[Core] [68% incumbents] Inspect problem roofs to determine the best repair procedures.
  DWAs: Inspect work sites to determine condition or necessary repairs.

[Core] [68% incumbents] Estimate materials and labor required to complete roofing jobs.
  DWAs: Estimate materials requirements for projects. | Estimate construction project labor requirements.

[Core] [68% incumbents] Install partially overlapping layers of material over roof insulation surfaces, using chalk lines, gauges on shingling hatchets, or lines on shingles.
  DWAs: Install roofing materials.

[Core] [68% incumbents] Cut felt, shingles, or strips of flashing to fit angles formed by walls, vents, or intersecting roof surfaces.
  DWAs: Cut carpet, vinyl or other flexible materials.

[Core] [68% incumbents] Install, repair, or replace single-ply roofing systems, using waterproof sheet materials such as modified plastics, elastomeric, or other asphaltic compositions.
  DWAs: Install roofing materials.

[Core] [68% incumbents] Attach roofing paper to roofs in overlapping strips to form bases for other materials.
  DWAs: Install roofing materials.

[Core] [68% incumbents] Waterproof or damp-proof walls, floors, roofs, foundations, or basements by painting or spraying surfaces with waterproof coatings or by attaching waterproofing membranes to surfaces.
  DWAs: Apply sealants or other protective coatings.

[Core] [68% incumbents] Apply reflective roof coatings, such as special paints or single-ply roofing sheets, to existing roofs to reduce solar heat absorption.
  DWAs: Install roofing materials. | Apply paint to surfaces.

[Core] [68% incumbents] Apply alternate layers of hot asphalt or tar and roofing paper to roofs.
  DWAs: Install roofing materials.

[Core] [68% incumbents] Cover exposed nailheads with roofing cement or caulking to prevent water leakage or rust.
  DWAs: Apply sealants or other protective coatings.

[Core] [68% incumbents] Smooth rough spots to prepare surfaces for waterproofing, using hammers, chisels, or rubbing bricks.
  DWAs: Smooth surfaces with abrasive materials or tools.

[Supplemental] [68% incumbents] Spray roofs, sidings, or walls to bind, seal, insulate, or soundproof sections of structures, using spray guns, air compressors, or heaters.
  DWAs: Apply sealants or other protective coatings.

[Core] [67% incumbents] Remove snow, water, or debris from roofs prior to applying roofing materials.
  DWAs: Remove debris or vegetation from work sites.

[Core] [67% incumbents] Set up scaffolding to provide safe access to roofs.
  DWAs: Assemble temporary equipment or structures.

[Core] [67% incumbents] Cement or nail flashing strips of metal or shingle over joints to make them watertight.
  DWAs: Apply adhesives to construction materials. | Install roofing materials.

[Core] [67% incumbents] Glaze top layers to make a smooth finish or embed gravel in the bitumen for rough surfaces.
  DWAs: Spread sand, dirt or other loose materials onto surfaces.

[Core] [67% incumbents] Mop or pour hot asphalt or tar onto roof bases.
  DWAs: Pour materials into or on designated areas.

[Core] [67% incumbents] Apply gravel or pebbles over top layers of roofs, using rakes or stiff-bristled brooms.
  DWAs: Spread sand, dirt or other loose materials onto surfaces. | Install roofing materials.

[Supplemental] [67% incumbents] Punch holes in slate, tile, terra cotta, or wooden shingles, using punches and hammers.
  DWAs: Drill holes in construction materials.

[Supplemental] [67% incumbents] Apply modular soil- and plant-containing grids over existing roof membranes to create green roofs.
  DWAs: Install green structural components, equipment or systems.

[Core] [66% incumbents] Cover roofs or exterior walls of structures with slate, asphalt, aluminum, wood, gravel, gypsum, or related materials, using brushes, knives, punches, hammers, or other tools.
  DWAs: Install roofing materials.

[Core] [65% incumbents] Apply plastic coatings, membranes, fiberglass, or felt over sloped roofs before applying shingles.
  DWAs: Install roofing materials.

[Core] [65% incumbents] Install attic ventilation systems, such as turbine vents, gable or ridge vents, or conventional or solar-powered exhaust fans.
  DWAs: Install green structural components, equipment or systems.

[Core] [65% incumbents] Install skylights on roofs to increase natural light inside structures or to reduce energy costs.
  DWAs: Install doors or windows.

