[Core] [118% incumbents] Talk to or interact with animals to familiarize them to human voices or contact.
  DWAs: Train animals.

[Core] [118% incumbents] Observe animals' physical conditions to detect illness or unhealthy conditions requiring medical care.
  DWAs: Monitor health or behavior of people or animals.

[Core] [118% incumbents] Evaluate animals for trainability and ability to perform.
  DWAs: Evaluate capabilities or training needs.

[Supplemental] [118% incumbents] Use oral, spur, rein, or hand commands to condition horses to carry riders or to pull horse-drawn equipment.
  DWAs: Train animals.

[Supplemental] [118% incumbents] Retrain horses to break bad habits, such as kicking, bolting, or resisting bridling or grooming.
  DWAs: Train animals.

[Core] [117% incumbents] Cue or signal animals during performances.
  DWAs: Direct productions or performances.

[Core] [117% incumbents] Feed or exercise animals or provide other general care, such as cleaning or maintaining holding or performance areas.
  DWAs: Clean facilities or work areas. | Maintain facilities. | Care for animals.

[Core] [117% incumbents] Keep records documenting animal health, diet, or behavior.
  DWAs: Document client health or progress.

[Core] [117% incumbents] Advise animal owners regarding the purchase of specific animals.
  DWAs: Discuss service options or needs with clients.

[Supplemental] [117% incumbents] Train horses or other equines for riding, harness, show, racing, or other work, using knowledge of breed characteristics, training methods, performance standards, and the peculiarities of each animal.
  DWAs: Train animals.

[Supplemental] [117% incumbents] Train dogs in human assistance or property protection duties.
  DWAs: Train animals.

[Supplemental] [117% incumbents] Organize or conduct animal shows.
  DWAs: Organize recreational activities or events.

[Core] [116% incumbents] Conduct training programs to develop or maintain desired animal behaviors for competition, entertainment, obedience, security, riding, or related purposes.
  DWAs: Train animals.

[Core] [116% incumbents] Evaluate animals to determine their temperaments, abilities, or aptitude for training.
  DWAs: Evaluate capabilities or training needs.

[Core] [116% incumbents] Administer prescribed medications to animals.
  DWAs: Administer basic health care or medical treatments.

[EMERGING:New] Teach owners how to train their dogs.

[EMERGING:New] Teach people with visual impairments to use guide dogs.

--- SKILLS ---
  Speaking (imp:3.50 lvl:3.00) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Learning Strategies (imp:3.50 lvl:3.88) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Critical Thinking (imp:3.38 lvl:3.38) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Active Learning (imp:3.25 lvl:3.12) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Active Listening (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Monitoring (imp:3.12 lvl:3.50) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Reading Comprehension (imp:2.88 lvl:3.12) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Writing (imp:2.88 lvl:2.75) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Mathematics (imp:1.88 lvl:1.62) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Science (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:4.05 lvl:4.23) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Education and Training (imp:3.60 lvl:4.31) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Psychology (imp:3.19 lvl:3.67) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Administration and Management (imp:3.12 lvl:2.91) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  English Language (imp:3.11 lvl:3.04) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Sales and Marketing (imp:2.82 lvl:2.77) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Administrative (imp:2.74 lvl:3.42) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.67 lvl:2.18) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Biology (imp:2.59 lvl:2.08) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.52 lvl:2.39) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Economics and Accounting (imp:2.47 lvl:2.18) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Computers and Electronics (imp:2.40 lvl:2.52) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:2.36 lvl:2.07) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Law and Government (imp:2.31 lvl:2.20) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Mathematics (imp:2.15 lvl:1.99) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:2.07 lvl:1.92) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:2.05 lvl:2.12) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Production and Processing (imp:2.01 lvl:1.57) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Communications and Media (imp:2.00 lvl:2.05) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Mechanical (imp:1.93 lvl:1.69) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Engineering and Technology (imp:1.81 lvl:1.57) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Transportation (imp:1.77 lvl:1.46) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Geography (imp:1.75 lvl:1.46) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Building and Construction (imp:1.73 lvl:1.33) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Telecommunications (imp:1.68 lvl:0.88) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Design (imp:1.64 lvl:1.51) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Foreign Language (imp:1.48 lvl:0.88) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Chemistry (imp:1.45 lvl:0.91) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.42 lvl:0.91) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  History and Archeology (imp:1.30 lvl:0.64) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Physics (imp:1.28 lvl:0.39) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Fine Arts (imp:1.18) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  Food Production (imp:1.16) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food

