] [22% incumbents] Conduct binocular disparity tests to assess depth perception.
  DWAs: Test patient vision.

[Supplemental] [22% incumbents] Adjust or make minor repairs to spectacles or eyeglasses.
  DWAs: Fit eyeglasses, contact lenses, or other vision aids.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Take and document patients' medical histories.
  DWAs: Collect medical information from patients, family members, or other medical professionals. | Record patient medical histories.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Measure corneal curvature with keratometers or ophthalmometers to aid in the diagnosis of conditions, such as astigmatism.
  DWAs: Measure the physical or physiological attributes of patients.

[Core] [21% incumbents] Conduct ocular motility tests to measure function of eye muscles.
  DWAs: Test patient vision.

[Supplemental] [21% incumbents] Assist patients to select eyewear.
  DWAs: Recommend types of assistive devices.

[EMERGING:New] Order supplies.

[EMERGING:Revision] Perform examinations using ophthalmic equipment, such as autorefractors, phoropters, tomographs, or retinoscopes.

--- SKILLS ---
  Active Listening (imp:3.62 lvl:3.75) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Speaking (imp:3.25 lvl:3.62) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Reading Comprehension (imp:3.12 lvl:3.62) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Writing (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Critical Thinking (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Learning (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Monitoring (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Learning Strategies (imp:2.62 lvl:2.62) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Mathematics (imp:2.50 lvl:2.50) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Science (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:4.32 lvl:4.41) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:4.18 lvl:3.64) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  English Language (imp:4.00 lvl:3.59) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Mathematics (imp:3.32 lvl:3.09) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Administrative (imp:2.90 lvl:2.86) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Education and Training (imp:2.77 lvl:3.32) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Computers and Electronics (imp:2.73 lvl:2.73) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Psychology (imp:2.64 lvl:3.23) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Biology (imp:2.48 lvl:2.32) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Administration and Management (imp:2.36 lvl:2.27) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.27 lvl:2.45) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:2.14 lvl:2.00) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.10 lvl:1.64) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Mechanical (imp:2.09 lvl:1.86) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Chemistry (imp:2.05 lvl:2.45) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Law and Government (imp:1.95 lvl:1.55) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.86 lvl:1.41) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.77 lvl:1.45) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Foreign Language (imp:1.77 lvl:1.32) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Telecommunications (imp:1.77 lvl:0.73) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Production and Processing (imp:1.64 lvl:1.05) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.64 lvl:1.23) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Economics and Accounting (imp:1.59 lvl:0.86) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Communications and Media (imp:1.59 lvl:1.36) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.29 lvl:0.73) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Physics (imp:1.18 lvl:0.32) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Transportation (imp:1.18 lvl:0.41) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Design (imp:1.14 lvl:0.27) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  History and Archeology (imp:1.14 lvl:0.32) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Geography (imp:1.09 lvl:0.23) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Food Production (imp:1.05 lvl:0.10) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Building and Construction (imp:1.05 lvl:0.18) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Fine Arts (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform

