[Core] [23% incumbents] Interpret laboratory results and communicate findings to patients or physicians.
  DWAs: Explain medical procedures or test results to patients or family members. | Inform medical professionals regarding patient conditions and care.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Discuss testing options and the associated risks, benefits and limitations with patients and families to assist them in making informed decisions.
  DWAs: Communicate detailed medical information to patients or family members.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Analyze genetic information to identify patients or families at risk for specific disorders or syndromes.
  DWAs: Analyze test data or images to inform diagnosis or treatment.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Provide counseling to patient and family members by providing information, education, or reassurance.
  DWAs: Communicate detailed medical information to patients or family members. | Interact with patients to build rapport or provide emotional support.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Write detailed consultation reports to provide information on complex genetic concepts to patients or referring physicians.
  DWAs: Prepare reports summarizing patient diagnostic or care activities.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Provide genetic counseling in specified areas of clinical genetics, such as obstetrics, pediatrics, oncology and neurology.
  DWAs: Advise patients on effects of health conditions or treatments.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Determine or coordinate treatment plans by requesting laboratory services, reviewing genetics or counseling literature, and considering histories or diagnostic data.
  DWAs: Analyze patient data to determine patient needs or treatment goals. | Develop medical treatment plans. | Order medical diagnostic or clinical tests.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Interview patients or review medical records to obtain comprehensive patient or family medical histories, and document findings.
  DWAs: Gather medical information from patient histories. | Collect medical information from patients, family members, or other medical professionals. | Record patient medical histories.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Assess patients' psychological or emotional needs, such as those relating to stress, fear of test results, financial issues, and marital conflicts to make referral recommendations or assist patients in managing test outcomes.
  DWAs: Evaluate patient functioning, capabilities, or health.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Provide patients with information about the inheritance of conditions such as cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and various forms of cancer.
  DWAs: Communicate detailed medical information to patients or family members.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Read current literature, talk with colleagues, or participate in professional organizations or conferences to keep abreast of developments in genetics.
  DWAs: Maintain medical or professional knowledge.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Prepare or provide genetics-related educational materials to patients or medical personnel.
  DWAs: Prepare healthcare training materials.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Explain diagnostic procedures such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS), ultrasound, fetal blood sampling, and amniocentesis.
  DWAs: Explain medical procedures or test results to patients or family members.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Refer patients to specialists or community resources.
  DWAs: Refer patients to other healthcare practitioners or health resources.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Design and conduct genetics training programs for physicians, graduate students, other health professions or the general community.
  DWAs: Conduct health or safety training programs. | Train medical providers.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Evaluate or make recommendations for standards of care or clinical operations, ensuring compliance with applicable regulations, ethics, legislation, or policies.
  DWAs: Develop healthcare quality and safety procedures. | Advise medical personnel regarding healthcare issues.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Engage in research activities related to the field of medical genetics or genetic counseling.
  DWAs: Conduct research to increase knowledge about medical issues.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Collect for, or share with, research projects patient data on specific genetic disorders or syndromes.
  DWAs: Conduct research to increase knowledge about medical issues.