--- ABILITIES ---
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.75 lvl:4.00) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Oral Expression (imp:3.62 lvl:4.00) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Oral Comprehension (imp:3.38 lvl:3.88) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Information Ordering (imp:3.25 lvl:3.00) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.25 lvl:3.00) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Originality (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:3.12 lvl:3.50) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.12 lvl:2.88) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Written Comprehension (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Written Expression (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:3.00 lvl:3.25) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Selective Attention (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Manual Dexterity (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Trunk Strength (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Stamina (imp:3.00 lvl:2.75) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Near Vision (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Far Vision (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:2.88 lvl:2.75) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.88 lvl:2.38) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:2.88 lvl:2.75) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Finger Dexterity (imp:2.88 lvl:2.75) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Static Strength (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Extent Flexibility (imp:2.88 lvl:3.12) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Depth Perception (imp:2.88 lvl:2.38) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Time Sharing (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Control Precision (imp:2.75 lvl:2.75) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Response Orientation (imp:2.75 lvl:2.50) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.62 lvl:2.50) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Visualization (imp:2.62 lvl:2.50) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Reaction Time (imp:2.62 lvl:2.38) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Dynamic Strength (imp:2.62 lvl:2.75) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:2.62 lvl:2.25) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.62 lvl:2.38) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:2.50 lvl:2.25) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Memorization (imp:2.38 lvl:2.25) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.38 lvl:2.12) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Rate Control (imp:2.25 lvl:1.75) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:2.12 lvl:1.62) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:2.12 lvl:1.88) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Number Facility (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Spatial Orientation (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Peripheral Vision (imp:2.00 lvl:1.88) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Sound Localization (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
  Night Vision (imp:1.75 lvl:1.50) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Explosive Strength (imp:1.38 lvl:0.50) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.12 lvl:0.25) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:4.18 lvl:4.99) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:4.13 lvl:5.18) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:4.03 lvl:4.64) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:3.99 lvl:4.72) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.91 lvl:4.79) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:3.85 lvl:4.47) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.84 lvl:4.92) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:3.82 lvl:4.22) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Getting Information (imp:3.68 lvl:3.85) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.67 lvl:4.75) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.65 lvl:4.04) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.59 lvl:3.46) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.59 lvl:3.99) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:3.53 lvl:3.31) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.50 lvl:4.05) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.40 lvl:3.79) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:3.36 lvl:4.86) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:3.32 lvl:3.99) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.31 lvl:3.61) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:3.30 lvl:3.72) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.30 lvl:3.81) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:3.30 lvl:3.63) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:3.23 lvl:3.76) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.17 lvl:3.53) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:3.10 lvl:3.48) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:3.01 lvl:3.18) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:2.96 lvl:3.14) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:2.93 lvl:2.58) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:2.83 lvl:2.73) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Processing Information (imp:2.69 lvl:2.81) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.69 lvl:3.08) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Working with Computers (imp:2.62 lvl:2.38) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:2.59 lvl:2.50) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:2.55 lvl:1.85) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:2.54 lvl:2.07) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:2.54 lvl:2.25) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.13 lvl:2.03) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:1.68 lvl:1.46) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:1.45 lvl:0.95) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:1.36 lvl:0.58) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:1.33 lvl:0.49) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:2.50) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Perseverance (imp:2.19) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Dependability (imp:2.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Self-Control (imp:1.95) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Attention to Detail (imp:1.94) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Cooperation (imp:1.84) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Empathy (imp:1.71) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Optimism (imp:1.67) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Adaptability (imp:1.58) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.58) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Achievement Orientation (imp:1.55) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Sincerity (imp:1.55) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Integrity (imp:1.54) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Self-Confidence (imp:1.47) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Initiative (imp:1.44) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:1.33) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:1.26) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Social Orientation (imp:1.18) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Humility (imp:1.06) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Perseverance (imp:1.00) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Innovation (imp:0.99) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Leadership Orientation (imp:0.90) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:0.84) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Achievement Orientation () — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Intellectual Curiosity () — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Cautiousness () — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Attention to Detail () — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity () — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Instructing (imp:3.75 lvl:3.12) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.12 lvl:2.88) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Coordination (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Service Orientation (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:3.00 lvl:2.75) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Time Management (imp:3.00 lvl:2.75) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Persuasion (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Systems Analysis (imp:2.88 lvl:2.62) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:2.88 lvl:2.62) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.62 lvl:2.50) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Negotiation (imp:2.50 lvl:2.25) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:2.12 lvl:2.12) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Operations Monitoring (imp:2.00 lvl:1.50) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Management of Material Resources (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Operations Analysis (imp:1.75 lvl:1.00) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Technology Design (imp:1.75 lvl:0.75) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Operation and Control (imp:1.75 lvl:1.75) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Troubleshooting (imp:1.75 lvl:1.25) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.75 lvl:1.50) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Equipment Selection (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Programming (imp:1.12 lvl:0.12) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
  Installation (imp:1.00) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.00) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Repairing (imp:1.00) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 18,770
  annual_median    : $39,990
  annual_pct10     : $29,600
  annual_pct25     : $33,740
  annual_pct75     : $53,580
  annual_pct90     : $75,490
  annual_mean      : $47,020
  hourly_median    : $19.22