--- ABILITIES ---
  Oral Comprehension (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Oral Expression (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Near Vision (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.62 lvl:3.12) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Written Expression (imp:3.38 lvl:3.00) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.38 lvl:3.50) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Written Comprehension (imp:3.25 lvl:3.75) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:3.25 lvl:3.00) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Selective Attention (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:3.12 lvl:3.38) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Finger Dexterity (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Information Ordering (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Far Vision (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Manual Dexterity (imp:2.88 lvl:2.75) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Control Precision (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:2.62 lvl:2.50) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:2.62 lvl:2.75) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:2.50 lvl:2.50) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Number Facility (imp:2.38 lvl:2.50) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Memorization (imp:2.38 lvl:2.25) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Time Sharing (imp:2.38 lvl:2.25) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.25 lvl:2.12) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Trunk Strength (imp:2.25 lvl:1.88) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.12 lvl:2.12) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Visualization (imp:2.12 lvl:2.62) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Originality (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Depth Perception (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Static Strength (imp:1.88 lvl:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.88 lvl:1.50) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.88 lvl:1.12) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Auditory Attention (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.62 lvl:0.88) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.62 lvl:0.62) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.62 lvl:1.25) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Stamina (imp:1.50 lvl:0.62) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Reaction Time (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Response Orientation (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Getting Information (imp:4.55 lvl:3.77) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:4.55 lvl:4.36) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:4.48 lvl:4.55) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:4.33 lvl:3.82) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.09 lvl:4.86) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Working with Computers (imp:4.09 lvl:3.00) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:3.95 lvl:3.55) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.95 lvl:4.45) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.81 lvl:3.68) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:3.68 lvl:3.95) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Processing Information (imp:3.62 lvl:3.86) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:3.38 lvl:3.18) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.38 lvl:3.18) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.36 lvl:2.45) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.30 lvl:2.45) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.27 lvl:3.68) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:3.25 lvl:3.55) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.18 lvl:3.32) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.10 lvl:3.57) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:3.09 lvl:3.50) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.09 lvl:3.14) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.00 lvl:2.68) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.00 lvl:2.86) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:2.82 lvl:2.64) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:2.81 lvl:3.14) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:2.73 lvl:3.09) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:2.73 lvl:2.45) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:2.62 lvl:2.64) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.60 lvl:2.43) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:2.59 lvl:3.59) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:2.50 lvl:2.40) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:2.38 lvl:2.14) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.32 lvl:2.05) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Thinking Creatively (imp:2.27 lvl:2.23) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:2.23 lvl:1.77) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:2.18 lvl:2.05) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.18 lvl:2.23) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:2.14 lvl:2.18) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:1.80 lvl:1.68) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.30 lvl:0.67) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.29 lvl:0.55) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:2.77) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Dependability (imp:2.44) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Cautiousness (imp:2.32) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Attention to Detail (imp:2.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.80) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Empathy (imp:1.71) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Social Orientation (imp:1.70) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Self-Control (imp:1.70) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Cooperation (imp:1.63) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Sincerity (imp:1.52) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Optimism (imp:1.32) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Integrity (imp:1.23) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Adaptability (imp:1.17) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Perseverance (imp:1.15) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.10) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Cautiousness (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Initiative (imp:0.92) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Humility (imp:0.84) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:0.42) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:0.19) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:0.16) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Innovation (imp:0.15) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Achievement Orientation () — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Intellectual Curiosity () — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Integrity () — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Leadership Orientation (imp:-0.09) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Service Orientation (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Instructing (imp:2.62 lvl:2.62) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:2.62 lvl:2.38) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Time Management (imp:2.62 lvl:2.62) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Persuasion (imp:2.25 lvl:1.75) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:2.25 lvl:2.12) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Equipment Selection (imp:2.12 lvl:2.50) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:2.12 lvl:1.75) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Systems Analysis (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Operation and Control (imp:2.00 lvl:1.50) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.00 lvl:2.00) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Negotiation (imp:1.88 lvl:1.75) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Repairing (imp:1.88 lvl:1.25) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
  Programming (imp:1.50 lvl:0.50) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Operations Analysis (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Management of Material Resources (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Technology Design (imp:1.00) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 71,010
  annual_median    : $45,570
  annual_pct10     : $35,700
  annual_pct25     : $38,170
  annual_pct75     : $51,390
  annual_pct90     : $61,940
  annual_mean      : $47,060
  hourly_median    : $21.91

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Minnesota ($63,080)
  lowest_state     : Puerto Rico ($31,630)
  dispersion_ratio : 1.994x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (52 total) ---
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:   66,780  median: $  45,640
  Retail Trade                             emp:    2,630  median: $  37,850
  Educational Services                     emp:      870  median: $  60,220
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      340  median: $  56,220
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:       50  median: $  49,960

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (5 total) ---
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:   66,780  median: $  45,640
  Retail Trade                             emp:    2,630  median: $  37,850
  Educational Services                     emp:      870  median: $  60,220
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:      340  median: $  56,220
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:       50  median: $  49,960

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Ophthalmic technician
match_score        : 0.8235
wikidata_qid       : Q69948680
word_count         : 744
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmic_technician
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T21:47:35.311283Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
An ophthalmic technician is a health professional that performs ophthalmic screening and testing in order to provide the ophthalmologist with information needed to  diagnose diseases and administer treatments in caring for patients' eyes and eyesight. They are considered to be an intermediate level of ophthalmic medical personnel since they are more advanced than ophthalmic assistants, yet not as advanced as an ophthalmic medical technologist. Ophthalmic technicians work in settings like private practices, hospitals, outpatient care centers, and surgical centers.