[Supplemental] [65% incumbents] Attach solar panels to existing roofs, according to specifications and without damaging roofing materials or the structural integrity of buildings.
  DWAs: Install solar energy systems.

[Supplemental] [65% incumbents] Install layers of vegetation-based green roofs, including protective membranes, drainage, aeration, water retention and filter layers, soil substrates, irrigation materials, and plants.
  DWAs: Install green structural components, equipment or systems.

[Core] [64% incumbents] Install vapor barriers or layers of insulation on flat roofs.
  DWAs: Install insulation in equipment or structures.

--- SKILLS ---
  Active Listening (imp:3.12 lvl:2.75) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Critical Thinking (imp:3.12 lvl:2.88) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Speaking (imp:3.00 lvl:2.50) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Monitoring (imp:3.00 lvl:2.75) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Reading Comprehension (imp:2.75 lvl:2.62) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Active Learning (imp:2.62 lvl:2.38) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Mathematics (imp:2.25 lvl:2.12) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Learning Strategies (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Writing (imp:2.00 lvl:2.00) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Science (imp:1.25 lvl:0.25) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Building and Construction (imp:4.58 lvl:5.31) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:3.52 lvl:3.82) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  English Language (imp:3.37 lvl:2.40) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Public Safety and Security (imp:3.32 lvl:2.87) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Education and Training (imp:3.22 lvl:3.66) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Mathematics (imp:3.21 lvl:3.10) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Design (imp:3.19 lvl:3.33) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  Mechanical (imp:3.08 lvl:3.78) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Administration and Management (imp:3.01 lvl:2.85) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Transportation (imp:2.61 lvl:2.23) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Administrative (imp:2.60 lvl:1.61) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Engineering and Technology (imp:2.57 lvl:2.79) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Foreign Language (imp:2.49 lvl:1.99) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Production and Processing (imp:2.42 lvl:1.71) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Chemistry (imp:2.32 lvl:2.13) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Physics (imp:2.19 lvl:2.32) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Law and Government (imp:2.15 lvl:1.76) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:2.11 lvl:1.52) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Sales and Marketing (imp:2.01 lvl:1.41) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Economics and Accounting (imp:1.99 lvl:1.31) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.86 lvl:1.11) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Psychology (imp:1.78 lvl:1.00) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Computers and Electronics (imp:1.71 lvl:1.18) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Telecommunications (imp:1.68) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Communications and Media (imp:1.59 lvl:0.70) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.48 lvl:0.62) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.45 lvl:0.67) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Geography (imp:1.44 lvl:0.61) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Food Production (imp:1.39) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.39) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 
  Biology (imp:1.38) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  Fine Arts (imp:1.18) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  History and Archeology (imp:1.18) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi

