[Core] [51% incumbents] Maintain equipment, making repairs or modifications when necessary.
  DWAs: Maintain construction tools or equipment.

[Core] [51% incumbents] Fabricate or alter parts at construction sites, using shears, hammers, punches, or drills.
  DWAs: Fabricate parts or components.

[Core] [51% incumbents] Determine project requirements, such as scope, assembly sequences, or required methods or materials, using blueprints, drawings, or written or verbal instructions.
  DWAs: Review blueprints or specifications to determine work requirements.

[Core] [51% incumbents] Select gauges or types of sheet metal or nonmetallic material, according to product specifications.
  DWAs: Select construction materials.

[Core] [51% incumbents] Shape metal material over anvils, blocks, or other forms, using hand tools.
  DWAs: Fabricate parts or components.

[Core] [51% incumbents] Trim, file, grind, deburr, buff, or smooth surfaces, seams, or joints of assembled parts, using hand tools or portable power tools.
  DWAs: Smooth surfaces with abrasive materials or tools.

[Supplemental] [51% incumbents] Convert blueprints into shop drawings to be followed in the construction or assembly of sheet metal products.
  DWAs: Create construction or installation diagrams.

[Supplemental] [51% incumbents] Finish parts, using hacksaws or hand, rotary, or squaring shears.
  DWAs: Fabricate parts or components.

[Core] [50% incumbents] Fabricate ducts for high efficiency heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to maximize efficiency of systems.
  DWAs: Fabricate parts or components.

[Core] [50% incumbents] Fasten seams or joints together with welds, bolts, cement, rivets, solder, caulks, metal drive clips, or bonds to assemble components into products or to repair sheet metal items.
  DWAs: Assemble products or production equipment. | Weld metal components.

[Core] [50% incumbents] Transport prefabricated parts to construction sites for assembly and installation.
  DWAs: Move construction or extraction materials to locations where they are needed.

[Core] [50% incumbents] Install assemblies, such as flashing, pipes, tubes, heating and air conditioning ducts, furnace casings, rain gutters, or downspouts in supportive frameworks.
  DWAs: Install building fixtures. | Install plumbing or piping.

[Core] [50% incumbents] Hire, train, or supervise new employees or apprentices.
  DWAs: Train construction or extraction personnel. | Direct construction or extraction personnel.

[Core] [50% incumbents] Lay out, measure, and mark dimensions and reference lines on material, such as roofing panels, using calculators, scribes, dividers, squares, or rulers.
  DWAs: Measure materials or objects for installation or assembly. | Mark reference points on construction materials.

[Core] [50% incumbents] Maneuver completed roofing units into position for installation.
  DWAs: Position structural components.

[Supplemental] [50% incumbents] Inspect individual parts, assemblies, or installations, using measuring instruments, such as calipers, scales, or micrometers.
  DWAs: Inspect completed work to ensure proper installation.

[Supplemental] [50% incumbents] Verify that heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are designed, installed, and calibrated in accordance with green certification standards, such as those of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED).
  DWAs: Evaluate construction projects to determine compliance with external standards or regulations.

[Supplemental] [50% incumbents] Perform building commissioning activities by completing mechanical inspections of a building's water, lighting, or heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
  DWAs: Inspect industrial or commercial equipment to ensure proper operation.

[Supplemental] [49% incumbents] Fasten roof panel edges or machine-made moldings to structures by nailing or welding.
  DWAs: Install roofing materials. | Weld metal components.

--- SKILLS ---
  Reading Comprehension (imp:3.12 lvl:2.75) — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
  Critical Thinking (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternativ
  Monitoring (imp:3.12 lvl:2.88) — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organization
  Active Listening (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
  Speaking (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
  Mathematics (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — Using mathematics to solve problems.
  Active Learning (imp:2.88 lvl:2.38) — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future pr
  Learning Strategies (imp:2.50 lvl:2.38) — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate fo
  Writing (imp:2.25 lvl:2.00) — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audienc
  Science (imp:1.62 lvl:0.88) — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