[Core] [23% incumbents] Identify funding sources and write grant proposals for eligible programs or services.
  DWAs: Write grant proposals. | Prepare proposals or grant applications to obtain project funding.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:4.12 lvl:4.75) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Active Listening (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Writing (imp:3.88 lvl:4.25) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Speaking (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Critical Thinking (imp:3.88 lvl:4.12) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Learning (imp:3.88 lvl:3.88) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Science (imp:3.25 lvl:3.12) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.00 lvl:3.25) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Monitoring (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Mathematics (imp:2.75 lvl:2.75) — Using mathematics to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Biology (imp:4.78 lvl:5.57) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Psychology (imp:4.57 lvl:4.87) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:4.39 lvl:4.22) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:4.35 lvl:5.22) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  English Language (imp:4.09 lvl:4.09) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:3.87 lvl:5.04) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Mathematics (imp:3.70 lvl:4.52) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:3.39 lvl:4.48) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Education and Training (imp:3.35 lvl:4.57) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Chemistry (imp:2.87 lvl:3.09) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Administrative (imp:2.83 lvl:4.00) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Communications and Media (imp:2.70 lvl:3.04) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:2.65 lvl:3.35) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Computers and Electronics (imp:2.43 lvl:3.04) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Law and Government (imp:2.36 lvl:2.52) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Administration and Management (imp:2.04 lvl:2.39) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Sales and Marketing (imp:1.91 lvl:2.13) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Foreign Language (imp:1.83 lvl:1.52) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Public Safety and Security (imp:1.74 lvl:1.30) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Telecommunications (imp:1.74 lvl:0.96) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.70 lvl:0.91) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:1.68 lvl:1.87) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Geography (imp:1.65 lvl:1.65) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Production and Processing (imp:1.39 lvl:0.61) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  History and Archeology (imp:1.39 lvl:0.83) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Economics and Accounting (imp:1.35 lvl:0.74) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Physics (imp:1.35 lvl:0.70) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Transportation (imp:1.13 lvl:0.30) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Design (imp:1.09 lvl:0.17) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Mechanical (imp:1.09 lvl:0.17) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Food Production (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Building and Construction (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Fine Arts (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform

--- ABILITIES ---
  Written Comprehension (imp:4.25 lvl:4.88) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:4.12 lvl:4.62) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Oral Comprehension (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Oral Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:5.00) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Written Expression (imp:4.00 lvl:4.88) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:4.00 lvl:4.62) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Information Ordering (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.88 lvl:3.50) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.75 lvl:3.50) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Near Vision (imp:3.38 lvl:3.75) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Originality (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.12 lvl:3.50) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Selective Attention (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Number Facility (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Memorization (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Time Sharing (imp:2.75 lvl:2.75) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Far Vision (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Visualization (imp:2.62 lvl:2.62) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Finger Dexterity (imp:2.25 lvl:2.25) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.12 lvl:2.50) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.00 lvl:1.50) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:1.88 lvl:1.75) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Control Precision (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Trunk Strength (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Spatial Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Manual Dexterity (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Response Orientation (imp:1.00) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Rate Control (imp:1.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Reaction Time (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:1.00) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Static Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Strength (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Stamina (imp:1.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Extent Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:1.00) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:1.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Night Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Depth Perception (imp:1.00) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.00) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.00) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:4.74 lvl:6.04) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:4.74 lvl:6.09) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Getting Information (imp:4.68 lvl:5.61) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:4.43 lvl:4.57) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:4.43 lvl:5.17) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Working with Computers (imp:4.26 lvl:3.04) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:4.22 lvl:5.00) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:4.17 lvl:4.83) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.13 lvl:4.70) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:4.13 lvl:4.87) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:4.04 lvl:4.65) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Processing Information (imp:3.91 lvl:5.22) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:3.83 lvl:4.65) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:3.78 lvl:4.35) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.65 lvl:4.74) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.61 lvl:4.52) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:3.39 lvl:4.26) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.39 lvl:3.61) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:3.39 lvl:3.70) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.26 lvl:3.52) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.04 lvl:3.43) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:3.00 lvl:3.57) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:2.91 lvl:3.57) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Thinking Creatively (imp:2.78 lvl:3.39) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:2.78 lvl:3.43) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:2.70 lvl:3.13) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:2.57 lvl:2.91) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:2.52 lvl:2.74) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:2.43 lvl:2.91) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:2.13 lvl:2.26) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.04 lvl:2.57) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:1.61 lvl:1.22) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:1.43 lvl:0.91) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:1.35 lvl:0.52) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:1.35 lvl:0.70) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:1.26 lvl:0.39) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.26 lvl:0.35) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.17 lvl:0.30) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:1.09 lvl:0.17) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.04 lvl:0.04) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.00) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Attention to Detail (imp:10.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity (imp:9.00) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:8.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:7.00) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Cooperation (imp:6.00) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Social Orientation (imp:5.00) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Self-Control (imp:4.00) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Empathy (imp:3.00) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Attention to Detail (imp:3.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Stress Tolerance (imp:3.00) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Dependability (imp:2.65) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Cooperation (imp:2.55) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:2.54) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Sincerity (imp:2.53) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Cautiousness (imp:2.32) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Social Orientation (imp:2.24) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Self-Control (imp:2.22) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Integrity (imp:2.21) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Stress Tolerance (imp:2.10) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Empathy (imp:2.00) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Achievement Orientation (imp:1.98) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Perseverance (imp:1.87) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Adaptability (imp:1.83) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.66) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.60) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Humility (imp:1.49) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Initiative (imp:1.44) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Innovation (imp:1.23) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Optimism (imp:1.13) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Sincerity (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Leadership Orientation (imp:0.88) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Achievement Orientation () — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Dependability () — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:4.00 lvl:3.75) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.88 lvl:4.00) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.25 lvl:4.00) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Instructing (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Service Orientation (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Systems Analysis (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Time Management (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Persuasion (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Negotiation (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Systems Evaluation (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Operations Monitoring (imp:1.88 lvl:1.50) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Technology Design (imp:1.50 lvl:0.62) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Programming (imp:1.38 lvl:0.50) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Operations Analysis (imp:1.25 lvl:0.38) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.25 lvl:0.62) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:1.12 lvl:0.25) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Management of Material Resources (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.00) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.00) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.00) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 3,740
  annual_median    : $100,040
  annual_pct10     : $78,270
  annual_pct25     : $88,900
  annual_pct75     : $116,140
  annual_pct90     : $138,760
  annual_mean      : $104,620
  hourly_median    : $48.09