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Virginia ($62,960)
  lowest_state     : South Carolina ($29,670)
  dispersion_ratio : 2.122x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (47 total) ---
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:    9,670  median: $  40,810
  Retail Trade                             emp:    3,330  median: $  36,240
  Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation      emp:    2,390  median: $  46,290
  Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting emp:    1,430  median: $  43,630
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      430  median: $  49,060
  Educational Services                     emp:      360  median: $  42,180
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:      180  median: $  43,680
  Accommodation and Food Services          emp:       50  median: $  48,140
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:       50  median: $  57,010

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (9 total) ---
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:    9,670  median: $  40,810
  Retail Trade                             emp:    3,330  median: $  36,240
  Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation      emp:    2,390  median: $  46,290
  Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting emp:    1,430  median: $  43,630
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      430  median: $  49,060
  Educational Services                     emp:      360  median: $  42,180
  Health Care and Social Assistance        emp:      180  median: $  43,680
  Accommodation and Food Services          emp:       50  median: $  48,140
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:       50  median: $  57,010

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Animal training
match_score        : 0.8000
wikidata_qid       : Q1193939
word_count         : 2,846
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_training
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T22:09:09.589533Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
Animal training is the act of teaching animals specific responses to specific conditions or stimuli. Training may be for purposes such as companionship, detection, protection,  and entertainment. The type of training an animal receives will vary depending on the training method used, and the purpose for training the animal. For example, a seeing eye dog will be trained to achieve a different goal than a wild animal in a circus.
In some countries animal trainer certification bodies exist. They do not share consistent goals or requirements; they do not prevent someone from practicing as an animal trainer nor using the title. Similarly, the United States does not require animal trainers to have any specific certification. An animal trainer should consider the natural behaviors of the animal and aim to modify behaviors through a basic system of reward and punishment.