--- KNOWLEDGE ---
  Mechanical (imp:4.18 lvl:5.05) — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and main
  Building and Construction (imp:3.77 lvl:4.35) — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or r
  Mathematics (imp:3.76 lvl:3.84) — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their appl
  Design (imp:3.63 lvl:3.74) — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of 
  English Language (imp:3.41 lvl:2.73) — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the mea
  Administration and Management (imp:3.10 lvl:3.36) — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, 
  Education and Training (imp:3.10 lvl:2.96) — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching
  Production and Processing (imp:3.08 lvl:2.80) — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and ot
  Engineering and Technology (imp:3.04 lvl:3.40) — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. Th
  Computers and Electronics (imp:2.86 lvl:3.16) — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and comput
  Customer and Personal Service (imp:2.81 lvl:2.73) — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal servic
  Public Safety and Security (imp:2.75 lvl:2.74) — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote
  Physics (imp:2.61 lvl:2.86) — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships,
  Transportation (imp:2.41 lvl:2.09) — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea
  Administrative (imp:2.33 lvl:1.89) — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word proce
  Sales and Marketing (imp:2.05 lvl:1.43) — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
  Personnel and Human Resources (imp:1.85 lvl:1.40) — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, tra
  Law and Government (imp:1.80 lvl:1.18) — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulat
  Chemistry (imp:1.79 lvl:1.67) — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances a
  Economics and Accounting (imp:1.70 lvl:1.06) — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial mar
  Food Production (imp:1.65 lvl:1.07) — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food
  Psychology (imp:1.54 lvl:0.98) — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, 
  Geography (imp:1.52 lvl:0.58) — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, an
  Telecommunications (imp:1.44 lvl:0.75) — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of te
  Communications and Media (imp:1.37 lvl:0.77) — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and m
  Therapy and Counseling (imp:1.31 lvl:0.73) — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and r
  Medicine and Dentistry (imp:1.18) — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human i
  Fine Arts (imp:1.17) — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform
  Biology (imp:1.16 lvl:0.39) — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interd
  History and Archeology (imp:1.09) — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civi
  Sociology and Anthropology (imp:1.07) — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human 
  Foreign Language (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language inclu
  Philosophy and Theology (imp:1.00) — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their 

--- ABILITIES ---
  Visualization (imp:3.62 lvl:4.00) — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when 
  Near Vision (imp:3.62 lvl:3.38) — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
  Arm-Hand Steadiness (imp:3.38 lvl:3.00) — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while hold
  Manual Dexterity (imp:3.38 lvl:3.12) — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your
  Multilimb Coordination (imp:3.38 lvl:3.25) — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or
  Information Ordering (imp:3.25 lvl:3.12) — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according
  Selective Attention (imp:3.25 lvl:3.00) — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distrac
  Finger Dexterity (imp:3.25 lvl:3.12) — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or bot
  Oral Comprehension (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through 
  Written Comprehension (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
  Oral Expression (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will unde
  Problem Sensitivity (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does no
  Deductive Reasoning (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that 
  Category Flexibility (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping
  Flexibility of Closure (imp:3.12 lvl:3.00) — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or so
  Control Precision (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehi
  Static Strength (imp:3.12 lvl:3.25) — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
  Trunk Strength (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the 
  Inductive Reasoning (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusion
  Mathematical Reasoning (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a prob
  Number Facility (imp:3.00 lvl:2.38) — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
  Perceptual Speed (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among
  Reaction Time (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sou
  Extent Flexibility (imp:3.00 lvl:3.12) — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
  Far Vision (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to see details at a distance.
  Depth Perception (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you
  Auditory Attention (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distra
  Speech Recognition (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
  Speech Clarity (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
  Rate Control (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in an
  Stamina (imp:2.88 lvl:3.00) — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getti
  Time Sharing (imp:2.75 lvl:2.75) — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of
  Response Orientation (imp:2.75 lvl:2.75) — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two o
  Gross Body Coordination (imp:2.62 lvl:2.50) — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together wh
  Written Expression (imp:2.50 lvl:2.12) — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will under
  Fluency of Ideas (imp:2.50 lvl:2.38) — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas
  Originality (imp:2.50 lvl:2.25) — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situa
  Wrist-Finger Speed (imp:2.50 lvl:2.25) — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and 
  Dynamic Strength (imp:2.50 lvl:2.38) — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This inv
  Gross Body Equilibrium (imp:2.50 lvl:2.75) — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unsta
  Visual Color Discrimination (imp:2.50 lvl:2.50) — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of c
  Spatial Orientation (imp:2.38 lvl:2.12) — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know wher
  Speed of Limb Movement (imp:2.25 lvl:2.38) — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
  Hearing Sensitivity (imp:2.25 lvl:2.00) — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch 
  Memorization (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and proced
  Speed of Closure (imp:2.12 lvl:2.00) — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into mea
  Explosive Strength (imp:2.00 lvl:1.38) — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping
  Peripheral Vision (imp:1.88 lvl:1.25) — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes ar
  Glare Sensitivity (imp:1.88 lvl:1.75) — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
  Sound Localization (imp:1.75 lvl:0.88) — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
  Night Vision (imp:1.62 lvl:0.75) — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
  Dynamic Flexibility (imp:1.50 lvl:0.75) — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with yo