--- ABILITIES ---
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:4.00 lvl:4.00) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Trunk Strength (imp:3.75 lvl:3.75) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Extent Flexibility (imp:3.75 lvl:3.75) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Near Vision (imp:3.62 lvl:3.38) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:3.50 lvl:3.12) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Manual Dexterity (imp:3.50 lvl:3.12) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:3.50 lvl:3.25) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Oral Comprehension (imp:3.38 lvl:3.75) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:3.38 lvl:3.12) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Stamina (imp:3.25 lvl:3.25) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Finger Dexterity (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Control Precision (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Static Strength (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Far Vision (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Oral Expression (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Information Ordering (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Visualization (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Selective Attention (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.00 lvl:2.75) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Perceptual Speed (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Time Sharing (imp:2.88 lvl:2.62) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Response Orientation (imp:2.88 lvl:2.38) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Reaction Time (imp:2.88 lvl:3.12) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Depth Perception (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Speech Clarity (imp:2.88 lvl:2.62) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Category Flexibility (imp:2.75 lvl:2.88) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Rate Control (imp:2.75 lvl:2.75) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:2.75 lvl:2.12) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Auditory Attention (imp:2.75 lvl:2.62) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Written Comprehension (imp:2.62 lvl:2.88) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:2.62 lvl:2.38) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Dynamic Strength (imp:2.50 lvl:2.38) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.50 lvl:2.38) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:2.38 lvl:2.12) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:2.25 lvl:2.12) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Originality (imp:2.25 lvl:2.25) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Explosive Strength (imp:2.25 lvl:1.50) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:2.25 lvl:1.75) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Written Expression (imp:2.12 lvl:2.12) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Number Facility (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.12 lvl:1.62) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:2.12 lvl:2.12) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:2.00 lvl:1.50) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Memorization (imp:2.00 lvl:1.38) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Spatial Orientation (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Sound Localization (imp:2.00 lvl:1.12) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.88 lvl:1.12) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.88 lvl:1.38) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Night Vision (imp:1.75 lvl:1.38) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:4.30 lvl:5.55) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:4.22 lvl:6.56) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:4.08 lvl:3.92) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:4.06 lvl:4.32) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Getting Information (imp:4.00 lvl:3.68) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:3.99 lvl:3.75) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:3.85 lvl:4.31) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.66 lvl:3.03) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:3.62 lvl:3.77) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:3.61 lvl:3.85) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:3.61 lvl:3.82) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:3.54 lvl:4.41) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:3.49 lvl:3.60) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.48 lvl:4.43) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.46 lvl:4.23) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:3.45 lvl:3.64) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.42 lvl:3.51) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:3.40 lvl:4.07) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:3.39 lvl:3.91) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:3.39 lvl:3.78) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.32 lvl:3.36) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.31 lvl:3.89) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:3.25 lvl:3.77) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:3.23 lvl:3.12) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.16 lvl:3.82) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.12 lvl:3.93) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:3.12 lvl:4.11) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Processing Information (imp:3.03 lvl:3.28) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:3.02 lvl:3.07) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:2.99 lvl:2.98) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:2.93 lvl:3.14) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:2.91 lvl:3.10) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:2.77 lvl:2.50) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:2.71 lvl:2.56) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:2.71 lvl:2.93) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:2.55 lvl:2.60) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:2.46 lvl:2.58) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:2.37 lvl:2.01) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:2.32 lvl:2.30) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.25 lvl:1.64) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Working with Computers (imp:2.16 lvl:1.74) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:2.25) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Cautiousness (imp:2.24) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Dependability (imp:2.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:1.86) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Perseverance (imp:1.74) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.58) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Integrity (imp:1.08) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Cautiousness (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Self-Confidence (imp:0.92) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:0.86) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Self-Control (imp:0.80) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Cooperation (imp:0.62) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Adaptability (imp:0.50) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Initiative (imp:0.47) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Leadership Orientation (imp:0.27) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Optimism (imp:0.26) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Sincerity (imp:0.13) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Achievement Orientation () — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Intellectual Curiosity () — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Attention to Detail () — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Integrity () — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:-0.02) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Empathy (imp:-0.05) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Innovation (imp:-0.16) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Humility (imp:-0.16) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Social Orientation (imp:-0.27) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:-0.63) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Coordination (imp:3.62 lvl:3.88) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Operations Monitoring (imp:3.00 lvl:2.62) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Operation and Control (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Time Management (imp:3.00 lvl:2.75) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:2.88 lvl:2.75) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:2.75 lvl:2.50) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:2.75 lvl:2.50) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Instructing (imp:2.50 lvl:2.12) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Service Orientation (imp:2.38 lvl:2.25) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:2.38 lvl:2.12) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Persuasion (imp:2.25 lvl:1.88) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Troubleshooting (imp:2.12 lvl:1.75) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Negotiation (imp:2.00 lvl:1.75) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Equipment Selection (imp:2.00 lvl:1.12) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Systems Analysis (imp:2.00 lvl:1.50) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Systems Evaluation (imp:2.00 lvl:1.25) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Management of Material Resources (imp:2.00 lvl:1.00) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:1.88 lvl:1.12) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.88 lvl:1.00) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Operations Analysis (imp:1.75 lvl:1.25) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Technology Design (imp:1.75 lvl:0.75) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Installation (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Repairing (imp:1.75 lvl:1.25) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
  Programming (imp:1.00) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 135,490
  annual_median    : $55,440
  annual_pct10     : $37,460
  annual_pct25     : $46,260
  annual_pct75     : $65,390
  annual_pct90     : $81,720
  annual_mean      : $58,140
  hourly_median    : $26.65

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Illinois ($77,900)
  lowest_state     : Puerto Rico ($24,100)
  dispersion_ratio : 3.232x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (52 total) ---
  Construction                             emp:  132,130  median: $  55,790
  Manufacturing                            emp:    1,330  median: $  47,890
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:    1,010  median: $  45,190
  Educational Services                     emp:      380  median: $  62,860
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:      190  median: $  76,870
  Retail Trade                             emp:       70  median: $  57,850