== Methods ==


=== The behavioral approach ===


==== Principles ====
During training, an animal trainer can administer one of four potential consequences for a given behavior:

Positive reinforcement
Occurs when an animal's behavior is followed by a stimulus that increases occurrences of the behavior in the future.
Negative reinforcement
Occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus, which causes the occurrences of the behavior to increase in the future.
Positive punishment
Occurs when a behavior is followed by the addition of an aversive stimulus. This causes a decrease in occurrences of behavior in the future.
Negative punishment
Occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of a stimulus. As a result, the occurrences of the behavior decrease in the future.
Behavior analysts emphasize the use of positive reinforcement for increasing desirable behaviors  and negative punishment for decreasing undesirable behaviors. If punishment is going to be used to decrease an undesirable behavior, the animal must be able to receive positive reinforcement for an alternative behavior.


==== Establishing new behavior ====
Reinforcement should be provided according to a predetermined schedule. Such a schedule of reinforcement specifies whether all responses or only some are reinforced and includes the following:

Variable ratio
A reinforcer delivery occurs after a set number of responses, but that number varies around an average number.
Fixed ratio
A specific number of responses occur before a reinforcer is delivered.
Variable interval
The first response that is emitted after a set but variable amount of time has elapsed is reinforced.
Fixed interval
The first response that is emitted after a set time has elapsed is reinforced.
While continuous reinforcement in a fixed ratio schedule may be necessary for the initial learning stages, a variable ratio schedule is the most effective at maintaining behavior over long periods of time.
There are various methods animal trainers can use to prompt an animal to respond to a stimulus in a specific way. For example, shaping is a process by which successive approximations are rewarded until the desirable response topography is attained. An animal trainer can use conditioned reinforcers, like clickers, to bridge the interval between response and positive reinforcement. Some stimuli that is considered discriminative are signals, targets and cues. They can be used to prompt a response from an animal, and can be changed to other stimuli or faded in magnitude. In order to delay satiation, reinforcer size should be as small as possible and still be effective for reinforcement. Also, the timing of the delivery of a reinforcer is crucial. Initially the interval between response and consequence must be minimal in order for the animal to associate the consequence with the response.
Other important issues related to this method are: 

Stimulus control
Motivating operations
Desensitization
Chaining
S-deltas
Discrimination
Generalization


=== Other considerations ===
Certain sub-fields of animal training tend to also have certain philosophies and styles. For example, fields such as: 

Dog training
Companion bird training
Hunting bird training
Companion dog training
Show dog training
Dressage horse training
Mahout elephant training
Circus elephant training
Zoo elephant training
Zoo exotic animal training
Marine mammal training

The degree of trainer protection from the animal and the tasks trained may also vary. They can range from entertainment, husbandry (veterinary) behaviors, physical labor or athleticism, habituation to averse stimuli, interaction (or non-interaction) with other humans, or even research (sensory, physiological, cognitive).
Training also may take into consideration the natural social tendencies of the animal species (or even breed), such as predilections for attention span, food-motivation, dominance hierarchies, aggression, or bonding to individuals (conspecifics as well as humans). Consideration must also be given to practical aspects on the human side such as the ratio of the number of trainers to each animal. In some circumstances one animal may have multiple trainers, in others, a trainer might attend simultaneously to many animals in a training session. Sometimes training is accomplished with a single trainer working individually with a single animal. In some species, the number of trainers is irrelevant, yet it can usually achieve the wanted outcome.


== Service animals ==
Service animals, such as assistance dogs, Capuchin monkeys and miniature horses, are trained to utilize their sensory and social skills to bond with a human and help that person to offset a disability in daily life. The use of service animals, especially dogs, is an ever-growing field, with a wide range of special adaptations. In the United States, selected inmates in prisons are used to train service dogs. In addition to adding to the short supply of service animals, such programs have produced benefits in improved socialization skills and behavior of inmates.
For hundreds of years elephants have be trained to work in activities such as logging and in warfare. Captive elephants can be trained to remember tone, melody, and recognise more than 20 words.