--- WORK ACTIVITIES ---
  Getting Information (imp:4.70 lvl:2.67) — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sour
  Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials (imp:4.44 lvl:3.59) — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors o
  Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings (imp:4.42 lvl:4.32) — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment,
  Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships (imp:4.31 lvl:4.65) — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and m
  Communicating with People Outside the Organization (imp:4.27 lvl:3.87) — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organizatio
  Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events (imp:4.25 lvl:3.61) — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or 
  Training and Teaching Others (imp:4.24 lvl:3.40) — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or tr
  Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment (imp:4.19 lvl:3.13) — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, s
  Coaching and Developing Others (imp:4.18 lvl:4.03) — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherw
  Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards (imp:4.10 lvl:3.75) — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events o
  Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates (imp:3.96 lvl:3.89) — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone,
  Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates (imp:3.95 lvl:3.38) — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance 
  Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others (imp:3.92 lvl:3.60) — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, 
  Developing and Building Teams (imp:3.89 lvl:2.91) — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team membe
  Documenting/Recording Information (imp:3.88 lvl:3.06) — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in writte
  Performing for or Working Directly with the Public (imp:3.81 lvl:3.61) — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving
  Handling and Moving Objects (imp:3.78 lvl:4.86) — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,
  Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work (imp:3.77 lvl:4.49) — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your
  Performing General Physical Activities (imp:3.76 lvl:5.19) — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require co
  Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others (imp:3.76 lvl:4.33) — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
  Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information (imp:3.71 lvl:2.60) — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resourc
  Providing Consultation and Advice to Others (imp:3.67 lvl:3.55) — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical,
  Making Decisions and Solving Problems (imp:3.59 lvl:3.21) — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and sol
  Selling or Influencing Others (imp:3.59 lvl:3.20) — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or
  Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge (imp:3.55 lvl:4.14) — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
  Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People (imp:3.52 lvl:3.16) — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
  Processing Information (imp:3.52 lvl:3.37) — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying
  Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment (imp:3.52 lvl:3.42) — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, an
  Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment (imp:3.48 lvl:3.16) — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to t
  Monitoring and Controlling Resources (imp:3.41 lvl:3.45) — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
  Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment (imp:3.34 lvl:3.56) — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines,
  Thinking Creatively (imp:3.30 lvl:2.90) — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, syste
  Scheduling Work and Activities (imp:3.26 lvl:3.29) — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
  Developing Objectives and Strategies (imp:3.23 lvl:2.38) — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to 
  Controlling Machines and Processes (imp:3.17 lvl:3.57) — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines 
  Performing Administrative Activities (imp:3.17 lvl:2.98) — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files
  Analyzing Data or Information (imp:3.05 lvl:2.68) — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by break
  Assisting and Caring for Others (imp:3.00 lvl:2.90) — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other pe
  Staffing Organizational Units (imp:2.93 lvl:2.58) — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organ
  Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others (imp:2.54 lvl:2.08) — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
  Working with Computers (imp:2.50 lvl:2.04) — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to progra

--- WORK STYLES ---
  Dependability (imp:2.14) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Attention to Detail (imp:2.08) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Dependability (imp:2.00) — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related o
  Cautiousness (imp:1.63) — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Perseverance (imp:1.52) — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Achievement Orientation (imp:1.30) — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Stress Tolerance (imp:1.16) — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Integrity (imp:1.08) — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Attention to Detail (imp:1.00) — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
  Self-Confidence (imp:0.98) — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Adaptability (imp:0.97) — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Control (imp:0.87) — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Innovation (imp:0.77) — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Initiative (imp:0.74) — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Cooperation (imp:0.73) — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Intellectual Curiosity (imp:0.51) — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Leadership Orientation (imp:0.41) — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Sincerity (imp:0.20) — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Social Orientation (imp:0.18) — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Optimism (imp:0.16) — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Humility (imp:0.10) — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Innovation () — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on 
  Achievement Orientation () — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, 
  Intellectual Curiosity () — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep 
  Tolerance for Ambiguity () — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
  Initiative () — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may
  Adaptability () — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas 
  Self-Confidence () — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control 
  Perseverance () — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in 
  Leadership Orientation () — A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
  Humility () — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
  Sincerity () — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, withou
  Empathy () — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Cooperation () — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
  Optimism () — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even un
  Social Orientation () — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
  Cautiousness () — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related
  Integrity () — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
  Stress Tolerance () — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
  Self-Control () — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in res
  Empathy (imp:-0.01) — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feel
  Tolerance for Ambiguity (imp:-0.09) — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.

--- TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ---
  Coordination (imp:3.12 lvl:3.12) — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
  Judgment and Decision Making (imp:3.00 lvl:2.88) — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the m
  Time Management (imp:3.00 lvl:3.00) — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
  Instructing (imp:2.88 lvl:2.75) — Teaching others how to do something.
  Complex Problem Solving (imp:2.88 lvl:2.62) — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and ev
  Operations Monitoring (imp:2.88 lvl:2.75) — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working pr
  Operation and Control (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
  Equipment Maintenance (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind o
  Troubleshooting (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
  Repairing (imp:2.88 lvl:2.88) — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
  Quality Control Analysis (imp:2.75 lvl:3.12) — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
  Equipment Selection (imp:2.62 lvl:2.25) — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
  Installation (imp:2.62 lvl:2.38) — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
  Management of Personnel Resources (imp:2.62 lvl:2.62) — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best 
  Social Perceptiveness (imp:2.50 lvl:2.00) — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
  Systems Analysis (imp:2.38 lvl:2.00) — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, 
  Service Orientation (imp:2.25 lvl:2.00) — Actively looking for ways to help people.
  Systems Evaluation (imp:2.25 lvl:2.00) — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed 
  Persuasion (imp:2.12 lvl:1.88) — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
  Negotiation (imp:2.12 lvl:1.88) — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
  Operations Analysis (imp:2.12 lvl:1.88) — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
  Technology Design (imp:1.75 lvl:1.12) — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
  Management of Material Resources (imp:1.75 lvl:1.12) — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materi
  Management of Financial Resources (imp:1.50 lvl:0.75) — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for the
  Programming (imp:1.38 lvl:0.38) — Writing computer programs for various purposes.

--- NATIONAL WAGES ---
  total_employment : 119,770
  annual_median    : $61,800
  annual_pct10     : $38,630
  annual_pct25     : $47,830
  annual_pct75     : $81,610
  annual_pct90     : $105,650
  annual_mean      : $67,850
  hourly_median    : $29.71

--- GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION ---
  highest_state    : Washington ($98,550)
  lowest_state     : Puerto Rico ($28,340)
  dispersion_ratio : 3.477x

--- TOP STATES BY WAGE (52 total) ---
  Construction                             emp:   77,530  median: $  63,090
  Manufacturing                            emp:   29,970  median: $  51,570
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    5,780  median: $  70,640
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:    2,230  median: $  49,380
  Transportation and Warehousing           emp:    2,210  median: $  82,900
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:      730  median: $  46,390
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      640  median: $  58,120
  Educational Services                     emp:      270  median: $  84,940
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:      220  median: $  74,520
  Retail Trade                             emp:       50  median: $  67,260

--- TOP INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT (12 total) ---
  Construction                             emp:   77,530  median: $  63,090
  Manufacturing                            emp:   29,970  median: $  51,570
  Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) emp:    5,780  median: $  70,640
  Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services emp:    2,230  median: $  49,380
  Transportation and Warehousing           emp:    2,210  median: $  82,900
  Wholesale Trade                          emp:      730  median: $  46,390
  Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services emp:      640  median: $  58,120
  Educational Services                     emp:      270  median: $  84,940
  Other Services (except Public Administration) emp:      220  median: $  74,520
  Retail Trade                             emp:       50  median: $  67,260

exact_match_status : found
matched_title      : Sheet metal
match_score        : 0.7333
wikidata_qid       : Q211367
word_count         : 3,409
wikipedia_url      : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_metal
license            : CC BY-SA 4.0
fetched_at         : 2026-06-02T22:43:28.465741Z