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (6 total) ---
  Construction                             emp:  132,130  median: $  55,790
  Manufacturing                            emp:    1,330  median: $  47,890
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:    1,010  median: $  45,190
  Educational Services                     emp:      380  median: $  62,860
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:      190  median: $  76,870
  Retail Trade                             emp:       70  median: $  57,850

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Roofer
match_score        : 0.9231
wikidata_qid       : Q552378
word_count         : 2,783
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofer
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T22:43:13.819261Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
A roofer, roof mechanic, or roofing contractor is a tradesperson  who specializes in roof construction. Roofers replace, repair, and install the roofs of buildings, using a variety of materials, including shingles, single-ply, bitumen, and metal. Roofing work includes the hoisting, storage, application, and removal of roofing materials and equipment, including related insulation, sheet metal, vapor barrier work, and green technologies rooftop jobs such as vegetative roofs, rainwater harvesting systems, and photovoltaic products, such as solar shingles and solar tiles.
Roofing work can be physically demanding because it may involve heavy lifting, climbing, bending, and kneeling, often in extreme weather conditions. Roofers are also vulnerable to falls from heights due to working at elevated heights. Various protective measures are required in many countries.  In the United States these requirement are established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to address this concern. Several resources from occupational health agencies are available on implementing the required and other recommended interventions.


== Global usage ==
According to data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), as of May 2022, there were 129,300 individuals working as roofers in the construction industry. Among that population, a majority of roofers (93%; 119,800) were contractors for Foundation, Structure, and Building Exterior projects. In terms of jobs outlook, it is predicted that there will only be a 2% increase in job growth from 2022 to 2032 in the United States.   Approximately 12,200 openings are expected each year in this decade. Most of the new jobs are likely to be offered to replace roofers who retire or transition out of the trade.
In Australia, this type of carpenter is called a roof carpenter and the term roofer refers to someone who installs the roof cladding (tiles, tin, etc.). The number of roofers in Australia was estimated to be approximately 15,000. New South Wales is the largest province with an 29% market share in the Australian Roofers industry (4,425 companies). Second is Victoria with 3,206 Roofers (21%).
In the United States and Canada, they're often referred to as roofing contractors or roofing professionals. The most common roofing material in the United States is asphalt shingles. In the past, 3-tab shingles were used, but recent trends show "architectural" or "dimensional" shingles  becoming very popular.
Depending on the region, other commonly applied roofing materials installed by roofers include concrete tiles, clay tiles, natural or synthetic slate, single-ply (primarily EPDM rubber, PVC, or TPO), rubber shingles (made from recycled tires), glass, metal panels or shingles, wood shakes or shingles, liquid-applied, hot asphalt/rubber, foam, thatch, and solar tiles. "Living roof" systems, or rooftop landscapes, have become increasingly common in recent years in both residential and commercial applications.


== Roles, responsibilities, and tasks ==

Roles and responsibilities of roofing professionals include:

Assessing the roof system and components (may include decking and structural components)
Determining the proper roofing system for the building
Installing roof system components according to manufacturer’s specifications
Repairing the roof system
Maintenance of the roof system
Beyond having common duties such as replacing, repairing, or installing roofs for buildings, roofers can also be involved in other tasks, including but is not limited to:

Seal exposed heads of nails or screws using roofing cement or caulk to avert possible water infiltration
Tailor roofing materials to accommodate architectural elements such as walls or vents
Align the installed materials with the roof's edges to ensure a proper fit
Apply various roofing materials such as shingles, asphalt, metal, etc., to render the roof impervious to weather conditions
Establish roof ventilation mechanisms to regulate airflow and control temperature fluctuations
Set up moisture barriers or insulation layers to improve the roof's thermal performance
Dismantle the current roof systems to make ways for repairs or new installations
Substitute impaired or decaying joists or plywood to maintain the roof's structural integrity
Assess roof dimensions to assess the necessary amount of required materials
Conduct evaluations on problematic roofs to determine the most effective repair approach