== Entertainment ==

Organizations such as the American Humane Society monitor the  use of animals such as those used in the entertainment industry, but they do not monitor their training. It is best known for its end credit disclaimer "No Animals Were Harmed" that appears at the end of the credits of films and shows.
The Patsy Award (Picture Animal Top Star of the Year) was originated by the Hollywood office in 1939 after a horse was killed in an on-set accident during the filming of the Tyrone Power film Jesse James. The award now covers both film and television and is separated into four categories: canine, equine, wild and special.
One animal trainer, Frank Inn, received over 40 Patsy awards. While there is a high demand for mammals for film and television, there is also a demand for other animals. Steven R. Kutcher has filled this niche for insects.


== Companion animals ==


=== Dogs ===

Basic obedience training tasks for dogs, include walking on a leash, attention, housebreaking, nonaggression, and socialization with humans or other pets. Dogs are also trained for many other activities, such as dog sports, service dogs, and working dog tasks.
Positive reinforcement for dogs can include primary reinforcers like food or social reinforcers, such as vocal ("good boy") or tactile (stroking) ones. Positive punishment, if used at all, can be physical, such as pulling on a leash or spanking. It may also be vocal, such as saying "bad dog". Bridges to positive reinforcement, include vocal cues, whistling, and dog whistles, as well as clickers used in clicker training, a method popularized by Karen Pryor. Negative reinforcement may also be used. Punishment is also a tool, including withholding of food or physical discipline.


=== Horses ===

The primary purpose of training horses is to socialize th

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Clicker training (similarity: 0.4516)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clicker_training
  QID: Q38615
  Extract: Clicker training is a positive reinforcement animal training method based on a bridging stimulus in operant conditioning. The system uses conditioned reinforcers, which a trainer can deliver more quickly and more precisely than primary reinforcers such as food. The term "clicker" comes from a small 

  Title: Dawn Brancheau (similarity: 0.2069)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Brancheau
  QID: Q17352078
  Extract: Dawn Therese Brancheau was an American animal trainer at SeaWorld. She worked with orcas at SeaWorld Orlando for fifteen years, including a leading role in revamping the Shamu show, and was SeaWorld's poster girl. She was killed by an orca, Tilikum, who was also involved in the deaths of Keltie Byrn

  Title: Brandon McMillan (animal trainer) (similarity: 0.5833)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_McMillan_(animal_trainer)
  QID: Q27831116
  Extract: Brandon McMillan is an American television personality, animal trainer, author and television producer best known for his role as host and dog trainer of the television series Lucky Dog on CBS.

  Title: Working animal (similarity: 0.4138)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_animal
  QID: Q228534
  Extract: A working animal is an animal, usually domesticated, that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks. Some are used for their physical strength or for transportation, while others are service animals trained to execute certain specialized tasks. They may also be used for milking or herding. Some

  Title: Robert C. Martin (similarity: 0.3226)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Martin
  QID: Q93010
  Extract: Robert Cecil Martin, colloquially called "Uncle Bob", is an American software engineer, instructor, and author. He is most recognized for promoting many software design principles and for being an author and signatory of the influential Agile Manifesto.

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong data alignment between O*NET tasks, Wikipedia definition, and clear skill/knowledge profiles. Comprehensive wage and employment data available with specific emerging tasks identified.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T21:17:34.970071+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,665
tokens_output        : 4,332
cost_usd             : $0.046386
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Animal training
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia match confirms animal training as teaching animals specific responses to stimuli for purposes including companionship, detection, protection, and entertainment. This aligns with the O*NET description emphasizing training for riding, performance, security, and assistance work.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Animal trainers teach animals specific behaviors and responses for riding, performance, security, assistance to persons with disabilities, or competition. They use positive reinforcement techniques, verbal commands, and conditioning methods to modify animal behavior according to prescribed standards. Animal trainers work in diverse settings including entertainment venues, service animal organizations, equestrian facilities, and private training centers.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
Animal trainers begin their day by observing animals to assess their physical condition and detect any signs of illness or behavioral issues requiring attention. They spend significant time interacting with animals to familiarize them to human voices and contact, using oral commands, hand signals, or equipment like spurs and reins to condition responses. Throughout training sessions, they employ various teaching strategies and monitor progress, adjusting techniques based on each animal's learning capacity and temperament. They maintain detailed records documenting animal health, diet, and behavioral progress. Much of their time involves hands-on physical activities including feeding, exercising, and providing general care while cleaning and maintaining holding or performance areas.