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : California ($137,650)
  lowest_state     : Georgia ($82,750)
  dispersion_ratio : 1.663x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (28 total) ---
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    3,150  median: $ 100,380
  Educational Services                     emp:      270  median: $  99,240
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:       80  median: $  97,240
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:       60  median: $ 108,740
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:       50  median: $ 109,000

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (5 total) ---
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:    3,150  median: $ 100,380
  Educational Services                     emp:      270  median: $  99,240
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:       80  median: $  97,240
  Management of Companies and Enterprises  emp:       60  median: $ 108,740
  Finance and Insurance                    emp:       50  median: $ 109,000

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Genetic counseling
match_score        : 0.8333
wikidata_qid       : Q1124169
word_count         : 7,774
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_counseling
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T21:50:14.742629Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
Genetic counseling is the process of investigating individuals and families affected by or at risk of genetic disorders to help them understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease. This field is considered necessary for the implementation of genomic medicine. The process integrates:

Interpretation of family and medical histories to assess the chance of disease occurrence or recurrence
Education about inheritance, testing, management, prevention, resources
Counseling to promote informed choices, adaptation to the risk or condition and support in reaching out to relatives that are also at risk


== History ==
The practice of advising people about inherited traits began around the turn of the 20th century, shortly after William Bateson suggested that the new medical and biological study of heredity be called "genetics". Heredity became intertwined with social reforms when the field of modern eugenics took form. Although initially well-intentioned, ultimately the movement had disastrous consequences; many states in the United States had laws mandating the sterilization of certain individuals, others were not allowed to immigrate and by the 1930s these ideas were accepted by many other countries including in Germany where euthanasia for the "genetically defective" was legalized in 1939. This part of the history of genetics is at the heart of the now "non directive" approach to genetic counseling.
Sheldon Clark Reed coined the term genetic counseling in 1947 and published the book Counseling in Medical Genetics in 1955. Most of the early genetic counseling clinics were run by non-medical scientists or by those who were not experienced clinicians. With the growth in knowledge of genetic disorders and the appearance of medical genetics as a distinct specialty in the 1960s, genetic counseling progressively became medicalized, representing one of the key components of clinical genetics. It was not, though, until later that the importance of a firm psychological basis was recognized and became an essential part of genetic counseling, the writings of Seymour Kessler making a particular contribution to this. The firstmaster's degree genetic counseling program in the United States was founded in 1969 at Sarah Lawrence College in Bronxville, New York. In 1979, the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) was founded and led by the first president, Audrey Heimler.