== Hazards ==
Roofing is one of the most dangerous professions among construction occupations since it involves working at heights and exposes workers to dangerous weather conditions such as extreme heat.  In the United States as of 2017, the rate of fatalities from falls among roofers is 36 deaths per 100,000 full-time employees, ten times greater than all construction-related professions combined. In the United States, the fatal injury rate in 2021 was 59.0 per 100,000 full-time roofers, compared to the national average of 3.6 per 100,000 full-time employees.  According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, roofing has been within the top 5 highest death rates of any profession for over 10 years in a row.  For Hispanic roofers, data from 2001–2008 show fatal injuries from falls account for nearly 80% of deaths in this population, the highest cause of death among Hispanics of any construction trade.
A major contributing factor to the high fatality rates among roofers in the United States is the nature of the craft which requires roofers to work on elevated, slanted roof surfaces. Findings from qualitative interviews with Michigan roofing contractors also found hand and finger injuries from handling heavy material and back injuries to be some of the more common task/injury combinations.
Ladder falls contribute to the rates of injury and mortality.  More than half a million people per year are treated for fall from ladder and over 3000 people die as a result.  In 2014 the estimated cost annual cost of ladder injuries, including time away from work, medical, legal, liability expenses was estimated to reach $24 billion. Male, Hispanic, older, self-employed workers and those who work in smaller establishments, and work doing construction, maintenance, and repair experience higher ladder fall injury rates when compared with women and non-Hispanic whites and persons of other races/ethnicities.
Ladders allow for roofers to access upper level work surfaces. For safe use, ladder must be inspected for damage by a competent person and must be used on stable and level surfaces unless they are secured to prevent displacement.


== Safety measures ==
Nearly every industrialized country has established specific safety regulations for work on the roof, ranging from the use of conventional fall protection systems including personal fall arrest systems, guardrail systems, and safety nets.
The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work describes scenarios of risk (fall prevention, falling materials, types of roofs), precautions, training needed and European legislation focused on roof work. European directives set minimum standards for health and safety and are transposed into law in all Member States.
In the United States, OSHA standards require employers to have several means of fall protection available to ensure the safety of workers. In construction, this applies to workers who are exposed to falls of 6 feet or more above lower levels. In the United States, regulation of the roofing trade is left up to individual states. Some states leave roofing regulation up to city-level, county-level, and municipal-level jurisdictions. Unlicensed contracting of projects worth over a set threshold may result in stiff fines or even time in prison. In some states, roofers are required to meet insurance and roofing license guidelines. Roofers are also required to display their license number on their marketing material.
Canada's rules are very similar to those from the U.S., and regulatory authorit

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Roof shingle (similarity: 0.5263)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_shingle
  QID: Q2227106
  Extract: Shingles are a roof covering consisting of individual overlapping elements. These elements are typically flat, rectangular shapes laid in courses from the bottom edge of the roof up, with each successive course overlapping the joints below. Shingles are held by the roof rafters and are made of vario

  Title: CRC Roofers Coliseum (similarity: 0.5185)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Roofers_Coliseum
  QID: Q5473655
  Extract: The CRC Roofers Coliseum is a 5,260-seat multi-purpose arena in San Angelo, Texas, built in 1959 as a home for the San Angelo Stock Show and Rodeo, the fourth largest stock show and rodeo in the United States, after its original home was destroyed in 1953. Throughout the year the coliseum is home to

  Title: List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft (similarity: 0.1176)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_commercial_aircraft
  QID: Q354069
  Extract: 


This list of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft includes notable events that have a corresponding Wikipedia article. Entries in this list meet this list's size criteria—passenger aircraft with a seating capacity of at least 10 passengers, or commercial cargo aircraft of at leas

  Title: Roof coating (similarity: 0.4211)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_coating
  QID: Q7366134
  Extract: A roof coating is a monolithic, fully adhered, fluid applied roofing membrane. Many roof coatings are elastomeric, that is, they have elastic properties that allow them to stretch and return to their original shape without damage.

  Title: Flat roof (similarity: 0.5000)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_roof
  QID: Q149292
  Extract: A flat roof is a roof which is almost level in contrast to the many types of sloped roofs. The slope of a roof is properly known as its pitch and flat roofs have up to approximately 10°.
 Flat roofs are an ancient form mostly used in arid climates and allow the roof space to be used as a living spac