--- WIKIPEDIA FULL TEXT ---
Sheet metal is metal formed into thin, flat pieces, usually by an industrial process.
Thicknesses can vary significantly; extremely thin sheets are considered foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in) are considered plate, such as plate steel, a class of structural steel.
Sheet metal is available in flat pieces or coiled strips. The coils are formed by running a continuous sheet of metal through a roll slitter.
In most of the world, sheet metal thickness is consistently specified in millimeters. In the U.S., the thickness of sheet metal is commonly specified by a traditional, non-linear measure known as its gauge. The larger the gauge number, the thinner the metal. Commonly used steel sheet metal ranges from 30 gauge (0.40 mm) to about 7 gauge (4.55 mm). Gauge differs between ferrous (iron-based) metals and nonferrous metals such as aluminum or copper. Copper thickness, for example, is traditionally measured in ounces in the U.S., representing the weight of copper contained in an area of one square foot. Parts manufactured from sheet metal must maintain a uniform thickness for ideal results.
There are many different metals that can be made into sheet metal, such as aluminium, brass, copper, steel, tin, nickel and titanium. For decorative uses, some important sheet metals include silver, gold, and platinum (platinum sheet metal is also utilized as a catalyst). These metal sheets are processed through different processing technologies, mainly including cold rolling and hot rolling. Sometimes hot-dip galvanizing process is adopted as needed to prevent it from rusting due to constant exposure to the outdoors. Sometimes a layer of color coating is applied to the surface of the cold-rolled sheet to obtain a decorative and protective metal sheet, generally called a color-coated metal sheet.
Sheet metal is used in automobile and truck (lorry) bodies, major appliances, airplane fuselages and wings, tinplate for tin cans, roofing for buildings (architecture), and many other applications. Sheet metal of iron and other materials with high magnetic permeability, also known as laminated steel cores, has applications in transformers and electric machines. Historically, an important use of sheet metal was in plate armor worn by cavalry, and sheet metal continues to have many decorative uses, including in horse tack. Sheet metal workers are also known as "tin bashers" (or "tin knockers"), a name derived from the hammering of panel seams when installing tin roofs.


== History ==
Hand-hammered metal sheets have been used since ancient times for architectural purposes. Water-powered rolling mills replaced the manual process in the late 17th century. The process of flattening metal sheets required large rotating iron cylinders which pressed metal pieces into sheets. The metals suited for this were lead, copper, zinc, iron and later steel. Tin was often used to coat iron and steel sheets to prevent rust. This tin-coated sheet metal was called "tinplate". Sheet metals appeared in the United States in the 1870s, being used for shingle roofing, stamped ornamental ceilings, and exterior façades. Sheet metal ceilings were only popularly known as "tin ceilings" later as manufacturers of the period did not use the term. The popularity of both shingles and ceilings encouraged widespread production. With further advances of steel sheet metal production in the 1890s, the promise of being cheap, durable, easy to install, lightweight and fireproof gave the middle-class a significant appetite for sheet metal products. It was not until the 1930s and WWII that metals became scarce and the sheet metal industry began to collapse. However, some American companies, such as the W.F. Norman Corporation, were able to stay in business by making other products until Historic preservation projects aided the revival of ornamental sheet metal.


== Materials ==


=== Stainless steel ===
Grade 304 is the most common of the three grades. It offers good corrosion resistance while maintaining formability and weldability. Available finishes are #2B, #3, and #4. Grade 303 is not available in sheet form.
Grade 316 possesses more corrosion resistance and strength at elevated temperatures than 304. It is commonly used for pumps, valves, chemical equipment, and marine applications. Available finishes are #2B, #3, and #4.
Grade 410 is a heat treatable stainless steel, but it has a lower corrosion resistance than the other grades. It is commonly used in cutlery. The only available finish is dull.
Grade 430 is a popular grade, low-cost alternative to series 300's grades. This is used when high corrosion resistance is not a primary criterion. Common grade for appliance products, often with a brushed finish.


=== Aluminium ===
Aluminium is widely used in sheet metal form due to its flexibility, wide range of options, cost effectiveness, and other properties. The four most common aluminium grades available as sheet metal are 1100-H14, 3003-H14, 5052-H32, and 6061-T6.
Grade 1100-H14 is commercially pure aluminium, highly chemical and weather resistant. It is ductile enough for deep drawing and weldable, but has low strength. It is commonly used in chemical processing equipment, light reflectors, and jewelry.
Grade 3003-H14 is stronger than 1100, while maintaining the same formability and low cost. It is corrosion resistant and weldable. It is often used in stampings, spun and drawn parts, mail boxes, cabinets, tanks, and fan blades.
Grade 5052-H32 is much stronger than 3003 while still maintaining good formability. It maintains high corrosion resistance and weldability. Common applications include electronic chassis, tanks, and pressure vessels.
Grade 6061-T6 is a common heat-treated structural aluminium alloy. It is weldable, corrosion resistant, and stronger than 5052, but not as formable. It loses some of its strength when welded. It is used in modern aircraft structures.