== Job description ==
An ophthalmic technician plays an important role in patient care. Patients see an ophthalmic technician to have the initial portion of their eye examination completed. During the initial assessment the ophthalmic technician takes the patient's history, assesses visual acuity, tests confrontational visual fields, evaluates pupils and ocular muscles, measures intraocular pressure and performs refractometry. They also provide patients with explanations of procedures and answer any questions the patient may have. However, there are many other job duties outside of patient care that an ophthalmic technician must be able to perform. This requires them to be well versed in a number of areas. The more technical aspect of the job includes conducting measurements, such as taking A-scans, as well as, conducting brightness acuity tests and contrast sensitivity tests. They provide assistance during surgeries through the sterilization of instruments, preparation of exam rooms, and disposal of biohazards. An ophthalmic technician also performs administrative tasks like ordering inventory and calibrating equipment. The technical aspect of this job plays a huge role in the quality of patient care, which is why they need to be well trained.


== Education ==
There are a two different pathways to becoming an Ophthalmic Technician. Each of these paths first require a high school diploma or GED.
One way to become an ophthalmic technician is by entering the field as a certified ophthalmic assistant (COA). To become a COA, one must complete an accredited training program or an independent study course. After getting certified, a minimum of 2,000 hours (one year full time) as a COA is required under the supervision of an ophthalmologist. These hours must be completed within two years  of submitting the application to become an ophthalmic technician. Twelve JCAHPO Group A credits must be earned within one year of applying for certification. In the process of earning certified ophthalmic technician certification, the applicant must maintain certification as a COA. An application must then be completed to take the exam. This application requires the signature of an ophthalmologist to verify that the applicant meets the requirements. The exam consists of a written portion and a skill evaluation. The written exam is all multiple choice and must be passed before moving on to the skill evaluation. Both portions of the exam must be passed to become a certified ophthalmic technician.
The other path to becoming an ophthalmic technician is through schooling. Many programs  offer an Ophthalmic Medical Technician associate degree. These programs are typically two years long. Some of the coursework for these programs include ocular anatomy and physiology, ophthalmic optics, ocular motility, and diseases of the eye. These programs aim to help students develop the personal traits and professional skills needed to perform as a competent ophthalmic technician. Going to school eliminates the need to work as an ophthalmic assistant for one year. The ophthalmic medical technician training program prepares students to take the exam to become a certified ophthalmic technician.


== Certification ==
The majority of employers require their ophthalmic technicians to be certified in order to practice professionally. There are three core levels of certification offered by the Joint Commission on Allied Health Personnel in Ophthalmology (JCAHPO).

Certified Ophthalmic Assistant (COA) - entry level
Certified Ophthalmic Technician (COT) - intermediate level
Certified Ophthalmic Medical Technologist (COMT) - advanced level
Each of these levels has prerequisite requirements and an examination process. An allied ophthalmic personnel can make their way through the levels by working the required number of hours at one level and then taking the examination to move on to the next level. For each of these levels, recertification is required every three years. Recertification can be achieved by either completing the necessary number of continuing education credits or  taking the written certifying exam again.
A study comparing certified with non-certified ophthalmic medical personnel on practice quality and productivity supports the advantage of certification. It was concluded that certified ophthalmic personnel significantly increase the productivity and quality of an ophthalmic practice.


== References ==

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Ophthalmology (similarity: 0.4186)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology
  QID: Q161437
  Extract: Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and surgery of eye diseases and disorders.

  Title: Optometry (similarity: 0.3077)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optometry
  QID: Q618211
  Extract: Optometry is the healthcare practice concerned with examining the eyes for visual defects, prescribing corrective lenses, and detecting eye abnormalities.

  Title: Optician (similarity: 0.4211)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optician
  QID: Q1996635
  Extract: An optician is an individual who fits glasses or contact lenses by filling a refractive prescription from an optometrist or ophthalmologist. They are able to translate and adapt ophthalmic prescriptions, dispense products, and work with accessories. There are several specialties within the field.

  Title: List of medical organisations (similarity: 0.5085)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_organisations
  QID: Q6627847
  Extract: The following is a list of medical organizations:

  Title: List of professional designations in the United States (similarity: 0.2381)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_professional_designations_in_the_United_States
  QID: Q17164988
  Extract: Many professional designations in the United States take the form of post-nominal letters. Professional societies or educational institutes usually award certifications. Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legal