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Strong data foundation with comprehensive O*NET work activities, clear wage data from BLS OEWS May 2025, and Wikipedia validation of core role definition.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T23:37:24.976283+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,937
tokens_output        : 4,404
cost_usd             : $0.049237
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Roofer
wikipedia_note       : Wikipedia confirms roofers are tradespeople specializing in roof construction using various materials including shingles, bitumen, and metal. The definition aligns with O*NET data emphasizing material variety and building protection focus.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Roofers are skilled tradespeople who cover roofs of structures with various materials including shingles, slate, asphalt, aluminum, and wood, while also providing waterproofing and sealing services. They combine physical strength with technical knowledge to ensure buildings are protected from weather elements through proper roof installation, repair, and maintenance. According to BLS OEWS May 2025, the median annual wage is $55,440 with 135,490 workers employed nationally.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
A roofer begins by inspecting problem roofs to determine the best repair procedures, then estimates materials and labor required for the job. They spend most of their day performing physically demanding tasks like installing overlapping layers of roofing materials using chalk lines and gauges, cutting felt and shingles to fit around walls and vents, and applying waterproof coatings. The work involves handling and moving heavy materials, climbing on roofs while maintaining balance, and using hand tools to secure roofing components. They also apply sealants around exposed nailheads to prevent water leakage and may install energy-efficient reflective coatings to reduce solar heat.

WHO THRIVES:
Individuals who excel as roofers possess strong physical capabilities including excellent balance, trunk strength, and flexibility to work safely on sloped surfaces at heights. They demonstrate high dependability and cautiousness, essential traits when working in potentially dangerous environments where attention to detail prevents costly errors and safety hazards. Successful roofers have realistic and conventional personality orientations, preferring hands-on work with tangible materials over abstract problem-solving. They must be comfortable with outdoor work in various weather conditions and possess the perseverance to complete labor-intensive projects that require sustained physical effort.

CAREER ENTRY:
Most roofers enter the field with a high school diploma (48.9%) or less formal education (26.1%), learning primarily through on-the-job training and apprenticeships. Some pursue post-secondary certificates in construction trades (10.8%) to gain specialized knowledge in building construction and safety procedures. Entry-level positions often begin as helpers, where workers learn proper techniques for material handling, tool use, and safety protocols under supervision of experienced roofers.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Experienced roofers can advance to supervisory roles, become roofing contractors, or specialize in commercial or industrial roofing systems that offer higher wages. Many establish their own roofing businesses, leveraging their technical expertise and customer service skills to build client relationships. Career progression may also lead to related construction trades like insulation work, general contracting, or building inspection roles that utilize their understanding of building envelope systems.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
The roofing industry employs 135,490 workers with a median annual wage of $55,440, ranging from $37,460 to $81,720 (BLS OEWS May 2025). Geographic wage variation is significant, with Illinois offering the highest wages at $77,900 compared to Puerto Rico at $24,100, representing a 3.23x ratio. Construction accounts for 97.5% of employment (132,130 workers), with smaller numbers in manufacturing and administrative services. Demand remains steady due to ongoing building construction, roof replacement needs, and increasing focus on energy-efficient roofing solutions that require specialized installation skills.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Roofing work has low automation risk due to the highly manual, site-specific nature of tasks requiring gross body equilibrium, trunk strength, and adaptability to unique roof configurations. While some tools and materials have improved efficiency, the core activities of handling materials, cutting custom pieces, and applying waterproof coatings in varied outdoor environments resist automation. The need for on-site problem-solving and quality inspection ensures continued demand for human expertise.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [career_pathway] Helpers--Roofers (47-3016.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Direct entry-level position leading to full roofer role, sharing identical work environment and basic tasks.
    data: O*NET Primary-Short relationship
    data: Same RIASEC profile orientation
    data: Job Zone progression from 1 to 2
  [task_similarity] Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall (47-2131.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles involve building envelope protection, waterproofing applications, and similar physical demands including trunk strength and flexibility.
    data: Shared waterproofing tasks
    data: Similar physical abilities requirements
    data: Building construction knowledge overlap
  [skill_overlap] Drywall and Ceiling Tile Installers (47-2081.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both require manual dexterity, arm-hand steadiness, and building construction knowledge for interior/exterior building envelope work.
    data: Manual dexterity importance 3.5
    data: Building construction knowledge
    data: Similar installation techniques
  [knowledge_overlap] Carpenters (47-2031.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Extensive overlap in building construction knowledge (4.6 importance for roofers), mathematics, and mechanical knowledge.
    data: Building construction knowledge 4.6 importance
    data: Mathematics knowledge 3.2
    data: Mechanical knowledge 3.1
  [riasec_cluster] Plasterers and Stucco Masons (47-2161.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both are Realistic-oriented trades requiring physical coordination and hands-on application of protective building materials.
    data: Realistic orientation R:7.00
    data: Building envelope protection focus
    data: Material application techniques
  [transferable_skill] Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood, and Hard Tiles (47-2042.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both roles emphasize coordination skills (3.6 importance) and precise material installation requiring attention to detail.
    data: Coordination skill 3.6 importance
    data: Material installation focus
    data: Attention to detail work style