=== Brass ===
Brass is an alloy of copper, which is widely used as a sheet metal. It has more strength, corrosion resistance and formability when compared to copper while retaining its conductivity.
In sheet hydroforming, variation in incoming sheet coil properties is a common problem for forming process, especially with materials for automotive applications. Even though incoming sheet coil may meet tensile test specifications, high rejection rate is often observed in production due to inconsistent material behavior.  Thus there is a strong need for a discriminating method for testing incoming sheet material formability. The hydraulic sheet bulge test emulates biaxial deformation conditions commonly seen in production operations.
For forming limit curves of materials aluminium, mild steel and brass. Theoretical analysis is carried out by deriving governing equations for determining of equivalent stress and equivalent strain based on the bulging to be spherical and Tresca's yield criterion with the associated flow rule. For experimentation circular grid analysis is one of the most effective methods.


== Gauge ==

Use of gauge numbers to designate sheet metal thickness is discouraged by numerous international standards organizations. For example, ASTM states in specification ASTM A480-10a: "The use of gauge number is discouraged as being an archaic term of limited usefulness not having general agreement on meaning."
Manufacturers' Standard Gauge for Sheet Steel is based on an average density of 41.82 lb per square foot per inch thick, equivalent to 501.84 lb/cu ft (8,038.7 kg/m3). The older United States Standard Gauge is based upon 40  lb per square foot per inch thick. Gauge is defined differently for ferrous (iron-based) and non-ferrous metals (e.g. aluminium and brass).
The gauge thicknesses shown in column 2 (U.S. standard sheet and plate iron and steel decimal inch (mm)) seem somewhat arbitrary. The progression of thicknesses is clear in column 3 (U.S. standard for sheet and plate iron and steel 64ths inch (delta)). The th

--- SEMANTIC NEIGHBORS (5) ---

  Title: Sheet Metal Workers' International Association (similarity: 0.5846)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_Metal_Workers'_International_Association
  QID: Q7492531
  Extract: The Sheet Metal Workers' International Association (SMWIA) was a trade union of skilled sheet metal workers. Such workers perform architectural sheet metal work, fabricate and install heating and air conditioning work, shipbuilding, appliance construction, heater and boiler construction, precision a

  Title: International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers (similarity: 0.3918)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Sheet_Metal%2C_Air%2C_Rail_and_Transportation_Workers
  QID: Q27814001
  Extract: The International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail, and Transportation Workers (SMART) is a North American labor union headquartered in Washington, DC, which was chartered by the AFL–CIO in 2013. The product of a merger between the Sheet Metal Workers’ International Association (SMWIA) and the 

  Title: National Union of Sheet Metal Workers of Ireland (similarity: 0.5672)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Sheet_Metal_Workers_of_Ireland
  QID: Q25303225
  Extract: The National Union of Sheet Metal Workers of Ireland (NUSMWI) was a trade union representing workers in sheet metal manufacture and related industries in Ireland.

  Title: Offset printing (similarity: 0.2941)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset_printing
  QID: Q190408
  Extract: Offset printing is a common printing technique in which the inked image is transferred from a plate to a rubber blanket and then to the printing surface. When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water, the offset technique employs a flat (pla

  Title: List of construction trades (similarity: 0.2174)
  URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_construction_trades
  QID: Q3333739
  Extract:  
The following is a list of trades in construction.Boilermaker – works in nuclear, oil and gas industry, shipyards, refineries, and chemical plants, on boilers, pressure vessels, and similar equipment.
Carpenter – a craftsperson who performs carpentry, building mainly with wood. Among carpentry's s

model_pass1          : claude-sonnet-4-20250514
model_pass2          : claude-haiku-4-5-20251001
inference_confidence : high
confidence_notes     : Comprehensive O*NET data with detailed task lists, clear skill requirements, robust wage and employment data from BLS, and well-defined related occupations provide strong foundation for analysis.
inferred_at          : 2026-06-03T23:38:21.138147+00:00
tokens_input         : 4,792
tokens_output        : 4,296
cost_usd             : $0.046857
wikipedia_used       : True
wikipedia_title      : Sheet metal
wikipedia_note       : The Wikipedia match for 'sheet metal' provides relevant context about the material these workers manipulate, though it focuses on the material properties rather than the occupation itself.