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong data alignment across O*NET activities, skills, and knowledge areas with clear Wikipedia validation. BLS wage data and employment statistics provide robust market intelligence foundation.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T19:48:51.840259+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,790
tokens_output        : 4,448
cost_usd             : $0.050090
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Ophthalmic technician
wikipedia_note       : Wikipedia confirms this as an intermediate-level ophthalmic medical personnel role that performs screening and testing to support ophthalmologist diagnosis and treatment. The definition aligns with O*NET data showing these professionals assist ophthalmologists through clinical functions and patient care activities.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Ophthalmic Medical Technicians are specialized healthcare professionals who assist ophthalmologists by conducting eye examinations, operating diagnostic equipment, and providing patient care in eye care settings. They perform crucial clinical functions including vision testing, intraocular pressure measurements, and administering eye medications under physician supervision. These technicians serve as the primary interface between patients and ophthalmologists, requiring both technical expertise with specialized equipment and strong interpersonal skills for patient interaction.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
The typical day begins with preparing and calibrating ophthalmic equipment such as autorefractors, phoropters, and tonometers for patient examinations. Throughout the day, they conduct comprehensive eye tests including visual acuity measurements, visual field assessments, and tonometry to measure intraocular pressure. They take anatomical measurements of the eye, record lens power using lensometers, and document all findings in patient records. Between examinations, they clean and sterilize instruments, assist physicians during procedures and surgeries, and administer topical eye medications as prescribed. Patient education forms a significant part of their role, as they instruct patients on proper care and use of corrective lenses and explain examination procedures to ensure comfort and compliance.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel in this role possess strong attention to detail and cautiousness, essential traits given the delicate nature of eye care and the precision required in measurements and equipment operation. They demonstrate excellent interpersonal skills and service orientation, as evidenced by the high importance ratings for customer service knowledge and working directly with the public. The realistic and investigative RIASEC profile indicates these professionals enjoy hands-on technical work while applying scientific knowledge to solve problems. Their dependability and monitoring skills are crucial for maintaining quality patient care and ensuring accurate diagnostic results. Strong oral communication abilities and near vision capabilities are fundamental, as they must clearly explain procedures to patients while performing detailed visual examinations.

CAREER ENTRY:
Most Ophthalmic Medical Technicians enter the field with a high school diploma (59.1%) and complete specialized post-secondary training, with 27.3% earning certificates and 9.1% obtaining associate degrees according to education distribution data. Training typically includes coursework in anatomy, physiology, ophthalmic procedures, and hands-on experience with diagnostic equipment. Many pursue certification through organizations like the Joint Commission on Allied Health Personnel in Ophthalmology (JCAHPO). Entry-level positions often provide additional on-the-job training to develop proficiency with specific equipment and clinic protocols.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Career advancement often leads to specialized roles such as Certified Ophthalmic Technician (COT) or progression to Ophthalmic Medical Technologist positions, which require additional education and certification. Some technicians specialize in specific areas like retinal angiography or surgical assistance, becoming Certified Ophthalmic Surgical Assistants. With experience and additional education, opportunities exist to move into supervisory roles, equipment sales, or transition to related healthcare fields. The strong foundation in medical knowledge and patient care also provides pathways to other diagnostic imaging or medical technology specialties.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
According to BLS OEWS May 2025 data, the field employs 71,010 professionals with a median annual salary of $45,570, ranging from $35,700 to $61,940. Geographic variation is significant, with Minnesota offering the highest wages at $63,080 compared to Puerto Rico's $31,630, representing a 1.99x ratio difference. The vast majority (94%) work in Health Care and Social Assistance settings, with smaller numbers in retail and educational services. Demand remains steady due to an aging population requiring increased eye care services and advancing technology in ophthalmic diagnostics. The specialized nature of the role and required certification create some barriers to entry, supporting wage stability in the field.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
The role shows moderate automation vulnerability as some routine vision testing and measurement tasks may be automated through advanced diagnostic equipment and AI-assisted screening tools. However, the high importance of direct patient interaction, critical thinking in interpreting results, and the need for human judgment in patient care provide significant protection against automation. The combination of technical skills with interpersonal communication and the requirement for real-time decision-making during examinations suggests this role will likely evolve rather than be replaced, with technology enhancing rather than eliminating human involvement.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [career_pathway] Ophthalmic Medical Technologists (29-2099.05) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Direct advancement pathway with similar RIASEC profile and overlapping knowledge in medicine/dentistry and customer service.
    data: Related occupation listed as Primary-Short
    data: Similar technical skills and medical knowledge requirements
  [skill_overlap] Medical Assistants (31-9092.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Shared emphasis on customer service knowledge, active listening skills, and direct patient care activities.
    data: Both show Customer and Personal Service as top knowledge area
    data: Similar work activities in patient interaction
  [task_similarity] Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians (29-2031.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles involve operating specialized diagnostic equipment and conducting technical measurements on patients.
    data: Both operate diagnostic medical instruments
    data: Similar emphasis on Getting Information work activity
  [transferable_skill] Surgical Technologists (29-2055.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Shared skills in assisting healthcare practitioners during surgery and sterilizing medical equipment.
    data: Both assist physicians in surgical procedures
    data: Both clean and sterilize medical instruments
  [riasec_cluster] Radiologic Technologists and Technicians (29-2034.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Similar realistic and investigative RIASEC profile combining hands-on technical work with scientific application.
    data: Both feature high Realistic and Investigative RIASEC scores
    data: Both operate complex diagnostic equipment
  [knowledge_overlap] Respiratory Therapists (29-1126.00) — confidence:low
    reasoning: Shared emphasis on medicine and dentistry knowledge with similar patient care and monitoring responsibilities.
    data: Both require Medicine and Dentistry knowledge
    data: Similar work styles emphasizing dependability and attention to detail