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['roofer', 'roofing', 'roof installation', 'roof repair', 'shingle installation', 'waterproofing', 'roof coating', 'roof construction']
  exclude_keywords : ['architect', 'engineer', 'inspector', 'sales', 'manager']
  title_patterns   : ['*Roofer', 'Roofing *', 'Roof *', '*Roofing Technician', '*Roofing Mechanic']
  common_variations: ['Commercial Roofer', 'Residential Roofer', 'Metal Roofer', 'Journeyman Roofer', 'Roofing Technician', 'Roof Mechanic', 'Roofing Installer', 'Industrial Roofer']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['roofing', 'roof', 'materials', 'tendency', 'fall', 'safety', 'others', 'roofs', 'equipment', 'construction', 'roofers', 'install', 'shingles', 'principles', 'resources', 'working', 'states', 'control', 'surfaces', 'solar']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
roofing                    57  0.01331  wikipedia            wikipedia:56%  dwas:16%  onet_tasks:14%
roof                       54  0.01261  wikipedia            wikipedia:83%  onet_tasks:9%  inference:7%
materials                  53  0.01238  dwas                 dwas:32%  wikipedia:21%  onet_dimensions:19%
tendency                   42  0.00981  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
fall                       41  0.00958  wikipedia            wikipedia:95%  onet_dimensions:5%
safety                     40  0.00934  wikipedia            wikipedia:90%  inference:8%  onet_dimensions:2%
others                     38  0.00887  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
roofs                      36  0.00841  wikipedia            wikipedia:47%  onet_tasks:44%  inference:8%
equipment                  30  0.00701  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:77%  dwas:17%  wikipedia:7%
construction               27  0.00630  wikipedia            wikipedia:59%  inference:22%  dwas:11%
roofers                    27  0.00630  wikipedia            wikipedia:74%  inference:26%
install                    24  0.00560  dwas                 dwas:62%  onet_tasks:25%  wikipedia:8%
shingles                   21  0.00490  wikipedia            wikipedia:67%  onet_tasks:19%  inference:14%
principles                 16  0.00374  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
resources                  16  0.00374  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:56%  wikipedia:44%
working                    16  0.00374  wikipedia            wikipedia:69%  onet_dimensions:25%  inference:6%
states                     16  0.00374  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
control                    15  0.00350  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  wikipedia:20%
surfaces                   14  0.00327  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:43%  dwas:29%  wikipedia:21%
solar                      14  0.00327  wikipedia            wikipedia:64%  onet_tasks:21%  dwas:7%
includes                   14  0.00327  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:86%  wikipedia:14%
health                     13  0.00304  wikipedia            wikipedia:92%  onet_dimensions:8%
distance                   13  0.00304  wikipedia            wikipedia:85%  onet_dimensions:15%
body                       12  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:83%  wikipedia:8%  inference:8%
objects                    12  0.00280  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
united                     12  0.00280  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
problem                    11  0.00257  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:64%  inference:27%  onet_tasks:9%
procedures                 11  0.00257  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  inference:18%  onet_tasks:9%
material                   11  0.00257  wikipedia            wikipedia:45%  onet_dimensions:27%  inference:18%
structures                 11  0.00257  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:45%  onet_tasks:27%  dwas:18%
metal                      11  0.00257  wikipedia            wikipedia:82%  onet_tasks:9%  inference:9%
monitoring                 11  0.00257  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  wikipedia:27%
standards                  11  0.00257  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  wikipedia:27%
techniques                 11  0.00257  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:91%  inference:9%
ideas                      11  0.00257  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
actions                    11  0.00257  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:73%  wikipedia:27%
coatings                   10  0.00233  onet_tasks           onet_tasks:30%  dwas:30%  inference:30%
building                   10  0.00233  inference            inference:50%  onet_dimensions:30%  wikipedia:20%
events                     10  0.00233  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  wikipedia:20%
activities                 10  0.00233  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:90%  inference:10%