--- PROSE FIELDS ---

ROLE SUMMARY:
Sheet Metal Workers fabricate, assemble, install, and repair metal products like ductwork, control boxes, and furnace casings for construction and manufacturing applications. They operate fabricating machines to cut, bend, and shape sheet metal while reading blueprints and ensuring precise measurements. This skilled trade combines mechanical expertise with spatial visualization and manual dexterity to create functional metal components for HVAC systems and other industrial equipment.

DAY IN THE LIFE:
Sheet metal workers begin by reviewing blueprints and specifications to determine project requirements and material needs. They select appropriate gauges and types of sheet metal, then use shears, hammers, punches, and specialized machines to cut, bend, and shape the material. Workers fabricate parts both in shops and at construction sites, often shaping metal over anvils and blocks using hand tools. They inspect their work continuously, monitoring processes and materials to ensure quality standards. The day involves assembling components using welding, bolting, riveting, or other fastening methods, followed by finishing tasks like trimming, filing, and smoothing surfaces to complete the product.

WHO THRIVES:
Successful sheet metal workers possess strong spatial visualization abilities and excellent hand-eye coordination, as indicated by the high importance of visualization and manual dexterity skills. They are detail-oriented individuals who work dependably and cautiously, given the precision required in metalwork and safety considerations. The realistic work environment appeals to those who prefer hands-on problem-solving over abstract theoretical work. Strong mathematical skills help with measurements and calculations, while mechanical knowledge enables understanding of how components fit together in larger systems.

CAREER ENTRY:
Most sheet metal workers enter through a combination of high school education (49% have high school diplomas) and post-secondary certificates (43.8% have specialized training). Many complete apprenticeship programs that combine classroom instruction with on-the-job training under experienced workers. The Job Zone 2 classification indicates that some preparation is needed but not extensive formal education. Entry-level workers typically start as helpers or apprentices, learning to read blueprints, operate basic tools, and understand safety procedures.

CAREER TRAJECTORY:
Experienced sheet metal workers can advance to supervisory roles, become specialized in complex HVAC systems, or start their own contracting businesses. Some transition into related trades like structural metal fabrication or advance to construction management positions. The training and teaching abilities noted in the work activities suggest opportunities to become instructors in apprenticeship programs or technical schools. Career progression often leads to project leadership roles or specialization in high-efficiency systems and advanced fabrication techniques.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE:
Sheet metal workers earn a median annual wage of $61,800 according to BLS OEWS May 2025 data, with the 90th percentile reaching $105,650 and entry-level positions starting around $38,630. Employment of 119,770 workers is concentrated heavily in construction (77,530 workers) and manufacturing (29,970 workers). Geographic wage variation is significant, with Washington State offering the highest wages at $98,550 compared to Puerto Rico at $28,340, a 3.48x difference. The construction industry's dominance suggests demand tied to building activity and infrastructure development. Strong wages reflect the skilled nature of the work and the importance of HVAC systems in modern construction.

AUTOMATION OUTLOOK:
Sheet metal work has moderate automation resistance due to the combination of manual dexterity, spatial reasoning, and on-site adaptability required. While some fabrication processes may become more automated, the installation, repair, and custom modification work that occurs at construction sites requires human judgment and physical manipulation in varied environments. The high importance of establishing interpersonal relationships and communicating with people outside the organization indicates that human interaction remains crucial to the role.

--- REASONED EDGES ---
  [skill_overlap] Structural Iron and Steel Workers (47-2221.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles require high mechanical knowledge, blueprint reading, and metal fabrication skills in construction settings.
    data: Mechanical knowledge imp:4.2
    data: Building and Construction knowledge imp:3.8
    data: Blueprint reading in tasks
  [task_similarity] Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters (51-2041.00) — confidence:high
    reasoning: Both roles involve fabricating metal parts, reading blueprints, and using similar tools like shears and welding equipment.
    data: Fabricate parts tasks
    data: Blueprint reading
    data: Welding mentioned in fastening tasks
  [riasec_cluster] Drywall and Ceiling Tile Installers (47-2081.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both share realistic work environments (R:7.00) and work in construction settings requiring manual skills and attention to detail.
    data: RIASEC R:7.00
    data: Construction industry 77,530 employed
    data: Attention to Detail work style
  [career_pathway] Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall (47-2131.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Related construction trade that often works alongside sheet metal workers in HVAC installations and building systems.
    data: HVAC ductwork fabrication in tasks
    data: Building and Construction knowledge
    data: Construction industry employment
  [transferable_skill] Tool and Die Makers (51-4111.00) — confidence:medium
    reasoning: Both require high mechanical knowledge, precision metalworking skills, and blueprint interpretation abilities.
    data: Mechanical knowledge imp:4.2 lvl:5.0
    data: Visualization ability imp:3.6
    data: Manual Dexterity imp:3.4