== Detection and early processes ==

Diagnostic testing occurs when an individual is showing signs or symptoms associated with a specific condition. Genetic testing can be used to arrive at a definitive diagnosis in order to provide better prognosis as well as medical management or treatment options. Testing can reveal conditions can be mild or asymptomatic with early treatment, as opposed to debilitating without treatment (such as phenylketonuria). Genetic tests are available for a number of genetic conditions, including but not limited to: Down syndrome, sickle cell disease, Tay–Sachs disease, muscular dystrophy. Establishing a genetic diagnosis can provide information to other at-risk individuals in the family. 
Any reproductive risks (e.g. a chance to have a child with the same diagnosis) can also be explored after a diagnosis. Many disorders cannot occur unless both the mother and father pass on their genes, such as cystic fibrosis; this is known as autosomal recessive inheritance. Other autosomal dominant diseases can be inherited from one parent, such as Huntington disease and DiGeorge syndrome. Yet other genetic disorders are caused by an error or mutation occurring during the cell division process (e.g. aneuploidy) and are usually not inherited.
Screening tests are often used prior to diagnostic testing, designed to separate people according to a fixed characteristic or property, with the intention of detecting early evidence of disease. For example, if a screening test during a pregnancy (such as maternal blood screening or ultrasound) reveals a risk of a health issue or genetic condition, patients are encouraged to receive genetic counseling to learn additional information regarding the suspected condition. A discussion of the management, therapy and treatments available for the conditions may take place; the next step may differ depending on the severity of the condition and range from during pregnancy to after delivery. Patients may decline additional screening and testing, elect to proceed to diagnostic testing, or pursue further screening tests to refine the risk during the pregnancy.
Presymptomatic or predictive testing occurs when an individual knows of a specific diagnosis (typically adult onset) in their family and has other affected relatives, but they themselves do not manifest any clinical findings at the time when they seek testing. The decision about whether or not to proceed with presymptomatic testing should entail a thoughtful approach and consideration of various medical, reproductive, social, insurance, and financial factors, with no "right" or "wrong" answer. Availability of treatment and medical management options for each specific diagnosis, as well as the genetics and inheritance pattern of the particular condition should be reviewed as inherited conditions can have reduced penetrance.
Insurance and legal issues should also be discussed during genetic counseling. There are laws in the United States such as GINA (Genetic Information Non-discrimination Act) and ACA that provide certain protections against discrimination for individuals with genetic diagnoses.


== Approach and session overview ==


=== Approach ===
There are different approaches to genetic counseling. The reciprocal-engagement model of genetic counseling practice includes tenets, goals, strategies, and behaviors for addressing patients' genetic concerns. Some counselors favor a psycho-educational approach while others incorporate more psycho-therapeutic techniques. Genetic counseling is psycho-educational as patients "learn how genetics contributes to their health risks and then process what this means and how it feels."
Whether the process of genetic counseling is a form of psychotherapy is up for debate. The relationship between the client and counselor is similar as are the goals of the sessions. As a psychotherapist aims to help his client improve his wellbeing, a genetic counselor also helps his client to address a "situational health threat that similarly threatens client wellbeing". Due to the lack of studies which compare genetic counseling to the practice of psychotherapy, it is hard to say with certainty whether genetic counseling can be "conceptualized as a short-term, applied, specific type of psychotherapy". However, there few existing studies suggest that genetic counseling falls "significantly short of psychotherapeutic counseling" because genetic counseling sessions primarily consist of the distribution of information without much emphasis placed on explaining any long-term impacts to the client.