WHO THRIVES:
Successful animal trainers demonstrate exceptional problem sensitivity and oral expression abilities, allowing them to identify training challenges and communicate effectively with both animals and human clients. They possess strong perseverance and self-control, essential for working through difficult training phases and maintaining composure with unpredictable animals. The role attracts individuals with a realistic orientation who enjoy hands-on, physical work combined with social skills for client interaction and teaching. Those who thrive display creativity in developing training approaches, patience for repetitive conditioning work, and the judgment to evaluate animal capabilities and adjust training methods accordingly.

CAREER ENTRY:
Most animal trainers enter the field with a high school diploma (44.4%) or less formal education (22.6%), with hands-on experience often valued over formal credentials. Entry typically begins through apprenticeships, volunteer work at animal facilities, or starting as an animal caretaker to learn basic animal behavior and handling techniques. Some pursue specialized training programs or certifications in specific areas like service dog training or equestrian instruction.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Animal trainers can advance to specialized roles such as head trainer positions, training program directors, or consultants for specific animal types or training methods. Career progression often involves developing expertise in particular areas like service animals, entertainment animals, or competitive sports, with opportunities to establish independent training businesses or move into related fields such as animal behavior consulting or veterinary technology.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
Animal trainers earn a median annual wage of $39,990 according to BLS OEWS May 2025, with the field employing 18,770 workers nationally. Wages vary significantly by location, ranging from $29,670 in South Carolina to $62,960 in Virginia, representing a 2.12x geographic differential. The largest employment sectors include Other Services (9,670 employed), Retail Trade (3,330), and Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation (2,390). Emerging tasks include teaching dog owners training techniques and instructing visually impaired individuals in guide dog usage, reflecting growing demand for specialized training services.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Animal training faces low automation risk due to the inherently relational and adaptive nature of the work. The role's emphasis on interpersonal communication, creative problem-solving, and real-time response to animal behavior cannot be easily replicated by technology. Physical interaction and the ability to read subtle behavioral cues remain fundamentally human capabilities essential to effective animal training.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [career_pathway] Animal Caretakers (39-2021.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles share animal care knowledge and physical work activities, with caretaking often serving as entry point to training specialization.
    data: Shared Customer and Personal Service knowledge (4.0+ importance)
    data: General Physical Activities work activity overlap
  [skill_overlap] Self-Enrichment Teachers (25-3021.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles emphasize Training and Teaching Others work activity and require strong instructional and speaking skills.
    data: Training and Teaching Others (4.0 importance)
    data: Speaking skill (3.5 importance)
    data: Instructing transferable skill (3.8)
  [skill_overlap] Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors (39-9031.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles require strong instructional abilities, customer service orientation, and training methodology knowledge.
    data: Education and Training knowledge
    data: Customer service focus
    data: Instructing skills
  [knowledge_overlap] Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers (31-9096.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles involve monitoring animal health conditions and maintaining detailed health records.
    data: Health monitoring work activities
    data: Animal care knowledge
    data: Record keeping tasks
  [riasec_cluster] Animal Breeders (45-2021.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both occupations share realistic orientation with hands-on animal work and evaluation of animal capabilities.
    data: Realistic RIASEC code dominance
    data: Animal evaluation tasks
    data: Physical work activities
  [task_similarity] Veterinary Technologists and Technicians (29-2056.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles involve observing animal physical conditions and maintaining health documentation.
    data: Animal health observation tasks
    data: Record keeping responsibilities
    data: Animal behavior monitoring