--- NORMALIZER SIGNALS ---
  match_keywords   : ['sheet metal worker', 'ductwork fabricator', 'metal fabricator', 'hvac installer', 'sheet metal mechanic', 'metal worker', 'duct installer', 'sheet metal technician']
  exclude_keywords : ['structural steel', 'iron worker', 'welder only', 'machinist', 'tool maker']
  title_patterns   : ['Sheet Metal', 'Duct', 'Metal Worker', 'HVAC', 'Air Conditioning']
  common_variations: ['AC Sheet Metal Installer', 'Air Duct Mechanic', 'Commercial Sheet Metal Installer', 'Duct Installer', 'Sheet Metal Fabricator', 'HVAC Sheet Metal Worker', 'Metal Fabrication Specialist', 'Sheet Metal Technician']

total_terms    : 40
top_words      : ['metal', 'sheet', 'tendency', 'equipment', 'others', 'construction', 'operator', 'steel', 'materials', 'tools', 'material', 'die', 'principles', 'production', 'includes', 'gauge', 'forming', 'hand', 'control', 'cutting']
source_layers  : onet_tasks | onet_dimensions | dwas | wikipedia | inference

TERM                    COUNT     FREQ  DOMINANT SOURCE      SOURCE BREAKDOWN
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
metal                     109  0.02176  wikipedia            wikipedia:81%  inference:13%  onet_tasks:5%
sheet                     101  0.02017  wikipedia            wikipedia:87%  inference:10%  onet_tasks:3%
tendency                   42  0.00839  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
equipment                  39  0.00779  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:59%  wikipedia:28%  dwas:8%
others                     39  0.00779  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:97%  wikipedia:3%
construction               29  0.00579  wikipedia            wikipedia:31%  dwas:28%  inference:24%
operator                   29  0.00579  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
steel                      28  0.00559  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
materials                  25  0.00499  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:40%  wikipedia:28%  dwas:24%
tools                      22  0.00439  wikipedia            wikipedia:45%  onet_dimensions:23%  onet_tasks:14%
material                   21  0.00419  wikipedia            wikipedia:52%  inference:19%  onet_tasks:14%
die                        18  0.00359  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
principles                 16  0.00319  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
production                 16  0.00319  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:50%  wikipedia:44%  dwas:6%
includes                   16  0.00319  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:75%  wikipedia:25%
gauge                      16  0.00319  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
forming                    16  0.00319  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
hand                       15  0.00299  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:47%  onet_tasks:20%  wikipedia:20%
control                    15  0.00299  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:80%  wikipedia:13%  inference:7%
cutting                    15  0.00299  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
air                        14  0.00280  wikipedia            wikipedia:57%  onet_tasks:29%  onet_dimensions:14%
thickness                  14  0.00280  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
standards                  13  0.00260  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:62%  wikipedia:15%  onet_tasks:8%
water                      13  0.00260  wikipedia            wikipedia:92%  onet_tasks:8%
techniques                 13  0.00260  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:77%  wikipedia:15%  inference:8%
objects                    13  0.00260  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:92%  dwas:8%
press                      13  0.00260  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
products                   12  0.00240  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:42%  wikipedia:25%  onet_tasks:17%
machines                   12  0.00240  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:58%  wikipedia:25%  inference:17%
bend                       12  0.00240  wikipedia            wikipedia:67%  onet_dimensions:17%  inference:17%
rolling                    12  0.00240  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
grade                      12  0.00240  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
laser                      12  0.00240  wikipedia            wikipedia:100%
together                   11  0.00220  wikipedia            wikipedia:45%  onet_dimensions:36%  onet_tasks:9%
components                 11  0.00220  dwas                 dwas:64%  inference:27%  onet_tasks:9%
activities                 11  0.00220  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:82%  onet_tasks:9%  inference:9%
machine                    11  0.00220  wikipedia            wikipedia:73%  onet_dimensions:18%  onet_tasks:9%
applications               11  0.00220  wikipedia            wikipedia:55%  onet_dimensions:36%  inference:9%
ideas                      11  0.00220  onet_dimensions      onet_dimensions:100%
deep                       11  0.00220  wikipedia            wikipedia:82%  onet_dimensions:18%