=== Structure ===
The goals of genetic counseling are to increase understanding of genetic diseases, discuss disease management options and explain the risks and benefits of testing. Counseling sessions focus on giving vital, unbiased information and non-directive assistance in the patient's decision-making process. Seymour Kessler, in 1979, first categorized sessions in five phases: an intake phase, an initial contact phase, the encounter phase, the summary phase, and a follow-up phase. The intake and follow-up phases occur outside of the actual counseling session. The initial contact phase is when the counselor and families meet and build rapport. The encounter phase includes dialogue between the counselor and the client about the nature of screening and diagnostic tests. The summary phase provides all the options and decisions available for the next step. If patients wish to go ahead with testing, an appointment is organi

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Medical genetics (similarity: 0.4706)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_genetics
  QID: Q1071953
  Extract: Medical genetics is the branch of medicine that involves the diagnosis and management of hereditary disorders. Medical genetics differs from human genetics in that human genetics is a field of scientific research that may or may not apply to medicine, while medical genetics refers to the application

  Title: Genetic testing (similarity: 0.5455)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_testing
  QID: Q285223
  Extract: Genetic testing, also known as DNA testing, is used to identify changes in DNA sequence or chromosome structure. Genetic testing can also include measuring the results of genetic changes, such as RNA analysis as an output of gene expression, or through biochemical analysis to measure specific protei

  Title: American Society of Human Genetics (similarity: 0.3077)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Human_Genetics
  QID: Q4745084
  Extract: The American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG), founded in 1948, is a professional membership organization for specialists in human genetics. As of 2009, the organization had approximately 8,000 members. The society's members include researchers, academicians, clinicians, laboratory practice professi

  Title: List of professional designations in the United States (similarity: 0.2778)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_professional_designations_in_the_United_States
  QID: Q17164988
  Extract: Many professional designations in the United States take the form of post-nominal letters. Professional societies or educational institutes usually award certifications. Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legal

  Title: CGC (similarity: 0.1905)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGC
  QID: Q407921
  Extract: CGC may stand for:

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong confidence due to comprehensive O*NET data, clear Wikipedia match, detailed wage information from BLS OEWS May 2025, and well-defined educational requirements showing 100% master's degree completion.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T20:00:41.403770+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,554
tokens_output        : 4,330
cost_usd             : $0.048320
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Genetic counseling
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia article confirms genetic counseling as the process of helping individuals and families understand genetic contributions to disease, aligning with the O*NET occupation description. The article emphasizes this field as necessary for implementing genomic medicine, supporting the growing demand for these professionals.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Genetic Counselors are healthcare professionals who assess individual and family risk for inherited conditions, providing crucial information and support to patients, families, and healthcare providers. They combine advanced knowledge of genetics, biology, and psychology to interpret complex genetic information and communicate findings in understandable terms. These specialists work primarily in healthcare settings, serving as essential bridges between genetic science and patient care.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
A genetic counselor begins their day reviewing patient medical histories and laboratory results to analyze genetic risk factors for inherited disorders. They conduct detailed interviews with patients and families to gather comprehensive medical histories, then interpret genetic test results and communicate complex findings in accessible language. Much of their time involves providing counseling sessions where they explain testing options, discuss risks and benefits, and offer emotional support to patients facing genetic concerns. They document their findings in detailed consultation reports for referring physicians and coordinate treatment plans by collaborating with laboratory services and reviewing current genetics literature. Throughout the day, they work extensively with computers to access genetic databases, update patient records, and prepare educational materials for patients and families.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel as genetic counselors possess exceptional attention to detail and intellectual curiosity, as evidenced by the role's perfect 10.0 importance rating for attention to detail. They demonstrate strong investigative and social orientations, combining analytical thinking with empathetic communication skills to help families navigate complex genetic information. Successful genetic counselors exhibit high integrity and cautiousness when handling sensitive genetic data and making recommendations that impact families' reproductive decisions. They thrive on continuous learning, as the field requires constant updating of knowledge about rapidly advancing genetic science and testing technologies.