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['animal trainer', 'dog trainer', 'horse trainer', 'animal training', 'canine handler', 'animal instructor', 'pet trainer', 'animal behaviorist']
  exclude_keywords : ['veterinarian', 'animal caretaker', 'groomer', 'breeder', 'veterinary']
  title_patterns   : ['*trainer*', '*animal*instructor', '*handler', '*training*specialist', '*behavior*']
  common_variations: ['dog trainer', 'horse trainer', 'animal behaviorist', 'canine instructor', 'pet training specialist', 'animal training specialist', 'service animal trainer', 'equine trainer']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['animal', 'animals', 'tendency', 'others', 'behavior', 'trainer', 'equipment', 'dog', 'trained', 'trainers', 'principles', 'reinforcement', 'human', 'positive', 'physical', 'dogs', 'behaviors', 'techniques', 'control', 'includes']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
animal                     92  0.02215  wikipedia            wikipedia:68%  inference:23%  onet_tasks:5%
animals                    49  0.01180  wikipedia            wikipedia:51%  onet_tasks:16%  dwas:16%
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others                     41  0.00987  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:93%  wikipedia:7%
behavior                   39  0.00939  wikipedia            wikipedia:77%  inference:10%  onet_dimensions:8%
trainer                    33  0.00794  wikipedia            wikipedia:97%  inference:3%
equipment                  25  0.00602  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  onet_tasks:4%  inference:4%
dog                        23  0.00554  wikipedia            wikipedia:87%  inference:13%
trained                    21  0.00505  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
trainers                   21  0.00505  wikipedia            wikipedia:67%  inference:33%
principles                 20  0.00481  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  wikipedia:20%
reinforcement              20  0.00481  wikipedia            wikipedia:95%  inference:5%
human                      19  0.00457  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:37%  wikipedia:37%  inference:16%
positive                   18  0.00433  wikipedia            wikipedia:72%  onet_dimensions:22%  inference:6%
physical                   17  0.00409  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:35%  wikipedia:35%  inference:24%
dogs                       16  0.00385  wikipedia            wikipedia:81%  onet_tasks:19%
behaviors                  15  0.00361  wikipedia            wikipedia:87%  onet_tasks:7%  inference:7%
techniques                 15  0.00361  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:67%  inference:27%  wikipedia:7%
control                    15  0.00361  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  wikipedia:13%  inference:7%
includes                   14  0.00337  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:86%  wikipedia:14%
service                    13  0.00313  wikipedia            wikipedia:54%  inference:23%  onet_dimensions:15%
activities                 13  0.00313  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:69%  wikipedia:15%  dwas:8%
response                   13  0.00313  wikipedia            wikipedia:54%  onet_dimensions:38%  inference:8%
horses                     12  0.00289  wikipedia            wikipedia:75%  onet_tasks:25%
performance                12  0.00289  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:58%  inference:25%  onet_tasks:17%
entertainment              12  0.00289  wikipedia            wikipedia:58%  inference:33%  onet_tasks:8%
teaching                   12  0.00289  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:42%  inference:33%  wikipedia:25%
objects                    12  0.00289  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
needs                      11  0.00265  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  dwas:27%
ideas                      11  0.00265  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
quickly                    11  0.00265  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:82%  wikipedia:18%
circus                     11  0.00265  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
television                 11  0.00265  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
hand                       10  0.00241  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:70%  onet_tasks:10%  wikipedia:10%
maintaining                10  0.00241  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:60%  inference:20%  onet_tasks:10%
standards                  10  0.00241  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  onet_tasks:10%  inference:10%
procedures                 10  0.00241  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  wikipedia:20%
attention                  10  0.00241  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:60%  wikipedia:30%  inference:10%
management                 10  0.00241  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:70%  wikipedia:30%
materials                  10  0.00241  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%