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['ophthalmic technician', 'eye care technician', 'vision technician', 'ocular technician', 'ophthalmic assistant', 'eye exam technician', 'ophthalmology technician', 'certified ophthalmic technician']
  exclude_keywords : ['optometrist', 'ophthalmologist', 'optician', 'vision therapist', 'eye doctor']
  title_patterns   : ['*ophthalmic* technician', '*eye care* tech*', '*vision* tech*', '*ocular* tech*', '*certified* ophthalmic*']
  common_variations: ['ophthalmic medical technician', 'ophthalmic tech', 'eye care technician', 'vision technician', 'ocular care technician', 'certified ophthalmic tech', 'ophthalmic assistant', 'eye exam technician']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['ophthalmic', 'equipment', 'tendency', 'others', 'medical', 'patient', 'patients', 'technician', 'care', 'vision', 'principles', 'eye', 'procedures', 'includes', 'certified', 'visual', 'control', 'objects', 'personnel', 'ideas']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
ophthalmic                 48  0.01567  wikipedia            wikipedia:69%  inference:19%  onet_tasks:12%
equipment                  42  0.01371  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:55%  inference:19%  dwas:17%
tendency                   42  0.01371  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
others                     39  0.01273  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:97%  wikipedia:3%
medical                    24  0.00783  dwas                 dwas:38%  wikipedia:29%  inference:25%
patient                    24  0.00783  inference            inference:42%  dwas:38%  wikipedia:21%
patients                   18  0.00588  dwas                 dwas:33%  onet_tasks:28%  wikipedia:17%
technician                 18  0.00588  wikipedia            wikipedia:94%  inference:6%
care                       17  0.00555  inference            inference:59%  wikipedia:24%  onet_dimensions:12%
vision                     16  0.00522  dwas                 dwas:50%  onet_dimensions:25%  inference:19%
principles                 16  0.00522  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
eye                        14  0.00457  inference            inference:57%  wikipedia:29%  onet_tasks:14%
procedures                 14  0.00457  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:57%  inference:29%  onet_tasks:7%
includes                   14  0.00457  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:86%  wikipedia:7%  inference:7%
certified                  14  0.00457  wikipedia            wikipedia:86%  inference:14%
visual                     12  0.00392  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:25%  onet_dimensions:25%  wikipedia:25%
control                    12  0.00392  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
objects                    12  0.00392  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
personnel                  11  0.00359  wikipedia            wikipedia:45%  onet_dimensions:36%  inference:18%
ideas                      11  0.00359  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
tests                      10  0.00326  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:50%  wikipedia:30%  onet_dimensions:10%
performing                 10  0.00326  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  onet_tasks:10%  inference:10%
problems                   10  0.00326  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  inference:10%
quality                    10  0.00326  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:60%  wikipedia:30%  inference:10%
techniques                 10  0.00326  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
materials                  10  0.00326  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
activities                 10  0.00326  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  inference:10%
body                       10  0.00326  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
orientation                10  0.00326  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  inference:10%
measure                     9  0.00294  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:67%  dwas:22%  inference:11%
written                     9  0.00294  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:67%  wikipedia:33%
monitoring                  9  0.00294  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:89%  inference:11%
needed                      9  0.00294  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:78%  wikipedia:22%
human                       9  0.00294  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:78%  inference:22%
resources                   9  0.00294  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
quickly                     9  0.00294  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
instruments                 8  0.00261  dwas                 dwas:50%  onet_tasks:25%  wikipedia:12%
needs                       8  0.00261  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
rules                       8  0.00261  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
providing                   8  0.00261  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:88%  inference:12%