CAREER ENTRY:
Entry into genetic counseling requires a master's degree, with 100% of practitioners holding this level of education according to the distribution data. Most genetic counseling programs require prerequisite courses in biology, chemistry, psychology, and statistics, along with relevant experience in healthcare or counseling. Aspiring genetic counselors typically complete supervised clinical rotations during their master's program and must pass a certification examination to become board-certified. The extensive preparation needed reflects the role's Job Zone 5 classification, requiring significant educational investment and specialized training.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Genetic counselors can advance into specialized areas such as cancer genetics, prenatal counseling, or pediatric genetics, as evidenced by the variety of specialized job titles including Cancer Genetic Counselor and Prenatal Genetic Counselor. Career progression may lead to supervisory roles, program coordination positions, or transition into research and education within academic medical centers. Some genetic counselors pursue additional training to become laboratory directors or move into pharmaceutical companies as medical science liaisons, leveraging their deep understanding of genetic testing and patient communication.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The genetic counseling field employs 3,740 professionals nationwide with a median annual salary of $100,040 according to BLS OEWS May 2025 data. Salaries range from $78,270 at the 10th percentile to $138,760 at the 90th percentile, with significant geographic variation from Georgia's $82,750 to California's $137,650 median wage. The vast majority (84%) work in Health Care and Social Assistance industries, with smaller numbers in Educational Services and Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services. The field shows strong demand driven by advancing genetic testing capabilities and increasing integration of genomic medicine into healthcare, particularly in cancer care, prenatal screening, and rare disease diagnosis.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Genetic counselors face low automation risk due to their core activities requiring human judgment, empathy, and complex communication skills. While genetic analysis tools and databases continue advancing, the role's emphasis on interpreting meaning for others (importance 4.7, level 6.1) and providing emotional support cannot be automated. The increasing complexity of genetic testing and personalized medicine actually enhances demand for skilled professionals who can translate technical genetic information into actionable guidance for patients and healthcare teams.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [knowledge_overlap] Psychiatrists (29-1223.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles require high-level psychology knowledge (Genetic Counselors: imp 4.6, lvl 4.9) and counseling skills for patient emotional support.
    data: Psychology knowledge importance 4.6
    data: Therapy and Counseling knowledge importance 4.3
    data: Assisting and Caring for Others activity importance 4.4
  [task_similarity] Family Medicine Physicians (29-1215.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles involve interpreting laboratory results, communicating medical information to patients, and analyzing patient data for treatment planning.
    data: Interpret laboratory results task
    data: Medicine and Dentistry knowledge importance 4.4
    data: Communicating with People Outside Organization activity importance 4.2
  [riasec_cluster] Clinical Neuropsychologists (19-3039.03) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both occupations show strong Investigative (I:5.86) and Social (S:5.45) orientations, combining research analysis with patient interaction.
    data: RIASEC I:5.86, S:5.45
    data: Psychology knowledge importance 4.6
    data: Critical Thinking skill importance 3.9
  [skill_overlap] Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurses (29-1141.02) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles require advanced active listening (importance 4.0), counseling capabilities, and assessment of psychological needs.
    data: Active Listening skill importance 4.0
    data: Therapy and Counseling knowledge importance 4.3
    data: Assess psychological needs task
  [career_pathway] Pediatricians, General (29-1221.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Genetic counselors specializing in pediatric genetics work closely with pediatricians, as evidenced by the Pediatric Genetic Counselor job title.
    data: Pediatric Genetic Counselor job title
    data: Medicine and Dentistry knowledge importance 4.4
    data: Provide genetic counseling in pediatrics task

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['genetic counselor', 'genetics counselor', 'genetic counseling', 'hereditary disorder', 'genetic risk assessment', 'chromosomal disorders', 'genetic testing', 'genomic medicine']
  exclude_keywords : ['laboratory technician', 'medical technologist', 'research scientist', 'physician', 'nurse']
  title_patterns   : ['Genetic Counselor', 'Genetics Counselor', 'Certified Genetic Counselor', 'Genetic Counseling Specialist', 'Clinical Genetic Counselor']
  common_variations: ['Cancer Genetic Counselor', 'Prenatal Genetic Counselor', 'Pediatric Genetic Counselor', 'Reproductive Genetic Counselor', 'Mitochondrial Disorders Counselor', 'Chromosomal Disorders Counselor', 'Genetic Coordinator', 'Genetic Counseling Medical Specialist']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['genetic', 'counseling', 'genetics', 'medical', 'testing', 'counselors', 'others', 'patients', 'tendency', 'counsellors', 'counselling', 'services', 'family', 'health', 'cancer', 'programs', 'practice', 'risk', 'disorders', 'master']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
genetic                   303  0.04335  wikipedia            wikipedia:89%  inference:10%  onet_tasks:2%
counseling                 93  0.01331  wikipedia            wikipedia:86%  inference:8%  onet_tasks:4%
genetics                   67  0.00958  wikipedia            wikipedia:85%  onet_tasks:9%  inference:6%
medical                    64  0.00916  wikipedia            wikipedia:59%  dwas:27%  onet_tasks:6%
testing                    57  0.00816  wikipedia            wikipedia:86%  inference:9%  onet_dimensions:4%
counselors                 56  0.00801  wikipedia            wikipedia:88%  inference:12%
others                     45  0.00644  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:84%  wikipedia:13%  inference:2%
patients                   43  0.00615  wikipedia            wikipedia:42%  onet_tasks:23%  dwas:21%
tendency                   42  0.00601  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
counsellors                38  0.00544  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
counselling                37  0.00529  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
services                   36  0.00515  wikipedia            wikipedia:69%  onet_dimensions:17%  inference:8%
family                     34  0.00486  wikipedia            wikipedia:74%  dwas:18%  onet_tasks:6%
health                     34  0.00486  wikipedia            wikipedia:79%  dwas:12%  onet_tasks:3%
cancer                     31  0.00443  wikipedia            wikipedia:87%  inference:10%  onet_tasks:3%
programs                   29  0.00415  wikipedia            wikipedia:72%  onet_dimensions:14%  onet_tasks:7%
practice                   28  0.00401  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
risk                       27  0.00386  wikipedia            wikipedia:78%  inference:11%  onet_dimensions:7%
disorders                  26  0.00372  wikipedia            wikipedia:85%  onet_tasks:8%  onet_dimensions:4%
master                     25  0.00358  wikipedia            wikipedia:92%  inference:8%
patient                    24  0.00343  wikipedia            wikipedia:42%  dwas:29%  inference:17%
disease                    24  0.00343  wikipedia            wikipedia:83%  onet_tasks:8%  inference:8%
equipment                  23  0.00329  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
healthcare                 23  0.00329  wikipedia            wikipedia:57%  inference:26%  dwas:17%
clinical                   22  0.00315  wikipedia            wikipedia:82%  onet_tasks:9%  dwas:5%
human                      22  0.00315  wikipedia            wikipedia:64%  onet_dimensions:32%  inference:5%
research                   21  0.00300  wikipedia            wikipedia:71%  onet_tasks:10%  dwas:10%
care                       19  0.00272  wikipedia            wikipedia:58%  inference:16%  onet_dimensions:11%
gcs                        19  0.00272  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
includes                   18  0.00258  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:67%  wikipedia:33%
history                    18  0.00258  wikipedia            wikipedia:89%  onet_dimensions:11%
results                    17  0.00243  wikipedia            wikipedia:59%  onet_tasks:12%  dwas:12%
individuals                17  0.00243  wikipedia            wikipedia:76%  onet_dimensions:12%  inference:12%
management                 17  0.00243  wikipedia            wikipedia:59%  onet_dimensions:41%
society                    17  0.00243  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
syndrome                   17  0.00243  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
south                      17  0.00243  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
families                   16  0.00229  wikipedia            wikipedia:50%  inference:38%  onet_tasks:12%
members                    16  0.00229  wikipedia            wikipedia:44%  dwas:38%  onet_dimensions:12%
principles                 16  0.00229  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%